Comparative Magnetic Minima: Characterizing Quiet Times in the Sun and Stars

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IAU Symposium 286
Comparative Magnetic Minima:
Characterizing Quiet Times in the Sun and Stars
3 7 October 2011, Mendoza - Argentina
Sponsorship
IAU
International Astronomical Union
IAFE
Instituto de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio
UTN FRM
Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional Facultad Regional Mendoza o
CONICET
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient cas y Tcnicas e
AFOSR SOARD
Air Force Oce of Scientic Research Southern Oce of Aerospace Research and Development
SCOSTEP
Scientic Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics
COSPAR
Committee on Space Research
Sponsorship
CONAE
Comisin Nacional de Actividades Espaciales o
CLAF
Centro Latinoamericano de F sica
ANPCyT
Agencia Nacional de Promocin Cient o ca y Tecnolgica o
Conference Committees
Scientic Organizing Committee
Hebe Cremades (Chair) Sarah Gibson (Chair) Thomas Ayres Alisson Dal Lago Daniel Gmez o Manuel Gdel u Gustavo Guerrero Margit Haberreiter Jerey Hall Johanna Haigh Kanya Kusano Cristina Mandrini Georgeta Maris Valentn Mart nez Pillet Andrey Tlatov Ilya Usoskin Adriana Vlio a
Local Organizing Committee

Cristina Mandrini (Chair) Laura Balmaceda Hebe Cremades Germn Cristiani a Sergio Dasso Marcelo Lpez Fuentes o Mar Luisa Luoni a
IAU Symposium 286

Tuesday
09:00 IT J. Luhmann 09:30 ST E. Cliver 09:50 CT R. Lpez 10:05 IT K. Munakata 10:35 CT B. Vargas 10:50 Coffee Break 11:15 IT E. Echer 11:45 CT S. Gibson 12:00 IT E. Rozanov 12:30 IT I. Batista 13:00 Lunch Break 15:00 IT M. Giampapa 15:30 IT H. Korhonen 16:00 ST L. van Driel-Gesztelyi 16:20 CT J. Linsky 16:35 CT E. Isik 16:50 Coffee Break 12:00 CT K. Schrijver 12:15 ST M. Guhathakurta 12:35 Lunch Break 14:30 Excursion followed by conference dinner 11:15 IT S. Saar 11:45 CT K. Poppenhger 10:50 Coffee Break 10:30 ST P. Mauas 10:15 CT J. Rodrguez Gmez 09:45 IT A. Vlio 09:30 CT R. Steinitz 09:00 IT J. Schmitt 09:10 IT A. Choudhuri 09:40 ST D. Sokoloff 10:00 CT B. Karak 10:15 IT I. Usoskin 10:45 Coffee Break 11:15 IT B. Mendoza 11:45 IT C. Bertucci 12:15 CT X. Abrevaya 12:30 CT V. Bothmer
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Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
08:00 Registration
08:00 Registration
08:50 Welcome words
09:00 IT F. Hill
09:10 KT E. Priest
09:30 CT M. DeRosa
09:55 IT M. Thompson
09:45 IT Y. Elsworth
10:25 ST L. Svalgaard
10:15 CT M. Thompson
10:45 Coffee Break
10:30 CT N. Zolotova
11:15 IT A. S. Brun
10:45 Coffee Break
11:45 IT A. Brandenburg
11:15 IT W. Schmutz
12:15 IT R. Arlt
11:45 CT M. Vieytes
12:45 CT S. Candelaresi
12:00 CT M. Haberreiter
12:45 Lunch Break 14:45 IT J. Vaquero 15:15 IT H. Miyahara 15:45 Discussion led by K. Schrijver
13:00 Lunch Break
12:15 CT C. Selhorst
15:00 IT D. Nandi
12:30 IT G. de Toma
15:30 IT M. Browning
13:00 Lunch Break
16:00 CT G. Guerrero
15:00 IT A. Tlatov
16:15 CT F. del Sordo
15:30 IT A. Vsquez
16:30 CT A. Muoz Jaramillo
16:00 CT J. Linker
16:45 Coffee Break
16:15 CT N. Hurlburt
17:15 Poster Session (until 19:00) 16:30 CT J. C. del Toro Iniesta 17:15 Poster Session (until 19:00)
16:45 Publications plans Meeting Summary C. Mandrini & D. Webb H. Cremades & S. Gibson
16:45 Coffee Break
17:15 IT S. Dasso
17:45 CT H. Cremades
18:00 CT F. Zuccarello
18:15 CT J. Warnecke
18:30 CT P. Corona Romero
18:45 CT M. E. Ruiz
CT: Contributed Talk
IT: Invited Talk
KT: Keynote Talk
ST: Solicited Talk
Session 1 Solar and Stellar Minima
Chairs: Hebe Cremades Sarah Gibson
IAU Symposium 286
Comparative Magnetic Minima: Characterizing Quiet Times in the Sun and Stars
The Nature and the Signicance of Solar Minima

E. Priest
University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
Abstract. A review is given of the solar cycle, including its cause in a deep-seated dynamo, and its many eects. These include the nature and structure of the photosphere, the upper solar atmosphere, the solar wind and the inuence on the Earths space environment and climate. The unusual nature of the last solar minimum has awakened an interest in solar minima not just as gaps between maxima, but has of intrinsic interest in their own right. E-mail: eric@mcs.st-and.ac.uk
3-7 October 2011 Mendoza, Argentina
IAU Symposium 286
Solar and Stellar Activity Diagnostics and Indices

M. Thompson
HAO/NCAR, USA
Abstract. How does one go about charting the ups and downs of a stellar activity cycle? On the Sun, the question has been answered in a variety of ways over the centuries, starting with simple sunspot counts extending back to the time of Galileo (although the sunspot cycle itself was not recognized until the 19th century), extending to very recently recognized signatures such as helioseismic mode shifts, subtle total irradiance changes, dramatic X-ray variations, the rush to the poles in the coronal green line, migration of torsional oscillations; and phenomena possibly related to Maunder-like behavior such as the contemporary steady decay in the average eld strengths of sunspots, and a parallel decline in the average umbral/photospheric temperature contrast. For the stars, on the other hand, the available cycle charting tools not only are much fewer, but also the sheer number of potential targets makes for a somewhat daunting observational challenge. The best known stellar eort was that started by Olin Wilson at Mt. Wilson observatory (no relation) fty years ago, based on a clever dierential measurement of the Ca II H and K chromospheric emissions, which vary by 25%, or so, over the typical cycle of a Sun-like star. Wilsons HK program targeted about 150 nearby bright dwarf stars, and he identied solar-like decadal cycles in many of the sample members, particularly those of low solar-like activity; but also erratic variables among the more active objects, as well as at-liners, generally found in the lowest activity tier. The latter non-cycling objects perhaps are analogous to the Maunder-minimum Sun. The Wilson program has been carried on to contemporary times in several guises, and extended to measure rotation periods and even dierential rotation signatures in the HK time series. Aside from the HK index, there are relatively few other good measures of cycling behavior. The coronal X-ray luminosity potentially is a powerful signature of cycles, but only a small handful of objects have been studied in this way so far, mainly because the existing heavily-oversubscribed high-energy observatories are ill-suited for time-domain projects. The same is true for ultraviolet emissions, which like X-rays vary much more strongly over a cycle than HK, but also like X-rays are challenging to schedule for long-duration eorts (although some progress was made by the IUE satellite, thanks to its 17 year mission). Very recently, however, the stellar prospects have brightened with the advent of the Kepler mission. The precision photometry delivered by the transit-hunting telescope can track the changing numbers of starspots on even relatively inactive stars, thereby mimicking the traditional sunspot counts through which the solar cycle was originally identied. The latitude migration of the starspots (buttery pattern) can be deduced by changes in the apparent repetition periods owing to dierential rotation. It might also be possible to follow subtle long-term luminosity changes with Kepler if the high precision of the photometry can be translated to a high accuracy measurement as well. Finally, asteroseismology with high-cadence Kepler data could be used to identify the mode shifts that are known to accompany the rise and fall of the solar cycle. E-mail: mjt@ucar.edu
IAU Symposium 286
How Well Do We Know Sunspot Number?

L. Svalgaard
Stanford University, USA
Abstract. We show that only two adjustments are necessary to harmonize the Group Sunspot Number with the Zurich Sunspot Number. The latter being inated from the 1940s to the present by 20% due to weighting of sunspot counts according to size of the spots. The Group Sunspot Number before 1885 is too low by 50%. With these adjustments a single sunspot number series results. Of note is that there is no longer a distinct Modern Grand Maximum. E-mail: leif@leif.org
Session 2 Dynamos and Cycle Variability
Chairs: Daniel Gmez o Gustavo Guerrero
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamo Action and Magnetic Activity in the Sun and Stars

A. S. Brun and the STARS2 team
CEA-Saclay, France
Abstract. Many stars exhibit magnetic activity with the Sun being the archetype of cyclic active stars. Recent progress in multi-D numerical simulations and observations have now made it possible to draw a more coherent picture on what sets up such magnetic activity. Stellar parameters such as age, mass and rotation rate contribute certainly to explain why some stars have cyclic activity while others do not as they modify the conditions under which the stellar global dynamo operates. Still some diculties remain as some stars with almost identical stellar parameters seem to exhibit dierent level of activity or magnetic properties. In this talk we will review the recent progress made by our team to decipher the mystery behind stellar activity. E-mail: sacha.brun@cea.fr
IAU Symposium 286
Cycles and Cycle Modulation in Large-Scale Turbulent Dynamos

A. Brandenburg
NORDITA, Sweden
Abstract. Our understanding of solar and stellar dynamos is unfortunately still quite limited. Numerical simulations of convection in spherical shells do produce large-scale magnetic elds, and they are also cyclic, but the magnetic eld tends to show poleward migration, contrary to what is seen in the Sun. Although this behavior disagrees with what is seen in the Sun, mean eld dynamos also tend to produce poleward migrating magnetic elds. A deeper understanding of the agreement between mean-eld models and direct numerical simulations is protable, because it teaches us details about the theory. Such comparisons with simulations have already taught us that dynamo action is caused by alpha eect and turbulent diusion, both of which are tensorial integral kernels in space and time. Furthermore, cycle modulation is caused by uctuations of the dynamo coecients in space and time. Characterizing such uctuations has therefore become an integral part of mean-eld dynamo theory. The test-eld method has become a primary tool for analyzing simulations in this way. E-mail: brandenb@nordita.org
IAU Symposium 286
Solar and Stellar Dynamos: Origins of Variability of Cycle Minima

R. Arlt
Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, Germany
Abstract. It is very likely that the key to understanding the generation of the large-scale magnetic eld of the Sun lies in the imperfection of the solar cycle. The diversity of activity minima observed over the last centuries needs to be reproduced in global dynamo models. This review will focus on the possibilities to obtain variability from mean-eld dynamos, the two essential ways being the introduction of stochasticity or the introduction of nonlinearities. Another ingredient to the variability of solar and stellar cycles are global, magnetic instabilities. This talk will address the possible interaction between fully periodic dynamo modes and global instabilities which add another time-scale to the system. Current-driven instabilities require a minimum magnetic eld strength and can thus act as a limiting mechanism for the growth of the eld, and they can in turn provide a contribution or modulation of the alpha-eect, which is most likely the main generator of large-scale magnetic elds. E-mail: rarlt@aip.de
IAU Symposium 286
Magnetic Helicity Fluxes and their Eect on the Solar Dynamo

S. Candelaresi, A. Brandenburg
NORDITA, Sweden
Abstract. Motivated by coronal mass ejections we consider magnetic helicity uxes in meaneld and direct numerical simulations. In forced turbulence the shedding of magnetic helicity can alleviate catastrophic alpha-quenching and allow for strong mean magnetic elds at high magnetic Reynolds numbers. Even magnetic helicity uxes withing the domain are shown to alleviate the quenching. The restriction of magnetic energy decay due to the presence of magnetic helicity is investigated in the context of its topological interpretation. It is shown that during reconnection magnetic helicity does not change signicantly, but changes from linking to twisting. E-mail: iomsn@physto.se
IAU Symposium 286
Kinematic Dynamo Models of the Solar Cycle: Past, Present and Future
D. Nandi
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, India
Abstract. The magnetic activity of stars such as the Sun originates in their interior through complex interactions between plasma ows and magnetic eld. A useful tool of modeling this activity is the kinematic approach, in which, plasma ows are used as prescribed inputs to solve for the magnetic eld. In this talk, I will review the historical development of kinematic dynamo models of the solar cycle, highlight current trends and comment on future prospects. E-mail: dnandi@iiserkol.ac.in
IAU Symposium 286
Global MHD Simulations of Stellar Dynamos and the Ingredients for Large-Scale Field Organization
M. Browning1 , B. Brown2 , M. Miesch3 , A. S. Brun4 , J. Toomre5
1 2
University of Exeter, UK U. Wisconsin, USA 3 HAO/NCAR, USA 4 CEA-Saclay, France 5 U. Colorado, USA
Abstract. Magnetism exerts a pervasive inuence on solar/stellar evolution, but a full understanding of the means by which magnetic elds can become organized, either in space or in time, has remained elusive. Convection, rotation, shear, and other eects all appear to play roles. I will review what we have learned about each of these ingredients in the dynamo process, using 3-D MHD simulations of dynamo action in global spherical shells of convection. I will focus in particular on some recent results regarding the strength and morphology of elds, the presence or absence of magnetic cycles, and the role of solar/stellar tachoclines. I will also draw some comparisons between our results and the predictions of mean-eld dynamo theory. E-mail: browning@cita.utoronto.ca
10
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamo Action and Magnetic Buoyancy in Convection Simulations in Simulated Tachoclines

G. Guerrero1 , P. Kpyl2 a a
1 2
NORDITA, Sweden Helsinki University, Finland
Abstract. One of the existing hypothesis on sunspot formation is the buoyant emergence of magnetic ux tubes created by the strong vertical shear at the tachocline. In this scenario, the magnetic eld has to exceed a threshold value before it becomes buoyant and rises through the convection zone up to the surface. Several physical constrains are required to be fullled for this model to be feasible. In this seminar I will present the results of numerical simulations of thermal convection including a narrow radial shear layer. The model tries to mimic, within the numerical limitations, the conditions in the solar convection zone and the tachocline. The excitation of dynamo action as well as the buoyant properties of the generated magnetic eld are explored under dierent conditions. The implications of the results on the sunspot formation process and the solar dynamo are also discussed. E-mail: guerrero@nordita.org
11
IAU Symposium 286
Tayler Instability and Stellar Magnetic Fields

F. del Sordo, A. Brandenburg
NORDITA, Sweden
Abstract. The stability properties of magnetic elds in uids have been subject to debate for decades, being an important ingredient in the analysis of stellar magnetic elds. We present results of 3D global, numerical simulations aimed to study the stability and the evolution of the Tayler instability in presence of axial eld and dierential rotation. We show the evolution of current helicity generated by the development of the instability and compare numerical simulations with analytical calculation of the growth rate. The test-eld method is used to quantify the occurence of an alpha-eect. Then we discuss this study in the context of stellar dynamos. E-mail: fadiesis@gmail.com
12
IAU Symposium 286
Understanding the Origin of the Extended Minimum of Sunspot Cycle 23

A. Muoz Jaramillo1,2 , D. Nandi3 , P. C. H. Martens2,1 n
1 2 3
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA Montana State University, USA Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, India
Abstract. The minimum of solar cycle 23 was characterized by very weak polar eld strength and a large number of sunspot-less days that was unprecedented in the space age. This has had signicant consequences in the heliospheric space environment in terms of record-high cosmicray ux and low levels of solar irradiance - which is the primary natural driver of the climate system. During this un-anticipated phase, there was some speculation as to whether the solar minimum could lead to a Maunder-like grand minimum which coincided with the Little Ice Age. Here we present the rst consistent explanation of the dening characteristics of this unusual minimum based on variations in the solar meridional plasma ows, and discuss how our results compare with observations. This work is funded by NASA Living With a Star Grant NNX08AW53G to Montana State University/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and the Government of Indias Ramanujan Fellowship. E-mail: amunoz@cfa.harvard.edu
13
IAU Symposium 286
Helioseismic Probing of Dynamo Related Flows

F. Hill
NSO, USA Abstract. Large-scale internal bulk ow elds are essential components of solar-cycle dynamo models. The most important ows are the meridional (north-south) ow, which is thought to set the amplitude of the solar cycle in ux-transport dynamos, and the zonal (east-west) ow or torsional oscillation that appears to be tightly correlated with the timing of the cycle. Helioseismology now provides us with the ability to track these ows as functions of time, depth and heliographic location. Using 16 years of data from GONG, SOHO, and SDO, we can track the ows over all of cycle 23, and the start of the peculiar cycle 24. These observations have revealed that the cycle 2324 minimum was extended by the same length of time that the zonal ow took to migrate to the latitude at which activity appears, and that the zonal ow associated with cycle 25 has yet to appear. This talk will review the current state of these observations and discuss their implications for dynamo models and the Sun. E-mail: fhill@noao.edu
14
IAU Symposium 286
Analyzing the Evolution of the Photospheric Magnetic Field in Terms of Spherical Harmonics and Consequences for the Solar Dynamo
M. L. DeRosa1 , A. S. Brun2 , J. T. Hoeksema3
1 2 3
LMSAL, USA CEA-Saclay, France Stanford University, USA
Abstract. Time series of synoptic maps from the Wilcox Solar Observatory [from 1976 to the present day] and from the Michelson Doppler Imager [from 1995 to the present day] are analyzed in terms of their spherical harmonic decomposition. We illustrate how the rise and decline of the ux emergence rates throughout a sunspot cycle are reected in the evolution of the various harmonic mode coecients. We further discuss the interplay between the primary [dipole-like] and secondary [quadrupolelike] dynamo families of harmonic modes, and their role in the reversal of the axial dipole during solar maximum. Such magnetic eects are measurable for many other stars, and observations of large-scale solar magnetic elds enables us to make connections with stellar dynamos. E-mail: derosa@lmsal.com
15
Session 3 Comparative Solar Minima from Sun to Earth
Chairs: Margit Haberreiter Andrey Tlatov David Webb
IAU Symposium 286
Helioseismology: A View of the Solar Interior

Y. Elsworth University of Birmingham, UK Abstract. This meeting is aimed at understanding activity minima in the Sun and stars. Most of the tools that we have for studying the Sun and stars are exterior measures. However, observations of the natural, global oscillations of stars provide a key measure of the internal conditions. For the Sun, this is the topic of helioseismology. I will provide an introduction to the topic and will focus on how magnetic activity inuences the properties of the oscillations and hence what we can infer from changes in the frequencies, amplitudes and widths of the modes. E-mail: y.p.elsworth@bham.ac.uk
17
IAU Symposium 286
What is the Suns High-Latitude Rotation Doing?

