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Kimia Fisika

Peter Atkins dan Julio de Paula

Daftar Isi
Daftar Isi ii

II Struktur
8 Teori Kuantum: Pendahuluan dan Prinsip Asal mula mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 Kegagalan sika klasik . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiasi benda hitam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribusi Planck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kapasitas panas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spektrum atom dan molekul . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Dualitas gelombang dan partikel . . . . . . . Sifat partikel dari gelombang elektromagnetik Sifat gelombang dari partikel . . . . . . . . . Dinamika sistem mikroskopik . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Persamaan Schrdinger . . . . . . . . . . . . o 8.4 Penafsiran Born tentang fungsi gelombang . . Penormalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuantisasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prinsip-prinsip mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Informasi fungsi gelombang . . . . . . . . . . Rapat kebolehjadian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operator, nilai eigen, fungsi eigen . . . . . . . Operator Hermitian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superposisi dan nilai harapan . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Prinsip ketidakpastian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Postulat mekanika kuantum . . . . . . . . . . ii

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3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

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DAFTAR ISI 9 Teori kuantum: teknik dan terapan Gerak translasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Partikel dalam kotak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penyelesaian yang dapat diterima . . . . . . . . . . Penormalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sifat-sifat penyelesaian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keortogonalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Gerak dalam dua atau lebih dimensi . . . . . . . . Pemisahan variabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Degenerasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Terobosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerak vibrasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Tingkat-tingkat energi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Fungsi gelombang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bentuk fungsi gelombang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sifat-sifat osilator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gerak rotasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Rotasi dalam dua dimensi: partikel pada cincin . . Penjelasan kualitatif rotasi yang terkuantisasi . . . Kuantisasi rotasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Rotasi dalam tiga dimensi: partikel pada kulit bola Persamaan Schrdinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o Momentum sudut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kuantisasi ruang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model vektor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Teknik hampiran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 Teori gangguan tak-bergantung-waktu . . . . . . . 9.10 Teori gangguan bergantung waktu . . . . . . . . . 10 Struktur atom dan spektrum atom Struktur dan spektrum atom hidrogen . 10.1 Struktur atom hidrogen . . . . . . Pemisahan variabel . . . . . . . . . Penyelesaian radial . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Orbital atom dan energinya . . . . Tingkat-tingkat energi . . . . . . . Energi pengionan . . . . . . . . . . Kulit dan subkulit . . . . . . . . . Orbital atom . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

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iv Fungsi distribusi radial . . . . . . . . . . Orbital p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbital d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Transisi spektroskopi dan aturan seleksi Struktur atom banyak elektron . . . . . . . . 10.4 Hampiran orbital . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atom helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asas Pauli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penetrasi dan perisai . . . . . . . . . . . Asas pengisian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energi pengionan dan anitas elektron . 10.5 Orbital medan konsisten-diri . . . . . . Spektrum atom rumit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 Defek kuantum dan batas pengionan . . 10.7 Keadaan singlet dan triplet . . . . . . . 10.8 Pentautan spin-orbit . . . . . . . . . . . Momentum sudut total . . . . . . . . . . Struktur halus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 Term symbol dan aturan seleksi . . . Momentum sudut orbital total . . . . . Multiplisitas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Momentum sudut total . . . . . . . . . . Aturan seleksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Struktur molekul Hampiran Born-Oppenheimer . . . . . . . . . Teori ikatan-valensi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Molekul diatom homo-nuklir . . . . . . . 11.2 Molekul poliatom . . . . . . . . . . . . . Teori orbital molekul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Molekul-ion hidrogen . . . . . . . . . . . Kombinasi linier orbital atom . . . . . . Orbital ikatan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbital anti-ikatan . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Molekul diatom homonuklir . . . . . . . Orbital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integral tumpang-tindih . . . . . . . . . The electronic structures of homonuclear Photoelectron spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DAFTAR ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

