AP Biology Summer Assignment 2011-Due Tuesday, August 23rd for full credit

1. Review chapter 1 and 2: Introduction to Biology Chemistry. If you are taking this class you should be very comfortable with this information, we will not cover it, but you will be responsible for the information. 2. Read Chapters 51- 56 and answer the questions on the following worksheets.

No typed assignements will be accepted. Only handwritten! You must use these worksheets
Materials a. The worksheets follow the text closely and are in order for convienence. b. A few questions may require online research.. Try to maintain perspective a. Dont forget that everything you will learn this year is about you and the world you live in. You might feel at times that is just another worksheet to complete, but these worksheets will change you if you embrace the challenge and accept that deep learning and an understanding of the natural world should be the prime objective not a particular grade. When youre done with this class, you will not look at the world the same way again. Everything around you like it or not you will see as a biologist. How to answer the questions- Pace yourself through the summer. a. You should be able to answer all the questions in the space provided. Dont write essays, but dont give a one-word answer if youre given two inches of space to write in. If you are asked to briefly explain try to do so briefly. b. Be aware of two-part questions, such as List and describe c. i.e. means that is, or in other words. e.g. means for example d. Items with a do not require any writing. e. I dont expect that the average AP student to be able to read and understand every single piece of information in these chapters. (If you could, you wouldnt need teachers!) Do your best to answer each question. f. Put a star by the concepts that you would like the teacher to explain during class when we cover this material. Themes of AP Biology There are eight major themes that recur throughout the course. Students should use these themes to organize concepts and topics into a coherent conceptual framework. Well cover these in detail during August, but here they are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Science as a Process (experiments) Evolution Energy Transfer Continuity & Change 5. 6. 7. 8. Relationship of Structure to Function Regulation Interdependence in Nature Science, Technology, & Society

Collaborating vs. Cheating: I dont mind if you help one another to understand any concepts in this or any other assignment. I do mind if you copy work from another student. The former involves discussion and explanation; the latter does not. You are encouraged to compare completed answers, discuss any differences, and make appropriate changes when you feel that you have reached a more complete understanding of the concept together. AP Biology Topic Outline (FYI) I. Molecules and Cells A. Chemistry of Life 25% 7% Water, Organic molecules in organisms, Free energy changes, Enzymes

B. Cells 10% Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Membranes, Subcellular organization, Cell cycle and its regulation C. Cellular Energetics8% Coupled reactions, Fermentation and cellular respiration, Photosynthesis II. Heredity and Evolution 25%

C. Evolutionary Biology 8% Early evolution of life, Evidence for evolution, Mechanisms of evolution III. Organisms and Populations 50% A. Diversity of Organisms 8% Evolutionary patterns, Survey of the diversity of life, Phylogenetic classification, Evolutionary relationships B. Structure and Function of Plants and Animals 32% Reproduction, growth, and development, Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, Response to the environment C. Ecology 10% Population dynamics, communities and ecosystems & global issues

A. Heredity 8% Meiosis and gametogenesis, Eukaryotic chromosomes, Inheritance patterns B. Molecular Genetics 9% RNA and DNA structure and function, Gene regulation, Mutation, Viral structure and replication, Nucleic acid technology and applications

Ch. 51 Behavioral Ecology Concept 51.1: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Animal behavior Intro a. Define the following: ethology: FAP sign stimulus b. Describe the behavior of the stickleback, including the proximate (immediate) and the ultimate (evolutionary) cause:

c. What is Imprinting, and how is it related to a Sensitive Period? Again, include both the proximate and the ultimate causes:

The image shows Dr. Lorenz followed by 7 ducklings which imprinted on the middle-aged Swiss professor, rather than on their real mother. Concept 51.2: ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Innate Behaviors a. Innate behaviors are mostly controlled by your _____________________________. b. Define Kinesis.

c. Define Taxis. d. Positive taxis involves moving ________________ a stimulus; negative taxis involves moving _____________ a stimulus. e. Define Signal: f. Define Pheromones: -Pheromones often function in what sort of behavior?