M. Thompson1 , R. Howe2 , R. Komm3 , F. Hill3 , T. P. Larson4 , J. Schou4 , M. Rempel1
1 HAO/NCAR, 2 University 3 NSO, 4 Stanford
USA of Birmingham, UK
USA University, USA
Abstract. Helioseismology and surface Doppler observations of the Suns rotation have revealed a high-latitude branch of the torsional oscillation. The onset of this high-latitude speed-up has been reported to be absent coming out of the recent solar minimum, leading to suggestions that Cycle 25 may be delayed or may even not happen at all. We present how the high-latitude rotation has behaved from 1996 up to the present time, and suggest an interpretation for the observed behavior. E-mail: mjt@ucar.edu
18
IAU Symposium 286
Reconstruction of Magnetic Field Surges to the Poles from Sunspot Impulses

N. V. Zolotova, D. I. Ponyavin St. Petersburg State University, Russia Abstract. The time-latitude diagram of the photospheric magnetic eld of the Sun during 1975-2011 (Kitt Peak NSO, SOLIS NSO, SOHO MDI data) is analyzed using: (i) Gnevyshev idea on pulsed structure of sunspot cycle; (ii) Gauss random eld approximation of sunspot clustering; (iii) a ux transport model. It is demonstrated that poleward migrations of magnetic trailing polarity are closely associated with the impulses of sunspot activity. By means of their tting the sunspot clusters and poleward surges are reconstructed up to the 10th cycle. Results of modeling are compared with the proxy data on polar eld reversals in the past. E-mail: ned@geo.phys.spbu.ru
19
IAU Symposium 286
Total Solar Irradiance, Absolute Value and an Estimate of a LongTerm Trend from Minimum to Minimum
W. Schmutz, A. Fehlmann, W. Finsterle, M. Sutter PMOD/WRC, Switzerland Abstract. PREMOS is an experiment on the French satellite PICARD consisting of absolute radiometers and lter radiometers, which were built by PMOD/WRC (Thuillier G., Dewitte S., Schmutz W., 2006, Adv. Space Res. 38, 1792-1806). PREMOS measures Total Solar Irradiance and spectral solar irradiance in selected wavelength bands. PICARD was launched on June 15, and rst light of PREMOS was on July 27, 2010. PREMOS is operational since September 6, 2010. The PMO6-A instrument of PREMOS is the rst radiometer in space, which has a SI-traceable irradiance calibration in vacuum. The calibration has an uncertainty that is smaller than the dierence between the discrepant absolute TSI values from VIRGO/SOHO and TIM/SORCE. Thus, the PREMOS measurements decide the question which of the two is more correct. The result is that the Total Solar Irradiance value of PMO6-A agrees with TIM/SORCE within its uncertainty and disagrees by more than ten sigma from VIRGO/SOHO. The initial sensitivity changes of the PREMOS radiometers are studied using internal assessment and by relative comparison to other operational TSI measurements. The deduced sensitivity changes for PMO6-type instruments in space leads to a re-investigation of the early VIRGO/SOHO measurements. This re-analysis questions the published trend of the VIRGO TSI values for 1996 and 1997. A new estimate is derived for a TSI trend between the solar minimum in 1996 and the recent minimum in 2008. E-mail: werner.schmutz@pmodwrc.ch
20
IAU Symposium 286
The Ni I lines in the Solar Spectrum

M. Vieytes1 , P. Mauas1 , J. Fontenla2
1 IAFE, 2 LASP,
Argentina USA
Abstract. The stratosphere is the region where the ozone chemistry is important for the balance of energy, and radiation in the near UV plays a fundamental role in the creation and destruction of ozone. However, the radiation in this range of wavelength has not been successfully modeled. One of the most important elements, according to its abundance in the solar atmosphere, that contribute to the emission and absorption of radiation in the spectral range between 1900 and 3900 , is neutral A niquel (Ni I). In this work we improve the atomic model of this element, taking into account 490 lines over the spectrum. We solve these lines in NLTE using the Solar Radiation Physical Modeling (SRPM) program and compare the results with observation of the quiet sun spectrum. To investigate if these lines are modied by solar activity we then calculate and compare the same lines with active region spectrum. E-mail: mariela@iafe.uba.ar
21
IAU Symposium 286
Modeling the Solar EUV Variability

M. Haberreiter PMOD/WRC, Switzerland Abstract. Solar spectral irradiance variations in the UV/EUV are important for the detailed modeling of the Earths ionosphere. We present realistic synthetic spectra for this wavelength range. Our approach involves two main steps. First, we calculate the optically thick radiation based on time-independent 1D atmosphere structures for dierent activity features of the chromosphere and transition region. Second, we use 1D coronal atmosphere structures representing various activity features to calculate the optically thin coronal spectrum. In order to account for the spatial extension of the corona, we employ a spherical integration scheme for the calculation of the coronal spectrum. The temporal variability of the spectrum is determined from the analysis of solar images. The current state of this analysis as well as the potential to reproduce the observed variability will be presented. E-mail: margit.haberreiter@pmodwrc.ch
22
IAU Symposium 286
The Use of 17 GHz Radio Emission to Characterize the Solar Minimum

C. L. Selhorst1 , L. Svalgaard2 , C. G. Gimnez de Castro3 , A. Vlio3 , J. E. R. Costa4 , K. Shibasaki5 e a
1 IP&D/UNIVAP, 2 HEPL/Stanford 3 CRAAM, 4 CEA/INPE,
Brazil University, USA
Brazil Brazil 5 NoRH, Japan Abstract. To understand the recent spotless period, we studied the variation of the solar radius and the polar limb brightening at 17 GHz, comparing the results from the minimum at the end of cycle XXIII with those of the previous one. Daily maps obtained by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) from 1992 through 2010 were analyzed. Whereas the variation of the solar radius at radio frequencies indicates the heating of the solar atmosphere due to solar activity, the polar limb brightening is highly correlated with the local magnetic eld intensities (almost 90%). As a common result, it is observed a decrease in both radius and limb brightness intensity at 17 GHz during the present minimum when compared with the previous one: a) the mean solar radius is 0.9 0.6 arcsec smaller and b) the limb brightening reduced its intensity by around 20%. Both decrements are interpreted in terms of the weaker solar chromospheric activity of the present cycle. Measurement of the radius and limb brightening at 17 GHz can be used as alternative solar activity index and should be included in the set of parameters used to predict future cycles. E-mail: caiuslucius@gmail.com
23
IAU Symposium 286
Polar Magnetic Fields and Coronal Holes during the Recent Solar Minima
G. de Toma NCAR/HAO, USA Abstract. The slow decline of solar cycle 23 combined with the slow rise of cycle 24 resulted in a very long period of low magnetic activity during the years 2007-2009 with sunspot number reaching the lowest level since 1913. This long solar minimum was characterized by weak polar magnetic elds, smaller polar coronal holes, and a relatively complex coronal morphology with multiple streamers extending to mid latitudes. At the same time, low latitude coronal holes remained present on the Sun until the end of 2008 modulating the solar wind at the Earth in co-rotating fast wind streams. This magnetic conguration was remarkably dierent from the one observed during the previous two solar minima when coronal streamers were conned near the equator and fast solar wind was mainly originating from the large coronal holes around the Suns poles. In this talk, we present the evolution of the polar magnetic elds and coronal holes during the past minimum, compare it with the previous minimum, and discuss the implications for the solar wind near the Earth. In particular, we examine the changes in the open magnetic ux when the low latitude coronal holes started to close down at the end of 2008 and nally disappeared in 2009 leading to a simpler heliopheric structure. E-mail: detoma@ucar.edu
24
IAU Symposium 286
Global Magnetic Fields: Variation of Solar Minima

A. G. Tlatov1 , V. N. Obridko2
1 Kislovodsk 2 Institute
Mountain Astronomical Station of the Pulkovo Observatoy, Russia of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Propagation (IZMIRAN), Russia
Abstract. During the activity minimum, the properties of the global magnetic eld of the Sun manifest themselves in the most pronounced way. The magnetic eld of the Sun is determined by large-scale structures. The northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun have magnetic elds of opposite polarity. The polar magnetic eld is signicantly stronger than the elds at middle and low latitudes in the epoch of minimum activity. In the period of minimum activity, the large-scale structure of the solar corona also corresponds to the large-scale conguration of solar magnetic elds. The long-term variation of large-scale magnetic elds at dierent latitudes can be studied using a series of H synoptic charts. The H charts contain boundaries on the spherical surface separating the positive and negative magnetic polarities. At present, the summary series of H charts cover the period from 1887 up to now, comparable to the length of the sunspot group series. In this presentation, we consider the indices characterizing the minimum activity epoch according to the data on largescale magnetic elds and polar activity. These indices are the dipole-octopole index and the area and average latitude of the dominant-polarity eld in each hemisphere. The indices show that the cycle of the large-scale magnetic eld of the Sun precedes the sunspot activity cycle by an average of 5.5 years. Analysis of the coronal shape has revealed a long-term modulation of the global magnetic eld of the Sun. Possibly, a secular modulation of the global solar magnetic eld exists, which is most pronounced during the epoch of solar activity minimum. During the secular cycle of the global magnetic eld of the Sun, the relation between the dipole and octopole components of the magnetic eld changes. The largest amplitude of the dipole component occurred during the interval 19441955. At the turn of the 19th20th and 20th21st centuries, the shape of the solar corona and, possibly, the global magnetic eld correspond to the conguration close to that of an octopole. E-mail: tlatov@mail.ru
25
IAU Symposium 286
The 3D Solar Minimum Corona with Dierential Emission Measure Tomography

A. M. Vsquez1 , R. A. Frazin2 , Z. Huang2 , W. Manchester IV2 , P. Shearer2 a
1 Instituto 2 Department
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio (CONICET-UBA) and FCEN (UBA), Argentina of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
Abstract. Dierential emission measure tomography (DEMT) makes use of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) image series to deliver two products: a) the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the coronal emissivity in the instrumental bands, and b) the 3D distribution of the local dierential emission measure (LDEM). The LDEM allows in turn to construct 3D maps of the electron density and temperature distribution. DEMT is being currently applied to the space-based EUV imagers SOHO/EIT, STEREO/EUVI, and SDO/AIA, allowing to reconstruct the inner corona in the height range from 1.00 to 1.25 Rsun . We have applied DEMT to EUVI data of the last solar minimum (2008), and EIT data of the previous solar minimum (1996). In this talk we will review our results for the dierent reconstructed rotations, discussing the observed 3D density and temperature distributions in the context of global potential magnetic eld magnetic extrapolations. We will discuss the connection between the DEMT science with other observational and modeling eorts of the same periods. E-mail: albert@iafe.uba.ar
26
IAU Symposium 286
Solar Cycle 23 and 24 Minima Seen through the Eyes of Coronal MHD Models
J. Linker, Z. Mikic, P. Riley, R. Lionello, V. Titov Predictive Science, Inc., USA Abstract. The mimima preceding solar cycle 24 is characterized by unusual properties when compared with the previous cycle and other space age minima. These features include many more spotless days, weaker polar magnetic eld strengths, weaker interplanetary magnetic elds, and persistent isolated equatorial coronal holes. We compare 3D MHD simulations of the corona during these two intervals to explore the detailed characteristics of the corona during these dierent time periods. We discuss how the recent unusual minima provides opportunities to test our understanding of the underlying processes that produce the corona and solar wind, particularly the origin of the slow solar wind. Research supported by NASA and NSF. E-mail: linkerj@predsci.com
27
IAU Symposium 286
Large-Scale Photospheric Flow Patterns around Coronal Structures

N. Hurlburt Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, USA Abstract. Large-scale photospheric ows in the vicinity of coronal structures are investigated. We identify a set of laments, active regions and coronal holes recorded in the Heliophysics Events Knowledgebase (HEK) over the rst year of SDO operations. We use these lists to select subsets of HMI and AIA data for further analysis. Surface velocities are extracted from data cubes using a spectral optical ow method and are compared with the characteristics of the corresponding features. E-mail: hurlburt@lmsal.com
28
IAU Symposium 286
Assessing Modern Magnetographs and Spectropolarimeters