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DAFTAR ISI 11.5 Heteronuclear diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polar bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electronegativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The variation principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two simple cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molecular orbitals for polyatomic systems . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 The Hckel approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u Ethene and frontier orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The matrix formulation of the Hckel method . . . . . . u Butadiene and ?-electron binding energy . . . . . . . . Benzene and aromatic stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 Computational chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Hartree-Fock equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semi-empirical and ab initio methods . . . . . . . . . . Density functional theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 The prediction of molecular properties . . . . . . . . . . Electron density and the electrostatic potential surfaces Thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties . . . . . . 12 Molecular Symmetry The symmetry elements of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Operations and symmetry elements . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 The symmetry classication of molecules . . . . . . . The groups C1 , Ci , and Cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups Cn , Cnv , and Cnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups Dn , Dnh , and Dnd . . . . . . . . . . . . The groups Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The cubic groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The full rotation group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Some immediate consequences of symmetry . . . . . Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chirality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications to molecular orbital theory and spectroscopy 12.4 Character tables and symmetry labels . . . . . . . . Representations and characters . . . . . . . . . . . . The structure of character tables . . . . . . . . . . . Character tables and orbital degeneracy . . . . . . . Character and operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The classication of linear combinations of orbitals . 12.5 Vanishing integrals and orbital overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

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vi The criteria for vanishing integral . . . . Orbitals with non-zero overlap . . . . . Symmetry-adapted linear combinations 12.6 Vanishing integral and selection rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DAFTAR ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

13 Molecular spectroscopy 1: rotational and vibrational General features of spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Experimental techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 The intensities of spectral lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absorption intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selection rules and transition moments . . . . . . . . . 13.3 Linewidths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doppler broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifetime broadening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pure rotation spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 Moments of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 The rotational energy levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spherical rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symmetric rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Degeneracies and the Stark eect . . . . . . . . . . . . Centrifugal distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 Rotational transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotational selection rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The appearance of rotational spectra . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 Rotational Raman spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 Nuclear statistics and rotational states . . . . . . . . . 13.9 The vibrations of diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . The vibrations of diatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.10Molecular vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.11Selection rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.12Anharmonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The convergence of energy levels . . . . . . . . . . . . The Birge-Sponer plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.13Vibration-roration spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spectral branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combination dierences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.14Vibrational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules . . . 13.15The vibrations of polyatomic molecules . . . . . . . . The vibrations of polyatomic molecules . . . . . . . . . . .

spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DAFTAR ISI 13.16Normal modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.17Infrared absorption spectra of polyatomic molecules 13.18Vibrational Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules Depolarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resonance Raman spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy . . . . . . 13.19Symmetry aspects of molecular vibration . . . . . . Infrared activity of normal modes . . . . . . . . . . . Raman activity of normal modes . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Molecular spectroscopy 2: electronic transitions 14.1 The characteristics of electronic transitions . . . . The characteristics of electronic transitions . . . . . . . 14.2 The electronic spectra of diatomic molecules . . . . 14.3 The electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules . . The fates of electronically excited states . . . . . . . . . 14.4 Fluorescence and phosphorescence . . . . . . . . . 14.5 Dissociation and predissociation . . . . . . . . . . . Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 General principles of laser action . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 Applications of lasers in chemistry . . . . . . . . . 15 Molecular spectroscopy 3: magnetic resonance 16 Statistical thermodynamics 1: the concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 19 21

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Bagian II

Struktur

Bab 8

Teori Kuantum: Pendahuluan dan Prinsip


Asal mula mekanika kuantum 8.1 Kegagalan sika klasik

Radiasi benda hitam Distribusi Planck Kapasitas panas Spektrum atom dan molekul

8.2

Dualitas gelombang dan partikel

Sifat partikel dari gelombang elektromagnetik


(Photoelectric eect)

Sifat gelombang dari partikel


(Electron diraction, Relation of de Broglie) 3

BAB 8. TEORI KUANTUM: PENDAHULUAN DAN PRINSIP

Dinamika sistem mikroskopik 8.3 Persamaan Schrdinger o

(One dimensional system, three dimensional system, Hamiltonian operator)

8.4

Penafsiran Born tentang fungsi gelombang

(Probability of nding the particle, probability density)

Penormalan Kuantisasi

Prinsip-prinsip mekanika kuantum 8.5 Informasi fungsi gelombang

Rapat kebolehjadian Operator, nilai eigen, fungsi eigen Operator Hermitian Superposisi dan nilai harapan

8.6

Prinsip ketidakpastian

(Heisenberg uncertainly principle)