Concept 51.3: ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Experimental design practice - In Etges experiment with the flies, identify the following: a. Independent variable: b. How many levels of the IV did he use? 4. Learning a. Define Learning: b. Define Habituation: c. Define Associative Learning: c. Dependent variable:

5. Pavlov: Classical conditioning occurs when a normally Neutral Stimulus is paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus that automatically produces an innate behavioral response called the Unconditioned Response. After the pairing, the irrelevant stimulus produces the same automatic response that the neutral stimulus always did, so it is then called a Conditioned Stimulus. Use the description of Ivan Pavlovs famous experiment to identify the following items: (Thanks to Wikipedia!) The original and most famous example of classical conditioning involved the salivary conditioning of Pavlov's dogs. During his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs, Pavlov noticed that, rather than simply salivating in the presence of meat powder, the dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them. Pavlov called these psychic secretions. From this observation he predicted that, if a particular stimulus in the dogs surroundings were present when the dog was presented with meat powder, then this stimulus would become associated with food, and it would cause salivation on its own. In his initial experiment, Pavlov used bells to call the dogs to their food and, after a few repetitions, the dogs started to salivate in response to the bell. Thus, a neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus as a result of consistent pairing with the unconditioned stimulus. 6. Operant Conditioning a. neutral stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response

a. Operant conditioning is a type of _________________________________ learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a _____________________ or _____________________ and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; it is also called ________________________________ learning. b. Give an example of this type of learning: c. Briefly describe a way you could use this type of learning to Pleasanton freshmen learn to behave properly:

Concept 51.4: ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Define foraging

8. Mating Behavior and Mate Choice a. Mating behavior is a type of _____________________ selection called _____________________ selection. As such, it always enhances __________________________________ success in some way. b. Why do you suppose the females of polyandrous species are the non-decorated ones, while the males of polygynous species are the decorated? c. Remember all mating choices must have a reason. There must be some evolutionary advantage to all choices, no matter how arbitrary these choices may seem to us humans who observe the animals and try to figure out why the heck they do what they do. Skip down to the description of stalk-eyed flies, and briefly explain the evolutionary basis for why female flies think long eyestalks are sexier than short ones:

Game theory: This will not be on the test, and you are under no obligation to read any more of section 51.5, but it is a fascinating concept if you have some spare time to explore it. Have you seen the movie A Beautiful Mind? Thats the same John Nash mentioned in the text. If you find this concept interesting, try Googling something called the Prisoner's Dilemma. It might hurt your head a bit, but you could find yourself applying it to everyday situations

Concept 51.5: ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Altruism a. Define altruism.

b. Altruism at first seems to disobey the survival of the fittest rule. How do the concepts of Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness explain this apparent contradiction? (Dont worry about the coefficient thing just explain the main idea.)

10. Misc. a. Sociobiology is the study of _____________________ behavior based on _______________________________ theory. Again, this is a fascinating area that we dont have time to study in AP Biology.

Ch. 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Concept 52.1: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Organisms and the Environment, and a basic scientific concept a. Complete the table on ecosystem components: Definition Abiotic factors Biotic factors b. The description of red kangaroo habitats illustrates an important distinction: the difference between Correlation (when 2 variables occur together) and Causation (when two variables occur together because one causes the other). With what variable does a dense red kangaroo population most closely correlate? And yet, what other factors might be the real underlying cause of this correlation? Examples

Sometimes, spotting a correlation is the first to determining the causation, as shown in the cartoon. c. Read the following description of a real study, taken from a textbook on scientific reasoning:

step

Several years ago, a large-scale study of the factors related to the use of contraceptives was conducted in Taiwan. A large research team of social scientists and physicians collected data on a wide range of behavioral and environmental factors. The researchers were interested in seeing what factors were often associated with a couples adoption of birth control methods. After testing all the variables, they found that the one that was most strongly related to contraceptive use was the number of electric appliances (toasters, fans, etc.) in the home (Li, 1975). Hmm Did this mean that in order for the Taiwanese government to reduce its countrys birth rate, all it needed to do was to give each newlywed couple a toaster, fan and coffeemaker to greatly increase their chances of using some form of birth control? Unlikely. With that factor is birth control correlated?

What do you think is the real reason (the cause) for the correlation between appliances and birth control?

d. Define the following important terms: population community ecosystem

Concept 52.2: ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Climate a. Which factors determine an areas climate? b. Its not really correct to say that the equator gets more sunlight. Rather, the equator gets ________________________________________ sunlight than the poles. c. What causes the seasons? d. Use the diagram to explain global air circulation patterns.

e. Bodies of water: Our summers in Millbrae dont get very hot, and our winters dont get very cold. Explain why:

f. Mountains: We get more rain in Millbrae than they do in the East Bay. Use the diagram to explain why:

g. Seasonality: What happens to lakes over the course of a year? (Dont worry about the details just the main ideas here.)

h. Long-term climate change: Briefly explain why this might create problems for trees like the beech

tree:

Concept 52.3: ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Aquatic Biomes a. What is the approximate salt concentration of marine biomes? _____ of freshwater biomes? ___________ b. Reasons we should care about marine ecosystems: -Evaporation from the oceans -Marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria c. Label the photic and benthic aquatic zones. d. What makes the photic zone special? e. Where is the benthic zone, what is its main food source, and what are the deepest portions of the ocean benthic zones called? f. How does temperature vary with depth?