J. C. del Toro Iniesta1 , V. Mart nez Pillet2
1 IAA-CSIC, 2 IAC,
Spain
Spain
Abstract. The design and later use of modern spectropolarimeters and magnetographs require a number of tolerance specications that allow the developers to build the instrument and then the scientists to interpret the data accurately. Such specications depend both on device-specic features and on the physical assumptions underlying the particular measurement technique. Here we discuss general properties of every magnetograph, as the detectability thresholds for the vector magnetic eld and the line-of-sight velocity, as well as specic properties of a given type of instrument, namely that based on a pair of nematic liquid crystal variable retarders and a Fabry-Perot etalon (or several) for carrying out the light polarization modulation and spectral analysis, respectively. We derive formulae that give the detection thresholds in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations and the polarimetric eciencies of the instrument. Relationships are also established between inaccuracies in the solar physical parameters and instabilities in the instrument parameters. Such relationships allow, for example, to translate scientic requirements for the velocity or the magnetic eld into requirements for temperature or voltage stability. We also demonstrate that this type of magnetograph can theoretically reach the optimum polarimetric eciencies of an ideal polarimeter, regardless of the optics in between the modulator and the analyzer. Such optics induces changes in the instrument parameters that are also calculated. E-mail: jti@iaa.es
29
IAU Symposium 286
The Structure of the Heliosphere in Solar Minima and Consequences on Interplanetary Flux Rope Properties
S. Dasso1,2 , A. M. Gulisano1,2 , P. Dmoulin3 e
1 Instituto
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio (UBA-CONICET), Argentina de F sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA), Argentina 3 Observatoire de Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France
2 Departamento
Abstract. The study of the heliosphere has advanced greatly in the last few years. Comparisons between models and observations are clarifying several issues of this system. The synergy from combining modelling with dierent observational techniques have produced very important progresses in our understanding of dierent objects in the heliosphere, with important consequences on Sun-Earth connection and space weather. It is well known that the structure of the heliosphere depends on the solar cycle stage, presenting its simplest global organization during solar minima. Then, studies of the heliosphere in periods of solar minima provide good oportunities to improve our understanding of the three dimensional structure of the heliosphere. These periods are also natural places to study the manifestation of less mixed physical processes and their consequences on the evolution of transient objects traveling along relatively clean environments, which are generally present during solar minima. A comparative study of solar wind properties during two solar minima periods will be summarized in this talk, with emphasis on properties and dynamical evolution of interplanetary ux ropes propagating in periods with similar characteristics. E-mail: sdasso@iafe.uba.ar
30
IAU Symposium 286
Coronal Transients During two Solar Minima: Their Solar Source Regions and Interplanetary Counterparts
H. Cremades1 , C. H. Mandrini2 , S. Dasso2
1 FRM-UTN/CONICET, 2 IAFE,
Argentina CONICET, Argentina
Abstract. In the frame of two coordinated observational and research eorts, two full solar rotations were investigated in times of two distinct solar minima. These two campaigns were dubbed Whole Sun Month (WSM; August 10 - September 8, 1996) and Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI; March 20 - April 16, 2008). The nearly uninterrupted gathering of solar coronal data since the beginning of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) era oers the exceptional possibility of comparing two solar minima for the rst time, with regard to the coronal transient aspect. This study characterizes the variety of outward-travelling transients observed in the solar corona during both time intervals, from very narrow jet-like events to coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Their solar source regions and ensuing interplanetary structures were identied and characterized as well, towards a global-scale description of their role in determining the heliospheres conditions. Multi-wavelength images provided by the space missions SOHO, Yohkoh (only WSM), and Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO; only WHI) and ground-based observatories were analyzed for coronal ejecta and their solar sources, while data registered by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft were inspected for interplanetary CMEs and magnetic clouds. Notable dierences arise from the analysis of the detailed survey of events: more (less) ejecta during WHI (WSM), 12% (40%) were produced by active regions during WHI (WSM), and nearly no (high) deection from the radial direction was observed during WHI (WSM). Instrumental aspects such as dissimilar resolution, cadence, and elds of view are considered in order to discern instrumentally-driven disparities from inherent dierences between solar minima. E-mail: hebe.cremades@frm.utn.edu.ar
31
IAU Symposium 286
The Role of Streamers in the Deection of Coronal Mass Ejections: Comparison between STEREO 3D Reconstructions and Numerical Simulations
F. P. Zuccarello1 , A. Bemporad2 , C. Jacobs1 , M. Mierla3 , S. Poedts1 , F. Zuccarello4
1 KULeuven, 2 INAF, 3 ROB,
Belgium
Italy Belgium 4 UCT, Italy Abstract. On September 21, 2009 a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) was observed by the coronographs on board the STEREO spacecraft. The CME originated from the southern hemisphere and showed a deection of more than 30 degrees towards the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) during the propagation in the COR1 eld-of-view (FOV). The aim of this paper is to provide a physical explanation for the strong deection of the CME observed on September 21, 2009. The two-sided view of the STEREO spacecraft allows to reconstruct the three dimensional (3D) travel path of the CME and the evolution of the CME source region. The observations are combined with a MHD simulation, starting from a magnetic eld conguration closely resembling the extrapolated potential eld for that date. By applying localized shearing motions a CME is initiated in the simulation, showing a similar non-radial evolution, structure, and velocity as the observed event. The CME gets deected towards the current sheeth of the larger northern helmet streamer, due to an imbalance in the magnetic pressure and tension forces and nally it gets absorbed into the streamer. This study shows that during solar minima, even CMEs originating from high latitude can be easily deected towards the heliospheric current sheet eventually resulting in geoeective events. How rapidly they undergo this latitudinal migration depends on the strength of both the large scale coronal magnetic eld and the magnetic ux of the erupting lament. E-mail: francesco.zuccarello@wis.kuleuven.be
32
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamo-driven Plasmoid Ejections above a Spherical Surface

J. Warnecke1,2 , A. Brandenburg1,2 , D. Mitra1
1 NORDITA, 2 Department
Sweden of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Sweden
Abstract. We extend earlier models of turbulent dynamos with an upper, nearly force-free exterior to spherical geometry, and study how ux emerges from lower layers to the upper ones without being driven by magnetic buoyancy. We also study how this aects the possibility of plasmoid ejection. A spherical wedge is used that includes northern and southern hemispheres up to mid-latitudes and a certain range in longitude of the Sun. In radius, we cover both the region that corresponds to the convection zone in the Sun and the immediate exterior up to twice the radius of the Sun. Turbulence is driven with a helical forcing function in the interior, where the sign changes at the equator between the two hemispheres. An oscillatory large-scale dynamo with equatorward migration is found to operate in the turbulence zone. Plasmoid ejections occur in regular intervals, similar to what is seen in earlier Cartesian models. These plasmoid ejections are tentatively associated with coronal mass ejections. The magnetic helicity is found to change sign outside the turbulence zone, which is in agreement with recent ndings for the solar wind. E-mail: joern@nordita.org
33
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamic Evolution of Interplanetary Wave Shocks Driven by CMEs

P. Corona Romero1 , J. A. Gonzlez Esparza2 a
1 Posgrado 2 Instituto
en Ciencias de la Tierra, UNAM, Mxico e de Geof sica, UNAM, Mxico e
Abstract. We present a study of the dominant physical processes of the CME/shock evolution using an analytic model and numerical simulations. We nd that shock waves related with fast CMEs present two phases: a pristine one where the CME drives the shock, followed by a decaying phase where the shock decelerates. This dynamical behavior depends on the evolution of the momentum ux throughout the plasma sheath, which illuminates the CME/shock propagation. We analyze three study cases in order to apply our results. This work is an extension of the Corona-Romero & Gonzleza Esparza [JGR, 2011] study of CME/shock propagation focusing, in this case, on the evolution of the plasma sheath between the CME and the shock. E-mail: piter.cr@gmail.com
34
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamical Evolution of Anisotropies of the Solar Wind Magnetic Turbulent Outer Scale
M. E. Ruiz1 , S. Dasso1,2 , W. H. Matthaeus3 , E. Marsch4 , J. M. Weygand5
1 Instituto 2 Departamento
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio (CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires), Argentina de F sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Argentina 3 Department of Geography, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, USA 4 Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, Germany 5 Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, USA Abstract. The evolution of the turbulent properties in the solar wind, during the travel of the parcels of uid from the Sun to the outer heliosphere still has several unanswered questions. In this work, we will present results of an study on the dynamical evolution of turbulent magnetic uctuations in the inner heliosphere. We focused on the anisotropy of the turbulent length scale, measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the local mean magnetic eld, and study its evolution according to the aging of the plasma parcels observed at dierent heliodistances. As diagnostic tool we employed single-spacecraft correlation functions computed with observations collected by Helios 1 & 2 probes over nearly one solar cycle. Our results are consistent with driving modes with wave-vectors parallel to the direction of the local mean magnetic eld near the Sun, and a progressive spectral transfer of energy to modes with perpendicular wave-vectors. Advances made in this direction, as those presented here, will contribute to our understanding of the magnetohydrodynamical turbulence and Alfvenicwave activity for this system, and will provide a quantitative input for models of charged solar and galactic energetic particles propagation and diusion throughout inner heliosphere. E-mail: dasso@df.uba.ar
35
IAU Symposium 286
Interplanetary Conditions: Lessons from this Minimum

J. G. Luhmann1 , C. O. Lee1 , P. Riley2 , L. K. Jian3 , C. T. Russell3 , G. Petrie4
1 SSL, 2 PSI,
University of California, USA USA 3 IGPP UCLA, USA 4 NSO, USA Abstract. We use results from studies of the solar wind in the recent cycle minimum as a basis for discussing how the interplanetary medium attributes are determined by the solar magnetic eld. In particular, the complexity of the coronal eld at the eective source surface of the solar wind in cycle 23s minimum, discussed by de Toma et al. earlier, means that it is common for a magnetic polarity sector to have streams from several source regions, all of which have somewhat dierent properties. As a result, the wind of a given polarity may include stream interaction regions that are not associated with heliospheric sector boundaries. One of the consequences of this situation is that stream interaction compressions and their associated eld deections and enhancements are more common than in the dipolar coronal hole wind picture. Another is that transient coronal hole boundary layer winds are ubiquitous within a magnetic sector. This characteristic produces a host of substructure in the solar wind that is challenging to interpret. Overall, the recent cycle minimum provides an excellent illustration of the need for more realistic coronal eld geometries in 3D solar wind models, allowing for time dependent processes at open eld boundaries. It also serves to remind us that simple solar wind concepts often fail to capture the reality of stellar outows. E-mail: jgluhman@ssl.berkeley.edu
36
IAU Symposium 286
The Floor in the Solar Wind Magnetic Field: Status Report

E. W. Cliver AFRL, USA Abstract. The notion of a oor in the solar magnetic eld strength (Bsw) of 4.6 nT was proposed by Svalgaard and Cliver in 2007 on the basis of 27-day averages of Bsw during the space age and longterm reconstructions of Bsw based on geomagnetic data. In both 2008 and 2009, the concept of such a oor was undercut by annual Bsw averages of 4 nT. Subsequently, Cliver and Ling (2010) revised the oor downward to 2.8 nT on the basis of separate correlations between the solar polar eld strength at solar minimum and (a) the corresponding solar wind magnetic eld strength (Bsw(min)) and (b) the peak sunspot number at the subsequent solar maximum. These correlations suggest that at 11-year minima, B consists of i) a oor of 2.8 nT, and ii) a component primarily due to the solar polar elds that varies from 0 nT to 3 nT. The solar polar elds provide the seed for the subsequent sunspot maximum. Based on a decomposition of the solar wind (from 1972 - 2009) into high-speed streams, coronal mass ejections, and slow solar wind, Cliver and Ling suggested that the source of the oor in Bsw is the slow solar wind. During 2009, Earth was in slow solar-wind ows 70% of the time. Cliver and Ling attributed the oor to a baseline (non-cyclic or ground state) open solar ux of 8 1013 Wb from the Suns persistent small-scale (supergranular and granular) eld. Recent evidence bearing on the possibility of the oor is reviewed. E-mail: edcliver@gmail.com
37
IAU Symposium 286
Long-term Solar Wind Variations and the Coming Solar Minimum

R. E. Lpez o Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Abstract. In this talk I will discuss long-term solar wind variations, with an emphasis on the variation of the solar wind around successive minima. Throughout the latter half 20th century, the period when in situ observations are available, the mass, momentum, and energy uxes of the solar wind along with the IMF magnitude were increasing from one solar cycle to the next. This changed in solar cycle 23, when all indicators of solar wind strength decreased. The minimum at the boundary between solar cycles 23 and 24 exhibited the weakest solar wind in the observational record. At the same time, the ratio of the ux of alpha particles to the proton ux decreased markedly, and the relationship between the alpha particle ux and the IMF, which had been fairly stable for the previous solar cycles, changed dramatically. These changes strongly imply that something fundamental has changed in the solar cycle, that the Modern Grand Maximum is at an end, and that a long-term minimum in solar activity has begun. E-mail: relopez@uta.edu
38
IAU Symposium 286
Probing the Heliosphere with the Directional Anisotropy of Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity
K. Munakata Shinshu University, Japan Abstract. Galactic cosmic rays are extremely high-energy nuclei that travel close to the speed of light. They are ubiquitous in the Milky Way and make up a substantial fraction of the total energy of the Galaxy, equivalent to the energy in large-scale magnetic elds and thermal gases. Being charged particles, they are deected when crossing the magnetic eld in the space, and the amount of the total deection in an average magnetic eld magnitude is dependent on both their momentum and path lengths. The cosmic-ray ux at energies high enough to undergo minimal deection is so small that cosmic-ray sources in the Galaxy far away from us have proved dicult to observe directly by measuring the directional anisotropy of GCR intensity. The signicant deection and the pitch angle scattering by the irregular magnetic eld produces instead the diusive streaming which has been observed as the GCR anisotropy at the Earth with the amplitude of 0.1%. The present paper demonstrates how useful information can be derived from the anisotropy observed at the Earth with ground based detectors. The intensity of 10 GeV galactic cosmic rays recorded at the Earth changes in the solar activity- and magnetic-cycles reecting the solar cycle variations of the modulation parameters such as the sun-spot number, the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic eld and the tilt-angle of the heliospheric current sheet. The best-known example of such variation can be seen in the count rate of neutron monitors. While the omnidirectional GCR intensity measured by a single detector represents the temporal variation of the GCR density at the single location of the detector, the directional anisotropy of the GCR intensity tells us the spatial distribution of the GCR density around the Earth. The magnitude of the GCR anisotropy due to the diusive streaming is proportional to the spatial gradient of the GCR density. By observing precisely the anisotropy with the global network of detectors, therefore, we can derive the spatial gradient of the GCR density in three dimensions and its temporal variation. The spatial density gradient is important, because it tells us the average feature of the large-scale magnetic eld in the heliosphere which is responsible to the spatial distribution of GCRs. Is still dicult to derive it directly from any other in-situ and/or ground-based measurements. In this paper, we analyze the density gradient and its temporal variation observed with two networks of muon detectors and neutron monitors during the declining phase of the Solar Cycle 23. The anisotropy of GCRs with much higher energy also provides us with unique information of the magnetic eld over the larger scale in space. The sidereal anisotropy of TeV GCRs observed by the air shower (AS) experiment and deep underground muon detectors gives us the valuable information of the large-scale magnetic structures of the heliosphere and the local interstellar space near by the Sun. The present paper also demonstrates a possibility of probing the Suns magnetic eld as a function of time with the measurement of the Suns shadow. The Sun shields cosmic rays arriving from the directions behind it and casts a tiny shadow in the directional intensity of cosmic rays observed at the Earth. The Tibet AS experiment has recently observed a clear solar cycle variation of the Suns shadow for the rst time. The present paper introduces the recent analyses of the Suns shadow observed by the Tibet AS experiment. E-mail: kmuna00@shinshu-u.ac.jp
39
IAU Symposium 286
Search for Solar Energetic Particle Signals on the Mxico City Neue tron Monitor Database
B. Vargas, J. F. Valds Galicia e Instituto de Geof sica, UNAM, Mxico e Abstract. We made a search for solar energetic particle signals on the full ve minute database of the Mxico City neutron monitor from 1989 to 2006. Daubechies lters were used to set a baseline e and remove unwanted low frequency variations; then, we performed two dierent statistical tests to validate the increments observed on the data. We present a detailed analysis of one GLE time series which shows a previously unreported increment. Due to the high cuto rigidity of the site (8.27 GV) and mean response energy of the instrument (25 GeV), this result provides evidence of acceleration of high energy particles by eruptive phenomena in the solar atmosphere; our analysis may also help to establish an upper bound for the particle acceleration power of the Sun. E-mail: bernardo@geosica.unam.mx
40
IAU Symposium 286
On the Cause of Extremely Low Geomagnetic Activity during the Recent Deep Solar Cycle Minimum
E. Echer1 , B. T. Tsurutani1,2 , W. D. Gonzlez1 a
1 Instituto 2 Jet
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA
Abstract. The recent solar minimum (20082009) was extreme in several aspects: the sunspot number, interplanetary magnetic eld (IMF) magnitude and solar wind speed were the lowest during the space era. Furthermore, the exceedingly low solar wind parameters led to a minimum in energy transfer from solar wind to the magnetosphere, and as a consequence, the geomagnetic activity ap index reached extremely low levels. These were the lowest values of energy input and geomagnetic activity in the space era. We compare the solar wind and geomagnetic activity observed in this recent minimum with previous solar cycle values during the space era (19642010). E-mail: ezequiel.echer@gmail.com
41
IAU Symposium 286
WHI in the Context of a Long and Structured Solar Minimum: An Overview of Sun-to-Earth Observations
S. E. Gibson1 , G. de Toma1 , Y. Elsworth2 , B. Emery 1 , R. Leamon3 , J. Lei4 , S. McIntosh1 , R. Mewaldt5 , T. Onsager6 , B. J. Thompson7 , P. Riley8 , L. Zhao1
1 HAO/NCAR, 2 Univ.
USA Birmingham, UK 3 NASA, USA 4 Univ. Colorado, USA 5 CalTech, USA 6 NOAA/SWPSI, USA 7 NASA/GSFC, USA 8 PredSci, USA Abstract. Throughout months of extremely low solar activity during the recent extended solar cycle minimum, structural evolution continued to be observed from the Sun through the solar wind and to the Earth. In 2008, the presence of long-lived and large low-latitude coronal holes meant that geospace was periodically impacted by high-speed streams, even though solar irradiance, activity, and interplanetary magnetic elds had reached levels as low or lower than observed in past minima. This time period of which the Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI: CROT 2068) is typical illustrates the eects of fast solar wind streams on the Earth in an otherwise quiet heliosphere. By the end of 2008 sunspots and solar irradiance had reached their lowest levels for this minima (e.g., CROT 2078), and continued solar magnetic ux evolution had led to a attening of the heliospheric current sheet and the decay of the low-latitude coronal holes and associated Earth-intersecting high-speed solar wind streams. This simplied heliospheric morphology was associated with record levels of cosmic rays (high) and radiation belt ux (low). As the new solar cycle slowly began, solar wind and geospace observables stayed low or continued to decline, reaching a minimum in summer 2009 (e.g. CROT 2085) and a Sun-Earth system at its quietest. In this poster we will present an overview of observations that span the period 20082009, with highlighted discussion of CROTs 2068, 2078, and 2085. We will show side-by-side observables from the Suns interior through its surface and atmosphere, through the solar wind and heliosphere and to the Earths space environment and upper atmosphere. E-mail: sgibson@ucar.edu
42
IAU Symposium 286
Modeling of the Atmospheric Response to a Strong Decrease of the Solar Activity

