2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR AIM: To Design, construct and test the integrator and differentiator circuits using opamp.

APPARATUS REQUUIRED: i. ii. iii. iv. RPS, Function generator, CRO IC 741 Resistors, Capacitors Bread board, Connecting wires

THEORY: INTEGRATOR: A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the time integral of the input voltage waveform is called integrator or integrating amplifier. Integrator produces a summing action over a required time interval and the circuit is based on the general parallel-inverting voltage feedback model. That is, the o/p waveform is the integral of the i/p waveform. The output voltage of the integrator is given by
vo ( t ) = 1 vc ( t )dt R1C f

Design of the integrator: The gain for the practical integrator is The low frequency gain or the d.c. gain | A | = Rf /R1
For achieving near ideal integration, let Rf /R1 = 10

And, assume, the input frequency = 10 KHz For proper integration, we must have f > 10 fa , where fa is the low level or the break frequency of the practical integrator.
fa = 1 2R f C f

Then,

f f = 10 ; f a = fa 10
R1 = 10K

Let

Rf = 10 x R1 = 100K Then, Cf = 1/2Rf fa = F or nF Rcomp = R1 || Rf Rcomp = .K (a) Design the integrator for a square wave signal of frequency f = 1KHz. The change in output voltage is Vo = VinT/2R1Cf (b) Design the integrator for a sine wave signal of frequency f = 1KHz. DIFFERENTIATOR: The differentiator can perform the mathematical operation of differentiation, i.e. the output voltage is the differentiation of the input voltage. This operation is very useful to find the rate at which a signal varies with time. The output voltage is given by
vo = R f C1 dvi dt

Design Specification: fa = fmax = 100Hz; let C = 0.1 F Design: fa = fmax = 1/2 RfC1 Rf = K Now fb = 10fa ; fb = 1KHz and fb = 1/2 R1 C1 R1 = K ; Since RfCf = R1 C1 Cf = R1 C1/Rf = F (a) Vmax = 1V and f = 100Hz
vo = R f C1 dvi dt d sin 2ft dt

= R f C1 2

= ..V cos[2ft] Volts

PROCEDURE: (i)Connect the differentiator circuit. Adjust the signal generator to produce a 1V peak a. Sine wave at 100Hz. b. Square wave at 100 Hz (ii) Observe i/p and o/p waveforms on the oscilloscope. Measure and record the peak value of Vo and the phase angle of Vo versus Vi. (iii) Connect the integrator circuit. Adjust the signal generator to produce a 1V peak a. Sine wave at 5kHz. b. Square wave at 5kHz Observe and record the input and the output waveforms. RESULT: Thus the integrator and differentiator circuits were designed, constructed and tested.

INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT:

Input Time/Div (s) No. of Divisions Time Per. (s) Frequency f=1/T Amplitude/Division No. of (V) Divisions Amplitude (V)

Output Time/Div. No. of (s) Divisions Time Per. (s) Frequency f=1/T Amplitude/Division No. of (V) Divisions Amplitude (V)

Waveforms
4.0V Vout

0V

-4.0V V(3) 2.0V Vin

0V

SEL>> -2.0V 0s V(1)

100us

200us Time

300us

400us

500us

Differentiator Circuit:

Differentiator circuit. Input Time/Division No. of (s) Divisions Time Period T (s) Frequency Amplitude/Division No. of f=1/T (V) Divisions Amplitude (V)

Output Time/Division No. of (s) Divisions Time Period T (s) Frequency Amplitude/Division No. of f=1/T (V) Divisions Amplitude (V)

Typical Waveforms
400mV Vout

0V

-400mV V(4) 1.0V Vin

0.5V

SEL>> 0V 0s V(1)

20ms

40ms Time

60ms

80ms

100ms