g. Complete the table comparing types of lakes: Level of Nutrients Oligotrophic Eutrophic h. Reasons we should care about wetlands (including swamps, marshes and bogs): wetlands have a high capacity to: i. What is an estuary? (FYI: The description exactly describes the way the water works coming in from the SF Bay estuary up the Sacramento River) Oxygen levels How much organic guck on bottom Rates of photosynthesis

j. Pelagic biomes: What sort of organisms makes up phytoplankton: zooplankton: k. Coral reefs: Reefs can only exist within a temperature range of ___-___C. They are formed largely from the ___________ _________________________________ of corals. Various types of algae live within the coral, providing the coral with __________________________________________. l. Benthic zones: Most of the oceans benthic zone receives __________ sunlight, and the very deep

zones (called the ________________ zone) have a constant temperature of about _______C. Food producers at great depths where there is no _______________ use a different energy source they oxidize ________ that they get from deep-sea __________________________________________. Concept 52.4: ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Climate and Terrestrial Biomes a. Our best guess suggests that what two factors determine an areas biome? b. Which biome or term: (these are not in the same order as in the text) 1. includes the Bay area (plus much of Italy and Spain)? 2. could also be called a tropical grassland, with wet and dry seasons? 3. includes a canopy and understory? 4. is the largest (land) biome on earth? 5. has the highest rainfall and the greatest biodiversity? 6. has a layer of permafrost? 7. occur in 2 places: a band around 30 north or south, plus on the leeward sides of mountains? 8. contains shrubs that may germinate best after fires? 9. also called a taiga? 10. cover most of the Arctic and very high mountaintops even in the tropics? 11. is located almost entirely between the tropics? 12. is the boundary area between biomes? 13. includes the plains and prairies of central North America ideal for growing grains? 14. When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes in biomes at different ____________________________.

Ch. 53 Population Ecology Concept 5.1: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Population basics a. Density: Give two examples of density measurement one from the text, and one of your own. (It doesnt need to be real.) b. Define Dispersion: c. You decide to use the mark-recapture method to estimate the number of freshmen at Great America. You capture 80 of them and mark them (writing frosh with red sharpie on their forehead.) The next day you recapture 20 of them, of which 2 had been previously marked. Based on this data, what is your estimate of the number of freshmen at Great America on that day? (Please show your work)

d. Label the 4 ways in which a population size can change. Then circle the two that causes an increase in size.

e. Sketch and label the 3 types of population dispersion:

2. Demography a. Label types I and III. b. Complete the table on the 2 types. If you need help finding the answers, try the activity Investigating Survivorship Curves. Number of offspring Type I Type III Offspring Survival Rate Amount of parental Care

Concept 53.3: ________________________________________________________________________ (No questions on 53.2; 53.3 and 53.4 questions are combined) Concept 53.4: ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Per Capita Rate of Increase a. Explain the terms of the equation r=bm

b. ZPG stands for ________________________________________________and occurs when: 4. Types of Growth a. On the axes, sketch and label two curves, one for exponential growth and one for logistic growth. b. Makes sure to label each axis; the units are not important, but the type of measurement is. c. Define carrying capacity:

d. Label carrying capacity on the graph. e. Complete the table comparing the 2 types of growth:

Type of growth Exponential Logistic

Letter the curve resembles

Under what circumstances does each type of growth occur?

What type of increase (r) is shown?

Type of selection (K or r) (see 4f )

constant

f. K-selection tends to maximize _______. By contrast, r-selection tends to maximize the ______. Kselection populations tend to have few kids, but to give lots of parental care to ensure a high survival rate, while r-selected populations tend to have as many kids as possible, with virtually no parental care, in hops that at least some of them will survive. Give an example of each (preferably one that begins with the letters K and R, to make them easy to remember)

Concept 53.5: ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Negative feedback You can read more about this concept in chapter 1 if you wish, but here is the Sparknotes version: The levels of many naturally varying items are controlled by something called negative feedback. Examples include human blood sugar level, the stock market, the number of rabbits in Yosemite, and the temperature in your apartment. Technically, it is defined as the process by which the product of a process shuts odd its own production. An example is a thermostat: when enough heat is produced, the furnace is shut down (i.e. no more heat is produced.) When the level of heat drops enough, the production of heat resumes. The graph looks like this, with time on the X axis, and the level of whatever on the Y axis. You an see that the level of the item in question doesnt stay exactly constant, but it is kept within a narrow range. 6. Density-Dependent Population Regulation a. A density-dependent death rate goes up as __________________________________________ happens, while a density-________________________________ death rate is not affected by it. Therefore densitydependent factors exert their effects via _______________________ feedback. b. List 6 examples of density-dependent factors on population size: c. Explain how one of those density-dependent factors exerts negative feedback.

d. Give some examples of density-INdependent factors that limit population size. e. Population cycles: Label and briefly explain the hare/lynx cycle.