E. Rozanov1,2 , T. Egorova1 , A. Shapiro1 , W. Schmutz1
1 PMOD/WRC,Switzerland 2 IAC
ETHZ, Switzerland
Abstract. It was suggested by several publications that the current grand maximum of the solar activity will end within the next 10 to 20 years. Such a change can aect future state of the atmosphere and climate due to an alteration of the incoming solar irradiance and energetic particles. On the one hand a decline of the solar activity is expected to be accompanied by a decrease of the spectral solar irradiance leading to cooling and ozone depletion in the stratosphere, a deceleration of the polar night jets and cooler winters over Europe. These eects will be partially compensated by an expected decrease of the geomagnetic activity and less intensive production of nitrogen and hydrogen oxides followed by less intensive ozone destruction and relative warming inside polar vortices. On the other hand an increase of galactic cosmic rays caused by lower solar activity will facilitate ozone destruction and cooling in the polar lower winter stratosphere leading to opposite eects, i.e. to an acceleration of the polar night jets and warmer winters over Europe. To understand the resulting changes in the atmosphere we perform several numerical experiments with chemistry-climate model SOCOL in time-slice mode driven by dierent combinations of the above-mentioned forcing. The results of these experiments aimed at the analysis of top-down mechanisms of solar-climate connection as well as the uncertainty in the applied forcing will be presented and discussed in the talk. E-mail: e.rozanov@pmodwrc.ch
43
IAU Symposium 286
Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere under the Extremely Prolonged Low Solar Activity of Solar Cycle 23/24
I. S. Batista1 , C. M. N. Candido1 , C. Brum2 , M. A. Abdu1
1 INPE, 2 Arecibo
Brazil Observatory, Puerto Rico
Abstract. The solar irradiance at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths is the primary heat source of the thermosphere. The thermosphere responds to temperature changes expanding or contracting in such a way that the thermospheric density, at a xed height is highly dependent on the solar EUV ux. The solar radiation is also the responsible for the ionospheric primary ionization and its layering structure. During the minimum of the solar cycle 23/24 the sun had a large number of spotless days as compared with previous periods. During this unusually prolonged solar minimum the solar ux responsible for the thermospheric heating and ionospheric formation was very low. This provided a unique opportunity for the investigation of the thermosphere-ionosphere system under extremely low solar activity. Studies are indicating the need to review some proxies used to represent the solar irradiance in thermosphere-ionosphere models. The low density ionosphere has also provided good conditions for the study of waves propagating in the ionospheric F region. E-mail: inez@dae.inpe.br
44
Session 4 Stellar Cycles
Chairs: Cristina Mandrini Adriana Vlio a
IAU Symposium 286
Stellar Cycles: General Properties and Future Directions

M. Giampapa National Solar Observatory/NOAO, USA Abstract. I will review the general properties of stellar cycles in late-type, main sequence stars including the range of amplitudes seen in solar-type stars, the associated brightness variations, and the evidence for stars in activity minima that may be analogous to the extended episode of quiescence associated with the Maunder minimum. Emerging evidence for the occurrence of multiple cycle periods in solar-type stars will be reviewed as well as the nature of at-activity stars. Suggested directions for future eorts will be presented. The NSO and NOAO are each operated by AURA under cooperative agreements with the National Science Foundation. E-mail: giampapa@noao.edu
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IAU Symposium 286
Investigating Stellar Surface Rotation using Observations of Starspots

H. Korhonen NBI, Denmark Abstract. Rapid rotation enhances the dynamo operating in stars, and thus also introduces significantly stronger magnetic activity than is seen in slower rotators. Many young cool stars are rapid rotators, because they have the primordial rotation rates induced by the interstellar molecular cloud from which they were formed. Also older stars in close binary systems are rapid rotators. These types of stars can show strong magnetic activity and large starspots. In the case of large starspots which cause observable changes in the brightness of the star, and even in the shapes of the spectral lines, one can get information on the rotation of the star. At times even information on the spot rotation at dierent stellar latitudes, similarly to the solar surface dierential rotation, can be obtained. In this talk I will review investigations of stellar rotation based on starspots. I will discuss what we can obtain from ground-based photometry and how that improves with the uninterrupted, high precision, observations from space. The emphasis of the talk will be on how starspots, and even stellar surface dierential rotation, can be studied using shapes of the spectral lines in high resolution spectra. E-mail: heidi.h.korhonen@utu.
47
IAU Symposium 286
Modulated Stellar and Solar Cycles: Parallels and Dierences

K. Olh1 , L. van Driel-Gesztelyi1,2,3 a
1 Konkoly 2 MSSL,
Observatory, Hungary University College London, UK 3 Paris Observatory, LESIA, Meudon, France Abstract. We present examples of activity cycles on dierent types of stars from low-mass dwarfs to massive giants with a range of rotational rates, and compare the observed cyclic behaviors to the solar cycle and its modulations as manifested in long-term reconstructed solar irradiance data. Using solar irradiance data - i.e. emitted ux - a direct comparison can be made between solar and stellar cycles. Furthermore, a diagnostics of dierent features dominating the activity on stars causing their long-term variability becomes possible. In the course of their activity cycles stars change their overall temperature, which is measured through the variation of the color indices. In the case when activity is dominated by spots, i.e. cooler surface features, the star is redder when fainter, whereas another type of activity makes the stars hotter when activity is higher. We show examples for both classes, including the Sun, which belongs to the latter group. E-mail: Lidia.vanDriel@obspm.fr
48
IAU Symposium 286
The Solar Wind in Time: Internal and External Forcing

J. L. Linsky1 , B. Wood2 , S. Redeld3
1 Univ. 2 NRL,
Colorado, USA USA 3 Wesleyan Univ., USA Abstract. Changes in the solar wind structure and mass ux between minimum and maximum of the solar cycle are likely small compared to changes in the solar wind as the Sun has evolved from an active premain sequence star to its present middle age as a slowly-rotating rather quiet star. We will describe our technique of inferring wind mass loss rates for solar-like stars and show correlations of mass ux with X-ray emission and stellar age. This technique will be applied to additional stars in our HST Cycle 19 observing programs. The gas density and magnetic eld of the interstellar medium through which the Sun moves provide external boundary conditions on the solar wind. We now have a detailed picture of the interstellar cloud environment through which the Sun has travelled for the last million years and will travel for the next million years. Changes in the gas density and magnetic eld environment through which the Sun travels will likely force changes in the solar wind on a faster timescale than secular changes in the solar dynamo and magnetic eld. Simulations of wind mass ux for solar-like stars provides a critical tool for understanding the chemical evolution of planetary atmospheres both for planets of our Sun and of other stars. An important example is the loss of water from Mars. E-mail: jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu
49
IAU Symposium 286
Stellar Activity Cycles in a Model for Magnetic Flux Generation and Transport
E. Isik Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey Abstract. As solar and stellar observations of magnetic cycles improve both in quantity and quality, it becomes essential to investigate the physical mechanisms behind the observed (multi-)periodic or irregular stellar cycles. We present results from a model of magnetic ux generation and transport in cool stars (Isik et al. 2011 A&A 528, A135), which combines an alpha-omega dynamo at the base of the convection zone, buoyant rise of magnetic ux tubes, and a surface ux transport model. Based on a reference model for the Sun, the numerical simulations were made for a set of model convection zones of G- and K-type main sequence and subgiant stars. We investigate magnetic cycle properties as functions of other stellar properties such as the rotation period, convection zone depth, and dynamo strength. For a Sun-like star with Prot = 9 d, we nd that a cyclic dynamo can underly a noncyclic, at surface activity. For a subgiant K1 star such as the active component of HR 1099, an apparently multi-periodic cycle (similar to observations; eg Olah et al. 2009 A&A 501, 703) is found in our model, owing to a combination of several eects: cycle overlap, poleward deection of rising ux tubes, convection zone depth, and surface ux transport. E-mail: e.isik@iku.edu.tr
50
IAU Symposium 286
Magnetic Activity among Cool Stars in the HR-Diagram

J. H. M. M. Schmitt Hamburger Sternwarte, Germany Abstract. Magnetic elds are the ultimate origin of the plethora of activity phenomena observed on the Sun over the entire electromagnetic range. Soft X-ray emission diagnoses hot, thermal plasma heated to coronal temperatures and is the best proxy indicator for such magnetic activity since it can be detected against a completely X-ray dark stellar photosphere. UV- and optical emission diagnoses cooler plasma and the photospheric magnetic elds themselves, however, applicability and usefulness of these indicators depends strongly on the underlying star. Nonthermal emission is diagnosed at radio and Gamma-ray wavelengths and can usually be detected only in stars with activity levels some orders of magnitude above solar levels. I will attempt to review the magnetic activity signatures observed in the cool half of the HR-diagram predominantly from an X-ray point of view to delineate which stars show magnetic activity. I will then focus on the properties of stars with low activity and specically discuss the the rotation activity relations, the occurrence of magnetic cycles and the detectability of Maunder minimum states in other stars. Finally, cool stars are hosts of extrasolar planets and I discuss some consequences of cool star activity on extrasolar planets. E-mail: jschmitt@hs.uni-hamburg.de
51
IAU Symposium 286
On the Origin of Stellar Magnetic Fields

R. Steinitz1 , J. Portnoy2
1 Physics, 2 EE
Ben Gurion University, Israel Dept., Sami Shamoon Acad. College of Engineering, Israel
Abstract. The origin of stellar magnetic elds is not a new problem. Our approach is three-pronged: (a) Observed enormous diversity of spectral types as well as space locations of magnetic stars, (b) the (relative) rarity of such stars, and most relevant - (c) the basic physics involved in spoiling cylindrical symmetry (magnetic dipole and spin axis not co-aligned). The emerging model accounts for these traits; in addition it predicts existence of large ranges in eld intensities on dierent magnetic stars, possible presence of magnetic quadrupoles and that at least some magnetic stars are oscillating; all predictions observed. E-mail: raphael@bgu.ac.il
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IAU Symposium 286
Semi-empirical Modeling of Solar/Stellar Magnetic Cycles

A. Vlio a CRAAM/Mackenzie University, Brazil Abstract. Since Galileo, for four hundred years, dark spots have been observed systematically on the surface of the Sun. The monitoring of the sunspot number has shown that their number varies periodically every 11 years. This is the well known solar activity cycle, and is caused by the periodic changes of the magnetic eld of the Sun. Not only do spots vary in number on a timescale of a decade, but the total luminosity and other signatures of activity such as ares and coronal mass ejections also increase and decrease with the 11-year cycle. Still unexplained to the present date are periods of decades with almost an absence of activity, where the best known example of such is the Maunder Minimum. Other stars also exhibit signs of cyclic activity, however the level of activity is usually thousand times higher than the solar. Obviously, this is due to the diculty of observing activity at the solar level on most stars. Presently, a method has been developed to detect and study individual solar like spots on the surface of planet-harboring stars. As the planet eclipses dark patches on the surface of the star, a detectable signature can be observed in the light curve of the star during the transit. The study of a dierent variety of stars allows for a better understanding of magnetic cycles and the evolution of stars. E-mail: avalio@craam.mackenzie.br
53
IAU Symposium 286
The Rotation-activity Connection in Young Low Mass Stars

J. Rodr guez Gmez, O. Restrepo Gaitn, R. M. Cuervo Osses, G. Pinzn Estrada o a o Observatorio Astronmico, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia o Abstract. Rotation and activity are key parameters for the pre-main sequence evolution since they trace the internal behavior of young stars as they approach to the main sequence and also because they are closely related to the disk disappearance and the presence of solar-type active chromospheres. Nearby associations or moving groups of post-T Tauri stars with ages between 10 and 30 Myr are excellent targets for the study of both, rotation and activity. We present a complementary study to those presented by Sholtz et al.(2007) of rotation, chromospheric activity and X-ray luminosities for a sample of 71 young stars with spectral types F7M2 in the stellar associations: TW Hya (10Myr), BPMG (11Myr), Upper Centaurus Lupus (14Myr), Lower Centarus Crux (16Myr) and TucanaHorologium (30Myr). We conrm a mass dependence of the lifetime for active chromospheres and found that the chromospheric activity measured in H declines with age. The rotation-activity relation shows prominent dierences with those observed in main sequence stars indicating that young low mass stars generate their magnetic elds in a dierent way (not dynamo). We quantify those dierences by comparing either vsini or rotational periods with a simple rotational evolution model based on the temporal behaviour of the size of the convective layers predicted by evolutionary PMS models. E-mail: jemrodriguezgo@unal.edu.co, jemsi@hotmail.com
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IAU Symposium 286
12 Years of Stellar Activity Observations in Argentina

P. Mauas1 , A. Buccino1 , R. D 2 , C. Cincunegui1 , M. L. Luoni1 az
1 Instituto 2 Institut
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio, Argentina dAstrophysique de Paris, France
Abstract. Since 1999 we systematically observe around 150 stars, from late F to M, to study longterm variability. For this task we used the echelle spectrograph mounted in the 2.15m telescope at CASLEO Observatory in San Juan, Argentina, covering the range 3860 to 6690 with a spectral A resolution R=13000. From these data, we were able to nd cyclic activity in several M stars, including Proxima Centauri. These spectra was also used to constrain chromospheric models of several G and K stars, to understand how changes in activity aect the atmospheric structure. Since, unlike other similar studies, we have simultaneous measurements of the most important visible lines, we can accurately study the correlation between them. For example, the H- and Ca II K uxes are usually considered interchangeable activity indicators, and in fact we found a strong correlation between the mean uxes for each star. However, the general trend is lost for individual observations of particular stars, and each star shows a particular behavior, ranging from tight correlations with dierent slopes to anti-correlations, including cases where no correlations are found. At present, we have a very large database, with more than 2000 spectra of the whole visible range, of stars of a broad variety of spectral classes, with dierent activity levels, and spanning 12 years. E-mail: pablo@iafe.uba.ar
55
Session 5 Grand Minima and Historical Records
Chairs: Alisson Dal Lago Ilya Usoskin
IAU Symposium 286
Stars in Magnetic Grand Minima: Where Are They and What Are They Like?
S. H. Saar SAO, USA Abstract. I explore various ideas of what a star in a Maunder-like magnetic minimum would look like, and ways of nding stars in such a state, and make some estimates of their physical and magnetic activity properties. These are then compared with the Sun and other low activity stars. E-mail: saar@cfa.harvard.edu
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IAU Symposium 286
Soft X-ray Emission as Diagnostics for Maunder Minimum Stars

