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JUGEE
S. JUGEE
3 + 2
1
+ 5 2 + 4 = 2 + 4 ( 2 + 1) 4 4 25 = 2 2 5 2 2 + 5 3
4
+ 2 3
8 = 2 6 + 13)( 2 6 + 7
A quadratic equation is in the form of 2 + + = 0 (ii) Solving Quadratic Equations 1) Using Factorisation: 3 4 = 0 = 3, 4 2 + 5 + 6 = 0 = 2, 3 2 3 = 2 = 1, 3 + 2 + 3 = 12 = 6, 1 2 5 = 0 = 0, 5 2 5 = 0 = 2, 2 2
2
12 = 0 = 2 2 3
2
S. JUGEE
2) Using Quadratic Formula: The general form of the quadratic formula is = Notes: i. ii. Before using the formula, the right hand side of the equation must be 0. 2 4 is called the discriminant. 2 4 2
0.3 2 0.5 3 = 0 = 3 ,
3) Using Completing the Square method: Quadratic Equation: 2 + + Steps to factorise quadratic expressions: Make the coefficient of 2 becomes 1, if it is not, by removing it as common. Take the coefficient of and divide it by 2. Square the result in the above step and add it before the constant term and subtract after the constant term. Group the 2 and the squared part before the constant term. Simplify the constant term and the squared part after the constant term. Rearrange in the form + 2 + or + 2 Examples: 2 + 6 + 7 + 3 2 2 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 2 1 2 4 12 2 2 16 9 2 + 12 + 7 3 + 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 8 10 2 + 2 2 18 8 2 16 4 2
S. JUGEE
Steps to solve quadratic equations: Divide all terms in the equation by the coefficient of 2 if it is not 1. Send the constant term to the right hand side. Add on both sides of the equation the square of half the coefficient of . Simplify until the value(s) of is found. (iii) Vertex of a graph The vertex of a quadratic graph is also called as the maximum, minimum, turning point or stationary point. A graph is minimum if the coefficient of 2 is positive ( > 0) and is maximum if coefficient of 2 is negative ( < 0). when > 0;
when < 0;
S. JUGEE
Method 1: Using completing the square In order to determine the coordinates of a maximum or a minimum, the standard form of a quadratic function must be arranged in vertex form (completing the square form). Standard form: f = 2 + + Vertex forms: f = +
2
+
2
f = +
2
when f = +
+ ,
Coordinates of the Minimum point is , Note: To find the x-coordinate, equate + to 0. when f = + 2 , Coordinates of the Maximum point is , Note: To find the x-coordinate, equate + to 0.
The axis of symmetry is the value of the x-coordinate itself. Example: Find the coordinates of the vertex of the following functions and state whether it is a maximum or a minimum, stating also the axis of symmetry. 2 4 12 2 8 2 16 4
2
16
2
2 2 + 8 10 2 + 2
2
18
S. JUGEE
Method 2: Using Shortcut Formula This formula gives the value of the coordinate of the vertex first. If f = 2 + + Then, coordinate of the vertex is given by =
2
To find the coordinate, replace the coordinate into f The axis of symmetry is = Example: Find the coordinates of the vertex and axis of symmetry of the following graphs. = 2 4 12 = 2 2 + 8 10 = 8 2
2
S. JUGEE
(d) Multiplication Property i. If < and is positive, then < . ii. If < and is negative, then > . Examples: 6 + 6 > 2 + 2 > 2
3 2 1 5 3
1 > 4 < 2
1 < 2 + 3 < 6 2 < < 2 2 < 4 3 + 8 (ii) Quadratic Inequalities Steps for solving quadratic inequalities: Rewrite the inequality so that there is a 0 on the right hand side. Find all linear factors. To find the critical values, set each linear function to 0. Determine the sign of the function in the intervals formed by the critical values.
Examples: Find the set of values of for which 3 + 5 > 0 < 5 or > 3
4 3
4 + 2 < 2 + 3 < 1 or > 2 8 + 2 3 2 > 0 3 < < 2 5 + 14 3 3 or 5 2 6 + 1 < 0 3 2 2 < < 3 + 2 2 1 2 > 9 < 2 or > 4
2 5 2 +3 (4) 1
1
S. JUGEE
Examples: 1. Determine the nature and the number of roots of the following equations 2 6 + 9 = 0 equal root, 1 2 + 3 + 1 = 0 real and distinct roots, 2 2 + + 3 = 0 imaginary roots, 0 7 2 10 5 = 0 real and distinct roots, 2 2. If the roots of the equation 2 2 + 8 = 0 are equal, find the values of . (Ans: = 8) 3. Prove that the roots of the equation 2 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 0 are real for all values of . 4. Find a relationship between and if the roots of the equation 2 + + 1 = 0 are equal. ( 2 = 4) 5. Find the set of values of for which the roots of the quadratic equation 1 + 2 2 10 + 2 = 0 are real. (Ans: 3 4.5)
S. JUGEE
A line has the general form of = + and a quadratic curve has the form = 2 + + . To verify if a line intersects a curve or not, equate both equations; 2 + + = + Arrange it in the general form of a quadratic and use the discriminant to determines the nature of the roots Conditions: i. ii. iii. iv. If 2 4 > 0, there are two distinct points of intersection. If 2 4 < 0, the line and curve does not meet. If 2 4 = 0, the line is a tangent to the curve. If 2 4 0, the line meets the curve at only one point.
Examples: Find the range of values of for which the line = meets the curve = 2 + 7. Ans: 3 3 Find the value of for which = is a tangent to the curve = 2 + 3 + 4.( = 1, 7) Find the range of values of for which the line = + 6 does not meet the curve 2 2 3 = 0. Ans: > 5
S. JUGEE
1 3
, 2
G. Simultaneous Equations
These equations will consist of one linear equation and one non-linear equation. The method of substitution will be used to solve the simultaneous equations Examples: 2 + 2 = 5; = 1 2, 1 , (1, 2) = 2; + 3 = 0 1, 2 , (2, 1) 2 + 4 2 = 2; 2 + + 2 = 0 1, 2 = 4; 2 5 2 = 20 (1, 5)
1
10