Concept 53.6:________________________________________________________________________

7. Human Population a. What letter shape is it? ______ What type of growth is it? ____________________________; Can this be sustained? ______ b. In the demographic transition, a nations _____________ rate drops first due to better ____________________________________ . This leads to a drop in the _____________ rate. Together, these lead to a stabilization of that nations ____________________________________. c. Label the 3 pyramids: rapidly expanding, slowly expanding, shrinking. d. What do the bulges in the middle pyramid represent? e. What problems will we face as the bulges move up the pyramid?

f. Label the pyramids that best represent 2 types of nations: developing and industrialized. g. Which of the pyramids represents nations that probably have the highest infant mortality rates? 8. Human Population Growth (online Activity) a. Label each of the 5 important events in human population history. 9. Global Carrying Capacity a. What is the best estimate of human carrying capacity? b. What sort of items are included in the ecological footprint? c. All of these are converted into units of ___________. d. All of the nations above the blue line are already above their _____________________________________ . Chapter 54: Community Interactions Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1. What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community.

2. This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix! To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of each. Type of Competition Intraspecific competition Explanation Example

Interspecific competition

3. What is G. F. Gauses competitive exclusion principle? Give one example.

4. Define ecological niche.

5. Several species of Anolis lizards live in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discuss resource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.)

6. What is the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche? 7. Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by character displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or review the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.)

8. Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of some predator-prey combinations as listed below? Predator Animal Animal Fungus Bacteria Fungus Prey Animal Plant Animal Animal Plant Example

9. List three special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food.

10. List three ways prey species elude predators.

11. Compare the two types of mimicry. Type of Mimicry Batesian Description Example

Mllerian

12. What is herbivory? Did you list any special herbivore adaptations for predation in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here.

14. Describe and give an example of each of the following interactions: Type of Interaction Description symbiosis parasitism commensalism mutualism Example

15. Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may define this term more narrowly. 16. Your text uses +/ symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions. Type of Interaction +/+, +/, /, +/0 predation commensalism mutualism parasitism interspecific competition herbivory 17. What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important? 18. What does an ecologist summarize in a food web? 19. Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and tell the level for each organism.

20. Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box.

21. According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level?

22. What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be considered a dominant tree species? 23. How is a keystone species different from a dominant species?

24. Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem.

25. Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example.

You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls. Concept 54.2 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26. What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community.

27. Ecological succession is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the

difference between primary succession and secondary succession?

Concept 54.3 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28. Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest?

29. There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity.

30. Explain what is demonstrated by a species-area curve. 31. Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island?

32. What two physical features of the island affect immigration and extinction rates?

33. Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates?

34. Closer islands have _____________ extinction rates and ______________ immigration rates.

35. What is the island equilibrium model?

36. Use this model to describe how an islands size and distance from the mainland affect the islands species richness.

37. Label this figure to show immigration, extinction, island size, and equilibrium. Then explain what each figure shows.

Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease 38. Lets pull a couple of ideas from this section: What is a pathogen?

39. What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples.

40. What is a vector? List three examples. Ch. 55 Ecosystems Overview: 1. Definition of ecosystem: 2. Describe 2 important processes that affect the dynamics of an ecosystem.

Concept 55.1: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Ecosystems and Physical Laws a. Label the energy and nutrient dynamics diagram. b. Explain how the principle of conservation of energy relates to this diagram.

c.

How does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics apply to this diagram?

2. a. b.

Trophic Relationships How do scientists determine which trophic level an organism belongs to? Which trophic level supports all others?

c. Draw an energy flow chart using arrows to show the direction of energy flow. Be sure to at include at least 4 trophic levels.

3.

Decomposition a. Why are decomposers considered the major link between producers and consumers in an ecosystem?

Concept 55.2: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. a. Ecosystem Energy Budget What is primary production?

b. Why do ecologists use the rate of photosynthesis as the basis for the energy budget in an ecosystem?

c. Why is only a small portion of the solar energy that strikes the Earths surface stored by primary producers? d. Why is an ecosystems net primary production lower than its gross primary production?

e.

How can measuring biomass be used to determine net primary productivity?

f.