K. Poppenhger, J. H. M. M. Schmitt a Hamburger Sternwarte, Germany Abstract.The identication of stars in a Maunder minimum state purely from their chromospheric emission (for example in Ca II lines) has proven to be dicult. Photospheric contributions, metallicities and possible deviations from the main sequence stage may lead to very low values of the traditional chromospheric activity indicators, while no Maunder minimum state may be present. X-ray observations can be a key tool for identifying Maunder minimum stars: we have detected very soft X-ray emission from low-temperature coronal plasma, similar to emission from solar coronal holes, in several stars with very low chromospheric activity indicators. The coronal properties inferred from X-ray observations can therefore yield a crucial piece of information to verify Maunder minimum states in stars. E-mail: katja.poppenhaeger@hs.uni-hamburg.de
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IAU Symposium 286
Is the Small-Scale Quiet Sun Dynamo a Pedestal for Solar (and Stellar) Activity?
K. J. Schrijver Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, USA Abstract. Surrounding the sunspot-carrying active regions lies a sea of small-scale mixed-polarity quiet Sun. Part of the magnetic ux threading that quiet Sun results from the random-walk dispersal and large-scale advection of ux that originally surfaced in active regions. Observations during the recent extended sunspot minimum, combined with four decades of monitoring of the quietest regions on the solar disk, suggest, however, that there is a cycle-independent component to the quiet-Sun eld (doi:10.1029/2011GL046658) that persists at times of extended cycle minima and Maunder Minimumlike grand minima. The implications for TSI coupling into Earths climate are being investigated. Here, I place these observations in the context of stellar magnetic activity and, in particular, the interpretation of the minimal activity, at the basal emission level, of old Sun-like stars. E-mail: schrijver@lmsal.com
59
IAU Symposium 286
Interplanetary Space Weather and Space Climate Prediction: Opportunities

M. Guhathakurta NASA Headquarters, USA Abstract. As human activity expands into the solar system, the need for accurate space weather and climate forecasting is expanding, too. Space probes are now orbiting or en route to ybys of Mercury, Venus, Earth and the Moon, Mars, Vesta, Ceres, Saturn, and Pluto. As agencies around the world prepare for these missions to send robotic spacecraft, each of these missions (plus others on the drawing board) has a unique need to know when a solar storm will pass through its corner of space or how the subsequent solar cycles will behave. Ultimately, astronauts will follow beyond Earth orbit, and their need for interplanetary space weather and climate forecasting will be even more compelling. Until recently, forecasters could barely predict space weather in the limited vicinity of Earth. Interplanetary forecasting was out of the question. This began to change in 2006 with the launch of the twin STEREO probes followed almost four years later by the Solar Dynamics Observatory. These three spacecraft now surround the sun, monitoring active regions, ares, and coronal mass ejections around the full circumference of the star. No matter which way a solar storm travels, the STEREOSDO eet can track it. Missions like SDO and Kepler are giving us a better view of sun-like stars and their inner workings to understand their cyclic behavior. Ultimately, expanding the reach of space weather & climate forecasts throughout the solar system will require advances in theory, remote sensing, and computing power. Just recently the Cambridge University Press has published a series of three volumes entitled the Heliophysics Lecture Series that deal with this subject matter while the facility called the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) are laying the groundwork for the accurate interplanetary forecasts using physics-based models. In this talk I will summarize the observational assests and other resources we have and the challenges we have to face to move this interdisciplinary eld forward. E-mail: madhulika.guhathakurta@nasa.gov
60
IAU Symposium 286
Dynamo Models of Grand Minima

A. R. Choudhuri Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, India Abstract. The irregularities of solar cycle arise from two main sources - uctuations in the BabcockLeighton process for the generation of the poloidal eld and uctuations in meridional circulation. The eect of uctuations in the Babcock-Leighton process is what one would naively expect - less poloidal eld generation at the end of a cycle would make the next cycle weaker. The eect of uctuations in meridional circulation in a ux transport dynamo model is more subtle. Weaker meridional circulation makes the cycle period longer and, only if the dynamo has suciently high diusivity, then the strength of the cycle becomes weaker - providing an explanation for the Waldmeier eect. Several independent arguments now show that the diusivity of the dynamo should be high. We address the question whether the combined eects of low poloidal eld generation and weak meridional circulation can push the dynamo into a grand minimum like the Maunder minimum. Since the Babcock-Leighton process would not operate when there are no active regions, an important question is how the dynamo comes out of the grand minimum. Limited data available for the Maunder minimum suggest that it started somewhat abruptly and ended more gradually, while the magnetic eld in the solar wind continued the 11-year oscillation at a somewhat suppressed level. We shall discuss how ux transport dynamo models address these issues. E-mail: arnab@physics.iisc.ernet.in
61
IAU Symposium 286
A Simple Dynamo Model for Solar Grand Minima and Geomagnetic Reversals
D. Sokolo, G. Sobko, V. Trukhin, V. Zadkov Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Russia Abstract. We suggest a simple dynamical system which mimics a nonlinear dynamo which is able to provide (in specic domains of its parametric space) the temporal evolution of solar magnetic activity cycles as well as evolution of geomagnetic eld including its polarity reversals. A qualitative explanation for the physical nature of both phenomena is presented and discussed. E-mail: sokolo@dds.srcc.msu.su
62
IAU Symposium 286
Is Meridional Circulation Important in Modeling the Irregular Solar Cycle?

B. B. Karak, A. R. Choudhuri Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, India Abstract. The sunspot number varies roughly periodically with time. However the individual cycle durations and amplitudes are found to vary in an irregular manner. It is observed that the stronger cycles are having shorter rise time and vice versa. This leads to an important eect known as Waldmeier eect. Another important feature of the solar cycle irregularity are the grand minima during which the activity level is strongly reduced. We explore whether these irregularities can be studied with the help of the ux transport dynamo model of the solar cycle. We show that with a suitable stochastic uctuations in the meridional circulation, we are able to reproduce many irregular features of solar cycle including the Waldmeier eect and grand minimum. However, we are not able to reproduce these results in a low-diusivity model. Next we introduce a quenching on the meridional circulation due to the dynamo-generated magnetic elds in the ux transport dynamo model and we show that the low-diusivity model fails to produce stable solar-like solution with this quenching. E-mail: bidya karak@physics.iisc.ernet.in
63
IAU Symposium 286
Grand Minima of Solar Activity on Long-Term Scale

I. G. Usoskin1 , S. K. Solanki2
1 Sodankyla 2 Max
Geophysical Observatory (Oulu unit), University of Oulu, Finland Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Germany
Abstract. Using a reconstruction of solar activity from cosmogenic isotope data in natural terrestrial archives, we analyze the statistics of the occurrence of grand minima and maxima over the Holocene, i.e. the past 11 millennia. We present a list of reconstructed grand minima and maxima of solar activity as well as the statistics of both the length of individual events as well as the waiting time between them. We show that the occurrence of grand minima/maxima is not driven by long-term cyclic variability, but is a stochastic/chaotic process. Two dierent types of grand minima are observed: short (3090 years) minima of Maunder type and long (> 100 years) minima of Sprer type, implying o that a deterministic behaviour of the dynamo during a grand minimum denes its length. These results set important observational constraints on long-term solar and stellar dynamo models. E-mail: ilya.usoskin@oulu.
64
IAU Symposium 286
Does solar activity aect climate?

B. Mendoza Ortega Instituto de Geof sica, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mxico o e e Abstract. The Sun expels several products of its activity to the interplanetary medium, namely electromagnetic radiation, energetic particles, and solar wind and transient ejecta with a frozenin magnetic eld. The bodies embedded in the heliosphere react to the impact of solar activity according to their characteristics, i.e. whether or not they have intrinsic magnetic elds, ionosphere or neutral atmosphere. In particular the Earth responds to solar variability through geomagnetic activity, variations of the high atmosphere, and possibly, changes of weather, climate and biota. Since many years ago, the eect of solar variability on climate has been the subject of controversy. Several attempts have been made to estimate the impact of solar variability on climate through the study of solar or solar-associated phenomena. Here we discuss the main mechanism currently proposed. Also we shall have a glimpse of the eects of a possible grand minimum occurring in the coming years. E-mail: blanca@geosica.unam.mx
65
IAU Symposium 286
Eects of Solar Variability on Planetary Plasma Environments and Habitability

C. Bertucci IAFE-CONICET-UBA, Argentina Abstract. Intrinsic and induced planetary magnetospheres are the result of the transfer of energy and linear momentum between the Solar Wind and, respectively, the magnetic elds and the atmospheres of solar system bodies. This transfer seems to be, however, more critical to the atmospheric evolution of unmagnetized objects such as Mars and Venus, as locally ionized planetary particles are accelerated by solar-wind induced electric elds, leading to atmospheric escape.The nature of the obstacle to the solar wind being dierent, intrinsic and induced magnetospheres respond dierently to solar cycle changes in solar photon ux and solar wind properties. In this presentation, we discuss the inuence of solar variability on planetary magnetospheres and its implications for atmospheric evolution based on in remote, and in situ spacecraft measurements, as well as numerical simulations. In particular, we will discuss the case of unmagnetized objects where nonthermal escape process might have played a role in their habitability conditions. E-mail: cbertucci@iafe.uba.ar
66
IAU Symposium 286
EV-Lac as a Potential Host for Habitable Planets

X. C. Abrevaya1 , E. Cortn2 , P. J. D. Mauas1 o
1 IAFE,
Argentina Argentina
2 QB-FCEyN-UBA,
Abstract. At present, dwarf M stars are being considered as potential hosts for habitable planets. However, an important fraction of these stars are are stars, which among other things emit large amounts of UV radiation during ares, and it is unknown how this radiation can aect life, since biological systems are particularly vulnerable to UV. In this work we evaluate a well known dMe star, EV Lacertae (GJ 873) as a potential site for the emergence and evolution of life, focusing on the eects of the UV emission associated with are activity. Since UV-C ( < 290 nm) is particularly harmful for living organisms, we studied the eect of UV-C radiation on halophile archaea cultures. The halophile archaea or haloarchaea are extremophile microorganisms, which inhabit in hypersaline environments and show several mechanisms to cope with UV radiation since they are naturally exposed to intense solar UV radiation on Earth. To select the irradiance to be tested we considered a moderate are of this star. We obtained the mean value for the UV-C irradiance integrating the IAU spectrum in the impulsive phase, and considering a hypothetical planet in the center of the liquid water habitability zone. To select the irradiation times we took the most frequent duration of ares on this star which is from 10 to 30 minutes. Our results show that even after considerable UV damage, the haloarchaea cells survive at the tested doses, showing that this kind of life could survive in a relatively hostile UV environment. E-mail: abrevaya@iafe.uba.ar
67
IAU Symposium 286
Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Activity since 1806

V. Bothmer, E. Bosman University of Gttingen Institute for Astrophysics, Germany o Abstract. In 1806 Alexander v. Humboldt measured uctuations of the Earths magnetic eld simultaneously with the appearances of aurora in the sky above Berlin, published in Annalen der Physik in 1808. Carl Friedrich von Gauss later on recorded aurora at the Goettingen sky in the years 18361841. Today it is known from satellite observations that major geomagnetic storms are caused by fast coronal mass ejections from the Sun. However it is still a matter of debate what the solar requirements are to cause such geomagnetic superstorms and what their occurrence rate is with respect to the solar activity cycle. This presentation presents the results of a statistical survey on the relationship of geomagnetic activity and geomagnetic superstorms to the sunspot cycle based on extrapolations of Ap, Kp back to 1806, taking into account results derived from space observations since 1964. It will be shown that superstorms in history appeared even during very moderate phases of solar activity and that the last solar minimum is comparable to conditions around 1903. E-mail: bothmer@astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de
68
IAU Symposium 286
Historical Records of Solar Grand Minima: a Review

J. Vaquero Universidad de Extremadura, Spain Abstract. Knowing solar activity during the past centuries is of great interest for many purposes. Historical documents can help us to know about the behaviour of the Sun during the last centuries. The observation of aurorae and naked-eye sunspots provides us with continuous information through the last few centuries that can be used to improve our knowledge of the long-term solar activity including solar Grand Minima. We have more or less detailed information on only one Grand minimum (the Maunder minimum in the second half of 17th century), which serves as an archetype for Grand minima in general. Telescopic sunspot records and measurements of solar diameter during Maunder minimum are available. In this contribution, I review some recent progress on these issues. E-mail: jvaquero@unex.es
69
IAU Symposium 286
Variations of Solar and Cosmic Ray Cycles at the Maunder Minimum

H. Miyahara1 , Y. Yokoyama1 , Y. T. Yamaguchi1 , H. Matsuzaki1 , K. Horiuchi2 , H. Motoyama3 , F. Tokanai4 , H. Kato4
1 The
Univ. of Tokyo, Japan Univ., Japan 3 NIPR, Japan 4 Yamagata Univ., Japan
2 Hirosaki
Abstract. We present the variations of solar and cosmic-ray decadal/bi-decadal cycles at the Maunder Minimum, observed using the cosmogenic nuclides in tree rings and ice cores. Annually resolved records of beryllium-10 content from ice cores have indicated the abrupt increase of cosmic rays at the every other minima of solar cycles with 14 years. It has resulted in the amplication of solar Hale magnetic cycles at the Maunder Minimum. The anomalous cosmic-ray enhancement events with E1 year durations were observed at the phases when solar dipole magnetic eld was negative. It suggests the changed structure of heliospheric magnetic eld at the sunspot absence, which can intensify the manifestation of drift eect on cosmic ray modulation. In this paper we also discuss the transitions of solar cycles at the onset of the Maunder Minimum based on the precisely measured carbon-14 content in tree rings. E-mail: hmiya@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
70
Poster Contributions
IAU Symposium 286
Solar Grand Minima and On-O Intermittent Dynamo

A. C. L. Chian1,2 , A. Brandenburg3 , M. R. E. Proctor4 , E. L. Rempel5
1 Paris
Observatory-Meudon, France Brazil 3 NORDITA, Sweden 4 U. Cambridge, UK 5 ITA, Brazil

2 INPE,
Abstract. Solar cycle is a manifestation of solar dynamo where the distribution of sunspots in space and time display large-scale spatial coherence and long-term temporal correlation, as seen in the buttery diagram. The recurrent 11-yr solar cycles and grand minima such as the Maunder Minimum suggest a description of solar cycles as an on-o intermittency (He & Chian, PRL 91, 034102, 2003; Rempel & Chian, PRL 98, 014101, 2007; Chian et al., PRL 104, 254102, 2010) resulting from the chaotic nature of solar dynamo. The transition to an intermittent mean-eld dynamo is studied using 3D numerical simulations of compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence driven by a helical forcing, by varying the magnetic diusivity. Prior to the onset of dynamo action, a transient mean eld with low magnetic energy is observed. After the transition to a sustained dynamo, the system is shown to evolve to an on-o intermittency whereby the magnetic eld randomly alternates between periods of bursty and laminar uctuations, typical of solar cycles (Rempel, Proctor & Chian, MNRAS 400, 509, 2009). We report the detection of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) which act as transport barriers in a turbulent dynamo. A travelling-wave regime and a wave turbulence regime are identied as the magnetic diusivity is varied. The sharp contrast between the dynamics of LCS in these two dynamo regimes permits a unique analysis of the impact of the magnetic eld on the velocity eld, which provides an in-depth view of the origin of intermittency in solar cycles (Rempel, Chian & Brandenburg, ApJL 735, L9, 2011). E-mail: abraham.chian@gmail.com
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IAU Symposium 286
Plasma Flow vs. Magnetic Feature-Tracking Speeds in the Sun

G. Guerrero1 , M. Rheinhardt2 , A. Brandenburg1 , M. Dikpati3
1 NORDITA,
Sweden of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Sweden 3 High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA
2 Department
Abstract. We simulate the magnetic feature tracking (MFT) speed using advective-diusive transport models in both one and two dimensions. By depositing magnetic bipolar regions at dierent latitudes at the Suns surface and following their evolution for a prescribed meridional circulation and magnetic diusivity proles, we derive the MFT speed as a function of latitude. We nd that in a one dimensional surface-transport model the simulated MFT speed at the surface is always the same as the meridional ow-speed used as input to the model, but is dierent in a two-dimensional transport model in the meridional (r-theta) plane. The dierence depends on the value of the magnetic diusivity and on the radial gradient of the latitudinal velocity. We have conrmed our results with two dierent codes in spherical and Cartesian coordinates. E-mail: mreinhardt@nordita.org
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IAU Symposium 286
The Buttery Diagram Structure in the Minimal Activity Phases