8.7

Postulat mekanika kuantum

BAB 9. TEORI KUANTUM: TEKNIK DAN TERAPAN

Bab 9

Teori kuantum: teknik dan terapan


Gerak translasi 9.1 Partikel dalam kotak

Penyelesaian yang dapat diterima Penormalan Sifat-sifat penyelesaian Keortogonalan

9.2

Gerak dalam dua atau lebih dimensi

Pemisahan variabel Degenerasi

9.3

Terobosan

Gerak vibrasi 9.4 9.5 Tingkat-tingkat energi Fungsi gelombang

Bentuk fungsi gelombang


(Harmonic ascillator, Hermite polynomial)

9.6. ROTASI DALAM DUA DIMENSI: PARTIKEL PADA CINCIN

Sifat-sifat osilator

Gerak rotasi 9.6 Rotasi dalam dua dimensi: partikel pada cincin

Penjelasan kualitatif rotasi yang terkuantisasi Kuantisasi rotasi

9.7

Rotasi dalam tiga dimensi: partikel pada kulit bola

Persamaan Schrdinger o Momentum sudut Kuantisasi ruang Model vektor

9.8

Spin

Teknik hampiran 9.9 9.10 Teori gangguan tak-bergantung-waktu Teori gangguan bergantung waktu

10

BAB 10. STRUKTUR ATOM DAN SPEKTRUM ATOM

Bab 10

Struktur atom dan spektrum atom


Struktur dan spektrum atom hidrogen 10.1 Struktur atom hidrogen

Pemisahan variabel Penyelesaian radial

10.2

Orbital atom dan energinya

Tingkat-tingkat energi Energi pengionan Kulit dan subkulit Orbital atom Fungsi distribusi radial Orbital p Orbital d

10.3

Transisi spektroskopi dan aturan seleksi

Struktur atom banyak elektron 10.4 Hampiran orbital

Atom helium Asas Pauli Penetrasi dan perisai Prinsip pengisian

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12

BAB 11. STRUKTUR MOLEKUL

Bab 11

Struktur molekul
Hampiran Born-Oppenheimer Teori ikatan-valensi 11.1 11.2 Molekul diatom homo-nuklir Molekul poliatom

Teori orbital molekul 11.3 Molekul-ion hidrogen

Kombinasi linier orbital atom Orbital ikatan Orbital anti-ikatan

11.4

Molekul diatom homonuklir

Orbital Orbital Integral tumpang-tindih Struktur elektron molekul diatom homonuklir Spektroskopi fotoelektron

11.5

Molekul diatom heteronuklir

Ikatan polar Keelektronegatifan Prinsip variasi Dua kasus sederhana

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14

BAB 12. MOLECULAR SYMMETRY

Bab 12

Molecular Symmetry
The symmetry elements of objects 12.1 12.2 Operations and symmetry elements The symmetry classication of molecules

The groups C1 , Ci , and Cs The groups Cn , Cnv , and Cnh The groups Dn , Dnh , and Dnd The groups Sn The cubic groups The full rotation group

12.3

Some immediate consequences of symmetry

Polarity Chirality

Applications to molecular orbital theory and spectroscopy 12.4 Character tables and symmetry labels

Representations and characters The structure of character tables Character tables and orbital degeneracy Character and operations The classication of linear combinations of orbitals

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16

BAB 13. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1: ROTATIONAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA

Bab 13

Molecular spectroscopy 1: rotational and vibrational spectra


General features of spectroscopy 13.1 13.2 Experimental techniques The intensities of spectral lines

Absorption intensities Selection rules and transition moments

13.3

Linewidths

Doppler broadening Lifetime broadening

Pure rotation spectra 13.4 13.5 Moments of inertia The rotational energy levels

Spherical rotors Symmetric rotors Linear rotors Degeneracies and the Stark eect Centrifugal distortion

13.6

Rotational transitions

Bab 14

Molecular spectroscopy 2: electronic transitions


14.1 14.2 14.3 The characteristics of electronic transitions The electronic spectra of diatomic molecules The electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules

The fates of electronically excited states 14.4 14.5 Lasers 14.6 14.7 General principles of laser action Applications of lasers in chemistry Fluorescence and phosphorescence Dissociation and predissociation

17

Bab 15

Molecular spectroscopy 3: magnetic resonance

19

Bab 16

Statistical thermodynamics 1: the concepts

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