M. Ternullo, P. Romano INAF/Catania, Italy Abstract. In any solar cycle, the spot formation process is highly discontinuous. It can be properly described as a sequence of pulses of activity, each one enduring not longer than a couple of months and involving photospheric regions tightly limited in latitude. If the amount of magnetic ux conveyed by spotgroups is accounted for in a Buttery Diagram, it appears that most magnetic ux erupted in a cycle is concentrated in small portions (knots) of the Diagram. The popular belief that spots are distributed about a line (the spot mean latitude) crossing any buttery wing and continuously approaching the equator is disproved from our results. Knots appear, on the contrary, in a seemingly random manner, each one at a latitude either lower or even higher than previous ones, even though respecting the overall tendency to approach equator. The suggestion arises that the spot cycle consists in two - or more - activity waves per cycle in any solar hemisphere; this two-wave structure appears clearer both at the beginning and ending phases of the cycle. E-mail: mternullo@oact.inaf.it
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IAU Symposium 286
Creating a Database and Analysis of Sunspots at the Solar Observatory of Ica National University in Per u
L. Mart nez Meneses1 , M. Ishitsuka2 , J. Ishitsuka2 , H. Trigoso2
1 Universidad 2 Geophysical
Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Per u Institute of Per u
Abstract. We have created a database and analysed sunspots recorded at the Solar Observatory of the Ica National University, taking as reference the International Relative Sunspot Number. Equipments and scientic advice is provided by the Astronomy Division of the Geophysical Institute of Per. This u process will allow us to nd a methodology in order to systematize the analysis of the evolution of active regions (sunspots). We are also looking for a technique that allows consistency of the data. The quality of data is very important in order to calculate the position, areas, rotation speed, and other properties of the Active Regions. The data of sunspots were taken from 2003 until 2006, these records of sunspots were obtained by using the projection method, by dierent observers. E-mail: lurdesmartinez5@yahoo.es
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IAU Symposium 286
Study of Ground Cosmic Ray Periodicities during Solar Minimum Using the Multidirectional Muon Detector at the Southern Space Observatory
A. Dal Lago1 , L. Ramos Vieira1 , N. J. Schuch2 , N. R. Rigozo2
1 National 2 South
Institute for Space Research, INPE, Brazil Regional Space Research Center, CRS/INPE, Brazil
Abstract. This work presents a study of the periodicities observed in ground cosmic rays data from the Multidirectional Muon Detector at the Southern Space Observatory - SSO, Brazil, (29.4 S, 53.8 W, 480 m above sea level), during the minimum phase of the solar cycle. The period of analysis was the years of 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Wavelet technique was used to investigate the presence of the periodicities throughout the time. As expected, the 27-day period is observed in some parts of the time series, as well as the 13.5-day period, indicating the inuence of the solar rotation and its harmonics. Other longer periods are also found in this study. E-mail: dallago@dge.inpe.br
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IAU Symposium 286
Long-term Variation of Solar Wind Parameters and their Geoeectiveness

V. C. Dwivedi, D. P. Tiwari, S. P. Agrawal Physics Department A.P.S. University, India Abstract. The interplanetary parameters used for the study of solar-terrestrial relationships are solar wind speed (V), the total interplanetary magnetic eld (B) and the southward component of IMF (Bz). For our study, we have used the daily values of the interplanetary indices (V, B and VB), as well as the daily values of the geomagnetic disturbance index Ap, for the years 1965 to 2010. The long-term averages have been calculated for the days when simultaneous data is available for all the four parameters (V, B, Bz and Ap). These include their averages on the basis of the phases of the solar activity cycle. The statistical relationship between them has been investigated on these long-term averages, as well as on the day-to-day basis. The results so obtained can be summarized as (i) V vs Ap has always low values of correlation coecient (r), (ii) on the contrary, B vs Ap has high values of r, (iii) the product of V and B vs Ap always yields much better correlations than for V or B alone, either on an average basis, or on a day-to-day basis, and (iv) even though, the long-term variations of V are not very signicant, the variations of B follow solar activity cycle and has a continuously increasing trend during the solar cycles 20 and 21. The statistical results obtained here signify that the VB is more signicantly eective in producing large-scale geomagnetic disturbances. E-mail: vidya.ihy2007@gmail.com
77
IAU Symposium 286
Observations of Coronal Holes During Two Solar Minima

H. Gutirrez, L. Taliashvili e CINESPA, UCR, Costa Rica Abstract. The study of short- and long-term evolution of equatorial and polar coronal holes as isolated events and also, associated with other activities, such as solar prominences and active regions is made during the selected periods of two solar minima of the years 1996 and 2009; based on the analyses of SOHO/EIT and STEREO multispectral data sets and Carrington Rotation maps. We discuss about characteristics of the evolution of coronal holes accompanied or not by transient coronal holes associated with the origin or/and post evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections. E-mail: heidy.gutierrez@ucr.ac.cr
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IAU Symposium 286
Coronal Mass Ejection Deection in the Corona during the Last Two Solar Minima
F. M. Lpez1 , H. Cremades2 , L. Balmaceda3 o
1 UNSJ,
Argentina Argentina Argentina
2 UTN-FRM/CONICET,
3 ICATE-CONICET-UNSJ,
Abstract. The Whole Sun Month (WSM) and the Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI) solar observation and modeling campaigns took place during two dierent solar minima, each of them covering a full solar rotation. The wealth of available data for these two time periods allows the study of specic features and events during two distinct solar minima. In the framework of the IAU Working Group on Comparative Solar Minima, we investigate the deection of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) with respect to the location of their solar source regions. The hypothesis that the global magnetic eld conguration aects the propagation direction of CMEs can be subjected to examination, given that during the WSM minimum the global magnetic eld was essentially dipolar, with a solar corona manifesting only equatorial streamers and large polar coronal holes; while the last solar minimum did not reach that basic conguration, rather showing at least three streamers at a time and several low latitude coronal holes. Dierent patterns of CME deection are observed, likely due to these intrinsic dierences between the two minima. E-mail: ferl1983@hotmail.com
79
IAU Symposium 286
A Cellular Automaton Model for Coronal Heating

M. Lpez Fuentes1 , J. A. Klimchuk2 o
1 IAFE/CONICET-UBA, 2 NASA/GSFC,
Argentina
USA
Abstract. We present a simple coronal heating model based on a cellular automaton approach. Following Parkers suggestion (1988, ApJ, 330, 474), we consider the coronal structure made of elemental magnetic strands that accumulate magnetic stress due to the photospheric displacements of their footpoints. Magnetic energy is eventually released in small scale reconnection events. The model consists of a 2D grid in which strand footpoints travel with random displacements simulating convective motions. Each time two strands interact, a critical condition is tested (as in self-organized critical models), and if the condition is fullled, strands reconnect and energy is released. We model the plasma response to the heating events and obtain synthetic observations from the known response of dierent instruments. We compare the output of the model with real observations from SDO/AIA and Hinode/XRT and discuss the implications of our results for coronal heating. E-mail: lopezf@iafe.uba.ar
80
IAU Symposium 286
Magneto-seismology of Solar Atmospheric Loops in the Solar Minimum

M. Luna Cardozo1 , G. Verth2 , R. Erdlyi3 e
1 IAFE,
Argentina University, UK 3 University of Sheeld, UK

2 Northumbria
Abstract. There is increasingly strong observational evidence that slow magnetoacoustic modes arise in the solar atmosphere. Solar magneto-seismology is a novel tool to derive otherwise directly un-measurable properties of the solar atmosphere when magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave theory is compared to wave observations. Here, MHD wave theory is further developed illustrating how information about the magnetic and density structure along coronal loops can be determined by measuring the frequency of the slow MHD oscillation. The application to observations in the solar minimum of slow magnetoacoustic waves in solar atmospheric loops is considered. E-mail: mluna@iafe.uba.ar
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IAU Symposium 286
High-Speed Streams in the Solar Wind during the Last Solar Minimum
G. Maris1 , O. Maris2 , C. Oprea1 , M. Mierla1
1 Institute 2 Institute
of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania for Space Sciences, Romania
Abstract. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the fast solar wind streams during the last prolonged minimum. Dening a minimum phase as the period with the smoothed monthly relative sunspot number having value less than 20, we considered for this analysis the interval February 2006 September 2010. The High-Speed Streams (HSSs) in the solar wind were determined by their main parameters: duration, maximum velocity, velocity gradient. The HSS importance parameter was also calculated for each stream. The main features of the fast streams and their solar sources were marked out. A comparative analysis of the HSS dynamics during the last solar minimum with the previous solar minimum (19961997) concludes the paper. E-mail: gmaris@geodin.ro
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IAU Symposium 286
Geomagnetic Eects on Cosmic Rays Propagation under Dierent Conditions

J. J. Mas Meza1 , X. Bertou1 , S. Dasso2,3 as
1 Centro
Atmico Bariloche (CNEA/CONICET), U.N. de Cuyo, Argentina o de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio (IAFE, UBA-CONICET) 3 Departamento de F sica (FCEN-UBA), Argentina
2 Instituto
Abstract. During the last solar minimum, the galactic cosmic rays ux presented the highest level observed since the birth of the space age. In order to quantify the low uxes of cosmic particles with energies larger than several GeVs, it is necessary to observe them using terrestrial observatories at ground level with a relatively large collecting surface. To properly interpret any ground observation, it is necessary to consider the eects of the geomagnetic eld on the trajectory of these electrically charged particles. In this work, using numerical simulations, we explore the main eects of the geomagnetic eld on the propagation of particles with energies inside the 1GeV1TeV range, on their way to the surface of the Earth. In particular, we study the sites of the giant Pierre Auger cosmic ray observatory of Malarge (Mendoza, Argentina) and of the Rome Neutron Monitor, sites with similar u rigidity cut o. We determine the asymmetry in the angular distribution (zenith and azimuth) of energy cuts and the yearly drift of this energy cut in the last 20 years. We also analyse simulations for dierent conditions of space current in the magnetosphere (i.e., dierent levels of geomagnetic storm). We nd that excitations of the magnetospheric currents (e.g., Van Allens ring currents) play an important role in determining the energy spectrum of primary cosmic particles arriving at the atmosphere of the Earth. The latter is crucial when interpreting ground level observations, and will allow the comparison of the Pierre Auger Observatory data with data from Neutron Monitors. E-mail: sdasso@iafe.uba.ar
83
IAU Symposium 286
Forbush Decreases not Related to Transient Solar Events

G. Muoz Mart n nez, J. F. Valds Galicia e
1 IBERO,
Mxico e Mxico e
2 IGEOF/UNAM,
Abstract. Forbush Decreases (FD) are commonly related to solar eruptive events such as Flares, CMEs and their eects on the interplanetary space, specially ICMEs. In most of the cases one or more of these transient solar events are involved, more than one is present, as shock, magnetic clouds, etc and it is dicult to distinguish which of them has an specic counterpart. Even when the correlation to these events is clear in most of the cases, the physical mechanisms originating FD is not clear. In this work we analyzed a number of FD where apparently no eruptive event in the Sun or when the interplanetary transient event was found to be temporally related. We identied the main characteristics of interplanetary parameters that may be associated to a specic mechanism not related to transient solar events. E-mail: lupitamuma@gmail.com
84
IAU Symposium 286
The 3D Solar Corona Cycle 24 Rising Phase from SDO/AIA Tomography

F. Nuevo1 , A. M. Vsquez1 , R. A. Frazin2 , Z. Huang2 ,W. B. Manchester IV2 a
1 Instituto 2 Department
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio (CONICET-UBA) and FCEN (UBA), Argentina of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
Abstract. We have recently extended the Dierential Emission Measure Tomography (DEMT) technique to be applied to the six iron bands of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The AIA based DEMT products are the 3D reconstruction of the coronal emissivity in the instruments six coronal bands, and the 3D distribution of the local dierential emission measure (LDEM), in the height range 1.00 to 1.25 Rsun. Based on the reconstructed LDEM, in this work we show 3D maps of the electron density and temperature of the inner solar corona during the rising phase of solar cycle 24. We discuss the 3D distribution of our results in the context of open/closed magnetic regions, as derived from a global potential eld model of the same period. We also discuss the new information gained with SDO/AIA respect to our previous tomographic results based on the three coronal bands of STEREO/EUVI. E-mail: federico@iafe.uba.ar
85
IAU Symposium 286
Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejections and their Geoeectiveness during the 20072010 Interval
C. Oprea, M. Mierla, G. Maris Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania Abstract. In this study we analyse the CMEs directed towards the Earth during the interval 2007 2010, using the data acquired by STEREO mission and those provided by SOHO, ACE and geomagnetic stations. A study of solar sources and CMEs kinematics will be done. This will be correlated with CMEs interplanetary manifestations and their geomagnetic eects, along with the energy transfer ux into magnetosphere (the Akasofu coupling function). The chosen interval that is practically coincident with the last solar minimum, oered us a good opportunity to link and analyse the chain of phenomena from the Sun to the terrestrial magnetosphere in an attempt to better understand the solar and heliospheric processes that can cause major geomagnetic storms. E-mail: const oprea@yahoo.com
86
IAU Symposium 286
Evolution of a Very Complex Active Region during the Decay Phase of Cycle 23
M. Poisson1 , M. Lpez Fuentes1 , C. H. Mandrini1 , E. Pariat2 , P. Dmoulin2 o e
1 IAFE/CONICET-UBA, 2 LESIA/Observatoire
Argentina de Paris - Meudon, France
Abstract. It is generally observed that most magnetically complex active regions (AR) tend to appear on the late phases of solar cycles. Here, we study a particular case of extreme complexity: AR NOAA 10314, that has been observed from March 13 to 19, 2003, during the decay of Cycle 23. AR 10314 was the source of several energetic events, among them two major (X class) ares, along a few days. We followed the evolution of this AR since the very rst stages of its emergence. From the photospheric evolution of the magnetic polarities observed with SOHO/MDI magnetograms we infer the morphology of the ux tube that originates the AR. Using a sophisticated computation technique that combines Local Correlation Tracking with magnetic induction constrains we compute the rate of magnetic helicity injection at the photosphere during the observed evoution. From our results we conclude that the AR was produced by the emergence of a severely deformed magnetic ux tube having a dominantly positive magnetic helicity. E-mail: lopezf@iafe.uba.ar
87
IAU Symposium 286
Cosmic Ray Particles Behavior during the Last Solar Minimum

M. Rockenbach Da Silva1 , A. Dal Lago2 , W. D. Gonzlez2 , K. Munakata3 , C. Kato3 , T. Kuwabara4 , a J. Bieber4 , N. Schuch5 , M. L. Duldig6 , J. E. Humble7 , H. K. Al Jassar8 , M. M. Sharma8 , I. Sabbah9
1 Instituto 2 National
de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Para ba, Brazil Institute for Space Research (INPE-MCT), Brazil 3 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Japan 4 Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, USA 5 Southern Regional Space Research Center (CRS/CCR/INPE-MCT), Brazil 6 Australian Antarctic Division, Australia 7 School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, Australia 8 Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait 9 Department of Natural Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, the Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Kuwait Abstract. The work presents the Heliosphere characterization during the minimum solar activity. It is possible to identify phenomena caused by the Corrotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), during this solar activity phase. CIRs can be visualized in satellite data for each 27 days, approximately, and it is frequently accompanied by the Earth crossing through the Heliospheric Current Sheath (HCS). This crossing occurs in a period of time lower than a day, and it is possible to study the behavior of cosmic rays particles in two dierent regions with opposite magnetic eld polarities. The last solar minimum was special because their long duration and it was the rst that the Global Muon Detector Network - GMDN operated in its full capacity. This cosmic ray detectors network is composed by muon scintillators installed in Nagoya, Japan; Hobart, Australia, So Martinho da Serra, Brazil, a and Kuwait City, Kuwait. Analyzing the GMDN data together with data from SOHO and/or ACE satellites it is possible to study the behavior of the cosmic ray particles and present a Heliosphere characterization during the minimum solar activity, giving a better understanding of the cosmic ray particles modulation. E-mail: marlosrs@gmail.com
88
IAU Symposium 286
Radio Signatures Associated with the Origin of LASCO/STEREO CMEs

C. Salas Matamoros, L. Taliashvili CINESPA/UCR, Costa Rica Abstract. We present the comparative study of the origin of LASCO/STEREO Halo and narrow Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) associated to the same active region and also, CMEs associated to the distinct near-by active regions with consecutive H and X-ray ares accompanied by dierent type of radio bursts and the disappearance of laments around the recent solar minimum, during descending and enhancing solar activity phases of the years 2006 and 2010. We discuss about the radio signatures associated with the origin of the studied CMEs. E-mail: carolina.salas@planetario.ucr.ac.cr
89
IAU Symposium 286
Very Intense Geomagnetic Storms: Solar Sources, Characteristics and Cycle Distribution
N. Szajko1 , G. Cristiani1 , C. H. Mandrini1 , A. Dal Lago2
1 Instituto 2 Instituto
de Astronom y F a sica del Espacio, Argentina Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil
Abstract. Using the Dst time series we have identied all the very intense geomagnetic storms that occurred during Solar Cycles 21, 22 and 23. A value of Dstmin <-200 nT has been set as threshold for this identication. We analize the geomagnetic storm distribution over each solar cycle, nding in Cycles 21 and 23 the largest storm concentration during the declining phase. In Cycle 22, which shows two separated peaks, the larger storm occurrence is coincident with the period beetwen these peaks. For Cycle 23 the series of storms is compared to solar and interplanetary observations from LASCO and EIT aboard SOHO and SWEPAM and MAG aboard ACE. By timing the solar, interplanetary, and Earth events we have been able to identify the solar and interplanetary sources of each geomagnetic storm. E-mail: gcristiani@iafe.uba.ar
90
IAU Symposium 286
A Solar Station in Ica: A Research Center to improve Education at the University and Schools
R. Terrazas Ramos1 , M. Ishitsuka2 , J. Ishitsuka2 , H. Trigoso2
1 Universidad 2 Instituto
Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Per u Geof sico del Per, Per u u
Abstract.The Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica has built a Solar Observatory in cooperation with Geophysical Institute of Per and National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. At u the Solar Station, the following equipments are installed: a Digital Monochromatic heliograph, a Digital Solar Spectrograph, a Takahashi Refractor Telescope of 15 cm of aperture and the FMT (Flare Monitor Telescope) from Hida Observatory of Kyoto University. These equipments contribute to the development of Astronomical Science in Per and also to worldwide sciences. The development of the u basic sciences will be guaranteed when the university students, teachers and researchers work together. The Solar Station will be useful for the study at dierent levels of university education and also for the general public and schools. The Solar Station will be a good mean to spread science in the region through public outreach. E-mail: raulterrazas81@gmail.com
91
IAU Symposium 286
Solar Radius and Limb Brightening Variability in the Submillimetric Range

L. A. Balmaceda1 , A. Vlio2 , C. L. Selhorst3 a
1 ICATE-CONICET-UNSJ, 2 Centro
Argentina de Rdio Astronomia e Astrof a sica Mackenzie (CRAAM), Brazil 3 Universidade do Vale do Para ba - UNIVAP, Brazil Abstract. We study the variation of the solar radius and the limb brightening at 212 and 405 GHz, during the recent extended minimum of solar cycle XXIII. For this purpose, daily maps obtained with the Solar Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SST) operating at El Leoncito, Argentina, since 1999 are analyzed. In order to interpret the results, the estimated parameters are contrasted with a semiempirical model of the solar atmosphere. A comparison with dierent indices of solar activity, such as sunspot number and solar irradiance, is also carried out. E-mail: lbalmaceda@icate-conicet.gob.ar
92
IAU Symposium 286
A Statistical Analysis of the H-Ca II K Relation for Solar-Type Stars of Dierent Activity Levels
A. P. Buccino, M. C. Vieytes, P. J. D. Mauas IAFE, Argentina Abstract. The usual indicator of chromospheric activity of dF to dK stars is the well known Mount Wilson S index, essentially the ratio of the ux in the core of the Ca II H and K lines to the continuum nearby. Another common activity proxy is the H-line. For a long time, it has been claimed that both proxies were tightly correlated. However, based on our large spectra database obtained at CASLEO Argentinian Observatory, in 2007 our group found that the correlation between Ca II and H is mainly related to a colour component and is not the product of an activity phenomena (Cincunegui et al. A&A 469, 309). We found that while some stars exhibit correlations between H and the Ca II lines, the slopes change from star to star, including cases where no correlation was found. Recently, Meunier and Delfosse (2009, A&A, 501, 1103) studied the contribution of plages and laments in the HCa II relation in the Sun for dierent time scales, in an attempt to explain our previous results. To date, our observing program is 12 years old, we have a large spectra database of 150 stars from dF6 to dM5. These spectra are calibrated in ux and allow us to simultaneously study dierent spectral features, from the Ca II lines to H. To discern if this ux-ux relation depends on the level of activity of the star and if it is associated to the distribution of active regions in the stellar atmosphere, in this work we analyze the relation between HCa II K uxes individually for a set of a several solar-type stars of dierent level of activity. In particular, for variable stars, we analyze the HCa II relation during the minimum and maximum of their chromospheric active regime. E-mail: abuccino@iafe.uba.ar
93
IAU Symposium 286
Determination of the Eective Temperature from H Spectral Line Analysis of Solar-Type Stars
D. Cornejo Espinoza1 , I. Ram 2 , P. Barklem3 , W. Guevara Day1 rez
1 Departamento 2 Carnegie
de Astrof sica, Agencia Espacial del Per- CONIDA, Per u u Observatories, USA 3 Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, Sweden Abstract. The ux level in the wings of the absorption lines from the Balmer series in cool dwarf stars like the sun is a good indicator of the stars eective temperature (Tef f ). We present a spectroscopic study of 68 solar-type stars to compute their eective temperatures by the Balmer line wing tting procedure and compare them with the values obtained using other commonly employed methods. We perform a spectroscopic study use the wings of the H spectral line (6563 ) and a very ne grid A of theoretical models calculated with the best atomic data and most recent quantum theory. Our spectroscopic data are of very high quality and have been carefully normalized to recover the proper shape of the H line prole. We obtain Tef f values with internal errors of about 20 K. E-mail: dcornejo@conida.gob.pe, veronicadce@gmail.com
94
IAU Symposium 286
Calibrating the Sun-as-a-Star: Using Hinode XRT to Measure Stellar Coronae

S. H. Saar, P. Testa SAO, USA Abstract. Despite decades of X-ray observations of both solar and stellar coronae with various instruments, the precise position of solar X-ray emission levels in a broader astrophysical context is surprisingly uncertain. This is largely due to cross-calibration problems and the diculty in observing the same targets with both solar and stellar instruments. Here we report on a new attempt at direct cross-calibration between solar and stellar missions: observations by Hinode XRT of a young, X-ray active F star HD 199143. This star has been previously studied by ROSAT and Chandra, and is eclipsed by the Sun every January. We observed the star in the Al-poly lter for a total of 12 hours on ingress and egress. After careful data processing, we searched for a small excess along the stars apparent path. We discuss the tentatively successful results in the context of the most up-to-date calibrations of Hinode, Chandra and ROSAT count rates for this star, as well as further observational and analysis plans. E-mail: saar@cfa.harvard.edu
95
IAU Symposium 286
Potential Energy Stored by Planets and Grand Minima Events

R. G. Cionco UTN-FRSN, Argentina Abstract. Recently, Wol and Patrone (Solar Phys, 2010; 266:227246), have developed a simple but very interesting model by which the movement of the Sun around the baricenter of the Solar system can creates potential energy that can be released by ows pre-existing inside the Sun (or another stars). Taking into account all the literature, this is the rst mechanism showing how planetary movements can modify internal structure in the Sun that can be related to solar cycle. In this work I calculate the temporal evolution of potential energy (PE) stored in putative zones of Suns interior in which the PE is most eciently stored taking into account detailed baricentric Sun dynamics. I show strong variations of PE specially related to Grand Minima events (GM) and discuss possible implications of this mechanism to solar cycle, specially GM events. E-mail: gcionco@frsn.utn.edu.ar
96
IAU Symposium 286
A New Imminent Grand Minima?

R. G. Cionco1 , R. H. Compagnucci2
1 UTN-FRSN, 2 DCAO-UBA,
Argentina Argentina
Abstract. The planetary hypothesis of solar cycle is a former idea by which the planetary gravity acting on the Sun might have a non-negligible eect on the solar magnetic cycle. The advance of this hypothesis is based on phenomenological correlations between dynamical parameters of the Suns movement around the barycenter of the Solar System and sunspots time series. In addition, several authors have proposed, using dierent methodologies that the rst GM of the new millennium is coming or has already begun. We present new fully three dimensional Nbody simulations of the solar inertial motion (SIM) around the barycentre of the solar system in order to perform a phenomenological comparison between relevant SIM dynamical parameters and the occurrences of the last GM events (i.e., Maunder and Dalton). Our fundamental result is that the Sun acceleration decomposed in a co-orbital reference system shows a very particular behaviour that is common to Maunder minimum, Dalton minimum and the maximum of cycle 22 (around 1990). These dynamical events are unique at these epochs and never have occurred before at least in the past millennium. We discuss our results in terms of a possible dynamical characterization of GM with relation to Sun dynamics. These dynamical similarities support the idea of an imminent important minimum. E-mail: gcionco@frsn.utn.edu.ar
97
IAU Symposium 286
Long Term Relation between Sunspot Activity and Surface Temperature at Dierent Geographical Regions
M. P. Souza Echer1 , E. Echer1 , W. D. Gonzlez1 , N. R. Rigozo2 , D. J. R. Nordemann1 a
1 Instituto 2 Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro Regional Sul, Brazil
Abstract. The global surface temperature has risen since 1900. The anthropogenic activity may have contributed partially to this variation of the temperature through enhanced greenhouse gases emissions. However, the climate system is characterized by cyclical natural patterns, and the role of external forcing, such as solar activity, can not be underestimated. In this work, we compare the long term variability of solar activity (as quantied by the sunspot number) with several surface temperature series from dierent geographical regions (global, hemispheric and latitudinal ranges). The interval of analysis is 18802005 and the data are analyzed with wavelet multiresolution technique. It has noted that a maximum in solar activity occurred around 1970, while temperature series show still a trend of rise after that. There are dierences in the long term temperature trend for northern and southern hemisphere latitudes. These dierences and the relation with sunspot activity will be discussed in this work. Keywords: Sunspot number; Surface air temperature; Long trend; Sun-Climate; Wavelet E-mail: marizaecher@gmail.com
98
IAU Symposium 286
Parallels among the Music Scores of Solar Cycles, Space Weather and Earths Climate
Z. Kollth1 , K. Olh1 , L. van Driel-Gesztelyi1,2,3 a a
1 Konkoly 2 MSSL,
Observatory, Hungary University College London, UK 3 Paris Observatory, LESIA, France Abstract. Solar variability and its eects on the physical variability of our (space) environment produce complex signals. In the indicators of solar activity at least four independent cyclic components can be identied, all of them with temporal variations in their timescales. Time-frequency distributions are perfect tools to disclose the music scores in these complex time series. Special features in the time-frequency distributions, like frequency splitting, or modulations on dierent timescales provide clues, which can reveal similar trends among dierent indices like sunspot numbers, interplanetary magnetic eld strength in the Earths neighborhood and climate data. Parallels and dierences of the dierent periodic components within the same dataset, like modulations of the harmonics of the length of the 11-year solar cycle, provide additional clues for understanding processes like the Waldmeiereect. Analyzing long-term data with such music scores can bring to light recurrent structures hidden in other data representations. These recurrent tunes, due to their regular nature, can be used for forecasting the cycle. The long-term modulation of solar activity went over a frequency shift (a glissando) around 1700, most probably in connection with a frequency split in the Gleissberg cycle. This frequency shift event is strongly related to the termination of the Maunder minimum. We identify a very similar structure in the scores of recent solar activity, starting around 1950. We ask the question whether or not this frequency shift can be a precursor of the behavior of the recent solar cycle. E-mail: Lidia.vanDriel@obspm.fr
99
IAU Symposium 286
TTVs Detection in Southern Hemisphere Stars

R. Petrucci1 , A. Buccino1 , E. Jofr2 , M. Schwartz1 , P. Mauas1 , M. Melita1 e
1 IAFE, 2 OAC,
Argentina Argentina
Abstract. Since the discovery of the rst extrasolar planet around a main sequence-star (Mayor & Queloz 1995) more than 500 planetary-mass objects orbiting around stars with dierent characteristics (spectral type, evolutive stage, etc) have been detected. Until now, the most fruitful detection techniques are: i) the Doppler method, based on measurements of stellar radial-velocity periodic variations due to the gravitational pull exerted by a near planet; ii) the transit method, where the presence of planets manifests through stellar light variations caused by the transit of a planet in front of the stars disk. Measurements from the rst method lead to determine period, eccentricity and minimun mass of the planet. Transit observations provide orbital period and planetary radius. Combining the parameters obtained from both techniques, it would be possible determine the planetary density. However, none of these methods would be sensitive for a planet as small as Earth, particularly if surveys are ground-based. The TTVs (transit timming variations) are the only method capable of detecting Earth-size planets and whose detections can be conrmed latter. It is well known that the time interval between succesive transits of an unperturbed planet is always the same. But the presence of another planetary-mass body in the system can produce variations of the transiting-planet period duration due to their gravitational interaction. These TTVs (transit timming variations) depend on the mass of the additional planet, and in some cases terrestrial-mass planet will produce a measureble eect. Even more exciting, systems in which two planets transit their star, the masses and radii of each planet (and therefore their densities) can be determined without radial-velocity measurements. The feasibility of detecting additional planets in transiting systems using TTVs, depends on the accuracy with which the middle of the transit can be measured and the time-interval between observations (Holman & Murray 2005). On the other hand, at present there are many groups around the world using small telescopes looking for TTVs in transiting systems (Ford et al. 2011, Fukui et al. 2011, Payne & Ford 2011). The advantage of these over big telescopes is that it is possible to do a continuos photometric monitoring of many targets. Taking into account all of this, we present the rst measurements of planetary transits made with the Horacio Ghielmetti Telescope (THG) located at the Complejo Astronmico El Leoncito (CASLEO) in o Argentina. This telescope is a 40 cm MEADE, which can be remotely controled. The main purpose of this instrument is the detection of TTVs in transiting systems from the Southern Hemisphere through great quality observations and high-precision photometry. Even more, in the future we plan to incorporate cold stars to our sample in a attempt to nd long-term photometric variations which can indicate the presence of stellar activity. E-mail: romina@iafe.uba.ar
100
IAU Symposium 286
Climate Interaction Mechanism Between Solar Activity and Terrestrial Biota

J. Osorio Rosales, B. Mendoza Ortega Instituto de Geof sica, UNAM, Mxico e Abstract. The solar activity has been proponed as one of main factors of Earth climate variability, however other kind of biological process has been proposed too. Actually it is accepted that terrestrial biota not only adapts to environmental conditions but inuences them through regulations on the chemical composition of the atmosphere. In the present study we used dierent methods to investigate the relationship between the dimethyl sulphide (DMS), low clouds, Ultraviolet Radiation A (UVA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Southern Hemisphere, we found that the series analyzed have dierent periodicities which are associated with weather and solar phenomena such as El Nio (ENSO), n Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the Stratosphere (QBO) and the average changes in solar activity. We also found that some series show persistence with which we can make predictions for the future of the same trend. E-mail: jaime@geosica.unam.mx
101
IAU Symposium 286
The Coronae of Ca II HK-Selected Magnetic Grand Minimum Candidate Stars

S. H. Saar, P. Testa SAO, USA Abstract. We use a recent method (Saar 2011) for identifying candidate stars in magnetic grand minima, which is based on a combination of their mean Ca II HK emission levels as a function of metallicity, and the variability of these levels, compared to other dwarfs. A sample of the brighter of these stars has now been studied with Chandra. We present initial results on the X-ray properties of these stars and compare them with the Sun and other low activity stars. E-mail: saar@cfa.harvard.edu
102
IAU Symposium 286
Seeing Measurement at Sasahuine Mountain, Moquegua, Per u

M. Huamn Espinoza, W. Guevara Day, E. Meza, J. Samanes, P. Becerra, C. Ferradas Alva a Comisin Nacional de Investigacin y Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Per o o u Abstract. One of the greatest factors that aect signicantly the quality of astronomical images is the atmospheric turbulence causing what we call seeing. If there were not a terrestrial atmosphere nor interstellar dust between an external source of radiation (eg. a celestial body) and our telescope (on Earth), this radiation would reach the telescope and form a diraction pattern called Airy disk, due only to the optical eects on the telescope (because of the light diracting and producing a pattern with concentric dark and bright rings around the objects image). In Astronomy this seeing is quantied using the stellar prole, measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) which is the angular size of the image of a star with half the peak intensity level. This is a compilation of the work done to date on reduction and photometry of astronomical images using IRAF, obtaining preliminary measurements of seeing in the Sasahuine mountain astronomical site, located high in the department of Moquegua (4511 meters above sea level ), in the town of Cambrune. To validate this place for astronomical observation meteorological and sky quality measurements were made, being this the aim of our study. The present work is part of a bigger investigation which seeks to evaluate potential astronomical observation sites in the Peruvian territory by executing missions called JANAX. These missions main objective is to gather data to validate the place for the future construction of a National Astronomical Observatory E-mail:mhuaman@conida.gob.pe
103
IAU Symposium 286
Installation and Operation of the Water Cherenkov Detector for the Large Aperture GRB Observatory (LAGO)
L. J. Otiniano Ormachea, E. Tueros Cuadros, W. Guevara Day (LAGO collaboration) Comisin Nacional de Investigacin y Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Per o o u The Large Aperture GRB Observarory is a continental-wide observatory devised to detect high energy (around 100 GeV) component of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB), by using the single particle technique in arrays of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCD) at high mountains sites of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mxico, Venezuela and Per. Details of the installation and operation of the detectors in e u Marcapomacocha in Per at 4550 m a.s.l are given. Also a calibration method of the detector will be u present. E-mail:erlindatc@gmail.com
104
Author List
Mangalathayil Abdu, p. 44. Ximena Abrevaya, p. 67. Sant Agrawal, p. 77. Hala Al Jassar, p. 88. Rainer Arlt, p. 7. Laura Balmaceda, p. 79, p. 92. Paul Barklem, p. 94. Inez Batista, p. 44. Patricio Becerra, p. 103. Alessandro Bemporad, p. 32. Xavier Bertou, p. 83.
Deysi V. Cornejo Espinoza, p. 94. Pedro Corona Romero, p. 34. Eduardo Cortn, p. 67. o Joaquim Costa, p. 23. Hebe Cremades, p. 31, p. 79. Germn Cristiani, p. 90. a Ruby M. Cuervo Osses, p. 54. Marlos da Silva, p. 88. Alisson Dal Lago, p. 76, p. 88, p. 90. Sergio Dasso, p. 30, p. 31, p. 35, p. 83. Giuliana de Toma, p. 24, p. 42. Fabio del Sordo, p. 12.
Csar Bertucci, p. 66. e John Bieber, p. 88. Benjamin Brown, p. 10. Volker Bothmer, p. 68. Axel Brandenburg, p. 6, p. 8, p. 12, p. 33, p. 72, p. 73. Eckhard Bosman, p. 68. Matthew Browning, p. 10. Christiano Brum, p. 44.
Jos C. del Toro Iniesta, p. 29. e Pascal Dmoulin, p. 30, p. 87. e Marc DeRosa, p. 15. Rodrigo D p. 55. az, Mausumi Dikpati, p. 73. Marcus Duldig, p. 88. Vidyia C. Dwivedi, p. 77. Ezequiel Echer, p. 41, p. 98. Tatiana Egorova, p. 43.
Allan Sacha Brun, p. 5, p. 10, p. 15. Andrea Buccino, p. 55, P. 100. Simon Candelaresi, p. 8. Claudia Candido, p. 44. Abraham Chian, p. 72. Arnab Choudhuri, p. 61, p. 63. Carolina Cincunegui, p. 55. Rodolfo G. Cionco, p. 97. Edward Cliver, p. 37. Rosa Compagnucci, p. 55.
Barbara Emery, p. 42. Yvonne Elsworth, p. 17, p. 42. Robert Erdlyi, p. 81. e Cristian Ferradas Alva, p. 103. Andr Fehlmann, p. 20. e Wolfgang Finsterle, p. 20. Juan Fontenla, p. 21. Richard Frazin, p. 26, p. 85. Mark Giampapa, p. 46. Sarah Gibson, p. 42.
Carlos Gimnez de Castro, p. 23. e Walter Gonzlez, p. 41, p. 88, p. 98. a J. Amrico Gonzlez Esparza, p. 34. e a Gustavo Guerrero, p. 11, p. 73. Walter Guevara Day, p. 94, p. 103, p. 104. Madhulika Guhathakurta, p. 60. Adriana Gulisano, p. 30. Heidy Gutirrez, p. 78. e Margit Haberreiter, p. 22. Frank Hill, p. 14, p. 18. J. Todd Hoeksema, p. 15. Kazuho Horiuchi, p. 70. Rachel Howe, p. 18. Mariela Huamn Espinoza, p. 103. a Zhenguang Huang, p. 26, p. 85. John Humble, p. 88. Neal Hurlburt, p. 28. Emre Isik, p. 50. Jos Ishitsuka, p. 75, p. 91. e Mutsumi Ishitsuka, p. 75, p. 91. Carla Jacobs, p. 32. Lan Jiang, p. 36. Emiliano Jofr, p. 100. e Petri Kpyl, p. 11. a a
Heidi Korhonen, p. 47. Takao Kuwabara, p. 88. Timothy Larson, p. 18. R. Leamon, p. 42. Christina Lee, p. 36. Jiuhou Lei, p. 42. Jerey Linsky, p. 49. Robert Lionello, p. 27. Fernando Lpez, p. 79. o Ramn Lpez, p. 38. o o Marcelo Lpez Fuentes, p. 80, p. 87. o Janet Luhmann, p. 36. Marialejandra Luna Cardozo, p. 81. Mar Luisa Luoni, p. 55. a Ward Manchester IV, p. 26, p. 85. Cristina H. Mandrini, p. 31, p. 87, p. 90. Georgeta Maris, p. 82, p. 86. Ovidiu Maris, p. 82. Eckart Marsch, p. 35. Petrus Martens, p. 13. Lurdes Mart nez Meneses, p. 75. Valent Mart n nez Pillet, p. 28. Jimmy Mas Meza, p. 83. as Hidefumi Matsuzaki, p. 70. William Matthaeus, p. 35.
Bidya B. Karak, p. 63. Chihiro Kato, p. 88. H. Kato, p. 70. James Klimchuk, p. 80. Zoltn Kollth, p. 99. a a Rudolf Komm, p. 18. Pablo Mauas, p. 21, p. 55, p. 67, p. 93, p. 100. Scott McIntosh, p. 42. Mario Melita, p. 100. Blanca Mendoza Ortega, p. 65, p. 101. Erik Meza, p. 103.
Richard Mewaldt, p. 42. Marilena Mierla, p. 32, p. 82, p. 86. Mark Miesch, p. 10. Dhrubaditya Mitra, p. 33. Zoran Mikic, p. 27. Hiroko Miyahara, p. 70. Hideaki Motoyama, p. 70. Kazuoki Munakata, p. 39, p. 88. Andrs Muoz Jaramillo, p. 13. e n Guadalupe Muoz Mart n nez, p. 84. Dibyendu Nandi, p. 9, p. 13. Daniel Nordemann, p. 98. Federico Nuevo, p. 85. Vladimir Obridko, p. 82, p. 86. Terry Onsager, p. 42.
Ivn Ram a rez, p. 94. Seth Redeld, p. 49. Erico Rempel, p. 72. Matthias Rempel, p. 18. Oscar A. Restrepo Gaitn, p. 54. a Matthias Rheinhardt, p. 73. Nivaor Rigozo, p. 76, p. 98. Pete Riley, p. 27, p. 36, p. 42. Jenny M. Rodr guez Gmez, p. 54. o Paolo Romano, p. 74. Eugene Rozanov, p. 43. Mar Emilia Ruiz, p. 35. a Christopher Russell, p. 36. Steven Saar, p. 57, p. 95, p. 102. Ismail Sabbah, p. 88. Carolina Salas Matamoros, p. 89.
Katalin Olh, p. 48, p. 99. a Jorge Samanes, p. 103. Constantin Oprea, p. 82, p. 86. Jaime A. Osorio Rosales, p. 101. Luis Otiniano Ormachea, p. 104. Etienne Pariat, p. 87. Romina Petrucci, p. 100. Gordon Petrie, p. 36. Giovanni Pinzn Estrada, p. 54. o Stefan Poedts, p. 32. Mariano Poisson, p. 87. Dmitri Ponyavin, p. 19. Katja Poppenhger, p. 58. a Jacov Portnoy, p. 52. Eric Priest, p. 1. Michael Proctor, p. 72. Jrgen Schmitt, p. 51, p. 58. u Werner Schmutz, p. 20, p. 43. Jesper Schou, p. 18. Karel Schrijver, p. 59. Nelson Schuch, p. 76, p. 88. Mart Schwartz, p. 100. n Caius Selhorst, p. 23, p. 92. Alexander Shapiro, p. 43. Madan Sharma, p. 88. P. Shearer, p. 26. Kiyoto Shibasaki, p. 23. G. Sobko, p. 62. Sami Solanki, p. 64. Dmitry Sokolo, p. 62.
Mariza Souza Echer, p. 98. Raphael Steinitz, p. 52. Marcel Sutter, p. 20. Leif Svalgaard, p. 3, p. 23. Natalia S. Szajko, p. 90. Lela Taliashvili, p. 78, p. 89. Maurizio Ternullo, p. 74. Ral Terrazas Ramos, p. 91. u Paola Testa, p. 95, p. 102. Barbara Thompson, p. 42. Michael Thompson, p. 2, p. 18. Viacheslav Titov, p. 27. Dadan Tiwari, p. 77. Andrey Tlatov, p. 25. Fuyuki Tokanai, p. 70. Juri Toomre, p. 10. Bruce Tsurutani, p. 41. Hugo Trigoso, p. 75, p. 91. Vladimir Trukhin, p. 62. Edith Tueros Cuadros, p. 104.
Ilya Usoskin, p. 64. Jos Valds Galicia, p. 40, p. 84. e e Adriana Vlio, p. 23, p. 53, p. 92. a Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi, p. 48, p. 99. Jos Vaquero, p. 99. e Bernardo Vargas, p. 40. Alberto Vsquez, p.26, p. 85. a Gary Verth, p. 81. Lucas Ramos Vieira, p. 76. Mariela C. Vieytes, p.21, p. 93. Joern Warnecke, p. 33. James Weygand, p. 35. Brian Wood, p. 49. Yasuhiko Yamaguchi, p. 70. Yusuke Yokoyama, p. 70. V. Zadkov, p. 62. Liang Zhao, p. 42. Nadezhda Zolotova, p. 19. Francesca Zuccarello, p. 32. Francesco Zuccarello, p. 32.
Symposium participants
Ximena Abrevaya, abrevaya@iafe.uba.ar Rainer Arlt, rarlt@aip.de Laura Balmaceda, lbalmaceda@icate-conicet.gob.ar Inez Batista, inez@dae.inpe.br. Csar Bertucci, cbertucci@iafe.uba.ar e Volker Bothmer, bothmer@astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de Axel Brandenburg, brandenb@nordita.org Matthew Browning, browning@cita.utoronto.ca Allan Sacha Brun, sacha.brun@cea.fr Simon Candelaresi, iomsn@physto.se Abraham Chian, abraham.chian@gmail.com Arnab Choudhuri, arnab@physics.iisc.ernet.in Rodolfo G. Cionco, gcionco@frsn.utn.edu.ar Edward Cliver, edcliver@gmail.com Deysi V. Cornejo Espinoza, veronicadce@gmail.com.pe Pedro Corona Romero, piter.cr@gmail.com Hebe Cremades, hebe.cremades@frm.utn.edu.ar Maximiliano Crescitelli, albertut@hotmail.com Germn Cristiani, gcristiani@iafe.uba.ar a Ruby M. Cuervo Osses, rmcuervoo@gmail.com Marlos da Silva, marlosrs@gmail.com Alisson Dal Lago, dallago@dge.inpe.br Sergio Dasso, sdasso@iafe.uba.ar Giuliana de Toma, detoma@ucar.edu Fabio del Sordo, fadiesis@gmail.com Jos C. del Toro Iniesta, jti@iaa.es e Marc DeRosa, derosa@lmsal.com Vidyia C. Dwivedi, vidya.ihy2007@gmail.com Ezequiel Echer, ezequiel.echer@gmail.com Yvonne Elsworth, y.p.elsworth@bham.ac.uk
Cristian Ferradas Alva, cristian.ferradas@pucp.edu.pe Romina Garc rominita dance@hotmail.com a, Mark Giampapa, giampapa@noao.edu Sarah Gibson, sgibson@ucar.edu Daniel Gmez, dgomez@df.uba.ar o Gustavo Guerrero, guerrero@nordita.org Madhulika Guhathakurta, madhulika.guhathakurta@nasa.gov Heidy Gutirrez, heidy.gutierrez@ucr.ac.cr e Margit Haberreiter, margit.haberreiter@pmodwrc.ch Frank Hill, fhill@noao.edu Neal Hurlburt, hurlburt@Lmsal.com Francisco Iglesias, franciscoaiglesias@hotmail.com Emre Isik, e.isik@iku.edu.tr Laurene Jouve, ljouve@ast.obs-mip.fr Bidya B. Karak, bidya karak@physics.iisc.ernet.in Heidi Korhonen, heidi.h.korhonen@utu. Jon Linker, linkerj@predsci.com Jerey Linsky, jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu Fernando Lpez, ferl1983@hotmail.com o Ramn Lpez, relopez@uta.edu o o Marcelo Lpez Fuentes, lopezf@iafe.uba.ar o Janet Luhmann, jgluhman@ssl.berkeley.edu Marialejandra Luna Cardozo, mluna@iafe.uba.ar Mar Luisa Luoni, mluoni@iafe.uba.ar a Cristina H. Mandrini, mandrini@iafe.uba.ar Lurdes Mart nez Meneses, lurdesmartinez5@yahoo.es Pablo Mauas, pablo@iafe.uba.ar Eduardo Mendoza, mend@inaoep.mx Blanca Mendoza Ortega, blanca@geosica.unam.mx Hiroko Miyahara, hmiya@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Kazuoki Munakata, kmuna00@shinshu-u.ac.jp Andrs Muoz Jaramillo, amunoz@cfa.harvard.edu e n Guadalupe Muoz Mart n nez, lupitamuma@gmail.com Dibyendu Nandi, dnandi@iiserkol.ac.in Federico Nuevo, federico@iafe.uba.ar Constantin Oprea, amunoz@cfa.harvard.edu Jaime A. Osorio Rosales, jaime@geosica.unam.mx Romina Petrucci, romina@iafe.uba.ar Giovanni Pinzn Estrada, gapinzone@unal.edu.co o Mariano Poisson, mpoisson@iafe.uba.ar Katja Poppenhger, katja.poppenhaeger@hs.uni-hamburg.de a Eric Priest, eric@mcs.st-and.ac.uk Oscar A. Restrepo Gaitn, oscres@gmail.com a Matthias Rheinhardt, mreinhardt@nordita.org Jenny M. Rodr guez Gmez, jemsi@hotmail.com o Eugene Rozanov, e.rozanov@pmodwrc.ch Mar Emilia Ruiz, meruiz@iafe.uba.ar a Steven Saar, saar@cfa.harvard.edu Carolina Salas Matamoros, carolina.salas@planetario.ucr.ac.cr Jrgen Schmitt, jschmitt@hs.uni-hamburg.de u Werner Schmutz, werner.schmutz@pmodwrc.ch Karel Schrijver, schrijver@lmsal.com Caius Selhorst, caiuslucius@gmail.com Dmitry Sokolo, sokolo@dds.srcc.msu.su Raphael Steinitz, raphael@bgu.ac.il Leif Svalgaard, leif@leif.org Natalia S. Szajko, pajarin@gmail.com Lela Taliashvili, lela.taliashvili@cinespa.ucr.ac.cr Maurizio Ternullo, mternullo@oact.inaf.it Ral Terrazas Ramos, raulterrazas81@gmail.com u
Michael Thompson, mjt@ucar.edu Andrey Tlatov, tlatov@mail.ru Edith Tueros Cuadros, erlindatc@gmail.com Ilya Usoskin, ilya.usoskin@oulu. Adriana Vlio, avalio@craam.mackenzie.br a Jorge F. Valle Silva, jfvalle@conida.gob.pe Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lidia.vanDriel@obspm.fr Jos Vaquero, jvaquero@unex.es e Bernardo Vargas, bernardo@geosica.unam.mx Alberto Vsquez, albert@iafe.uba.ar a Mariela C. Vieytes, mariela@iafe.uba.ar Joern Warnecke, joern@nordita.org David Webb, david.webb@bc.edu Nadezhda Zolotova, myagkalapka@gmail.com Francesco Zuccarello, francesco.zuccarello@wis.kuleuven.be

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IAU Symposium 286