Using the graph: Which 2 types of ecosystems have the highest NPP PER UNIT AREA? Why does the ocean the open ocean account for almost 25% Earths primary production despites its relatively low rate of primary production?

2.

Primary Production in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems a. Describe the 2 main limiting factors in aquatic environments and their effects on primary production.

b.

How does upwellings relate to high primary productivity?

c.

What is eutrophication?

d. 3.

What impacts might eutrophication have on aquatic environments? Primary Production Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosystems

a. Describe the 2 key factors that control primary productivity in terrestrial and wetland environments.

b.

Using the graph, list the biomes with the: Highest productivity: Lowest productivity:

c. Explain how evapotranspiration relates to primary productivity.

d.

What kind of soil nutrients are limiting factors to primary productivity?

Concept 55.3: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. a. Production Efficiency What is secondary production?

b.

Label the diagram.

c. Circle the amount of secondary production for this diagram. d. Write the equation for production efficiency.

e. If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100J of energy uses 30J of that energy for respiration and excretes 50J in its feces, what is the insects net secondary production? What is its production efficiency?

2.

Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids What is trophic efficiency?

a.

b.
c.

Approximately how much energy is lost when moving up each trophic level? Label the energy pyramid diagram.

d. How do biomass pyramids differ from production pyramids?

e. In figure 54.12b, explain how a small standing crop of producers can sustain such a larger standing crop of primary consumers.

f.

Why is eating meat a relatively inefficient way of trapping photosynthetic production?

g.

What implications does this have on addressing worldwide hunger?

Concept 55.4: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. a. A General Mode of Chemical Cycling What is a biogeochemical cycle?

b.

Label the general model of nutrient cycling diagram. c. What are the 4 main biogeochemical cycles?

2.

Water Cycle

a.

Label the diagram.

b. What is the biological importance of water?

c.

What are the forms available to life?

d.

What are the main water reservoirs?

e.

What is transpiration?

f. What single most important factor drives the water cycle?

3.
a.

Carbon Cycle Label the diagram.

b. What is the biological importance of carbon?

c.

What are the forms available to life?

d.

What are the main carbon reservoirs?

e.

What is combustion?

f. 4.

How does carbon get from the environment into living systems? Nitrogen Cycle

a.

Label the diagram. of

b. What is the biological importance nitrogen?

c. What are the forms available to life?

d. What are the main nitrogen reservoirs?

e. How does nitrogen go enter living systems?

into

f.

What is denitrification?

5.

Decomposition and Nutrient

Cycling Rates a. b. Label the diagram. Describe the biological process that controls the rate of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem.

c.

What 2 factors control the rate of decomposition?

d. Explain how it is possible for the tropical rainforest to thrive and have such high productivity while its soils are so nutrient poor.

6. a.

Vegetation and Nutrient Cycling: The Hubbard Brook Experimental forest What did this study demonstrate?

b. Why does deforestation of a watershed increase the concentration of nitrates in streams draining the watershed?

c.

What 2 factors control the rate of decomposition?

d. Explain how it is possible for the tropical rainforest to thrive and have such high productivity while its soils are so nutrient poor.

Concept 55.5: ________________________________________________________________________ Describe some ecological consequences to the growing human population size.

7. Nutrient Enrichment a. How humans have disrupted the nutrient cycles?

b.

Describe the impact that agriculture has had on the nitrogen cycle.

c.How can the addition of excess nutrients to a lake threaten its fish population?

8. Acid Precipitation a. How does acid precipitation form?

b.

Describe the effects of acid precipitation on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 9. Toxins in the Environment

a.
b.

Label the diagram. Describe the process of biological magnification.

c. In the face of biological magnification of toxins, which trophic level is the healthiest to feed on? 10. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

a. b.

What trend does the graph show?

How might increased productivity lead to an increase in atmospheric CO2?

c.

How does an increase in atmospheric CO2 affect forest ecology?

d.

Explain the greenhouse effect. How do humans affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

e.

f. Describe 2 consequences that would arise as a result of global warming.

11. Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone

a.

Label the diagram.

b.

Describe the consequences to the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere.

Chp 56: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology Overview: The Biodiversity Crisis 3. What is conservation biology?

4. What is restoration ecology?

5. What is biodiversity? 6. If extinction is a natural phenomenon that has been occurring since life has evolved, why should we be concerned with it today? Concept 56.1: ________________________________________________________________________ 4. The Three Levels of Biodiversity

Label the 3 levels of biodiversity in the diagram. a. Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity comprises the individual genetic variation

___________________ a population but also the genetic variation ___________________ populations that is often associated with adaptations to local conditions. b. Species Diversity

Species diversity, or __________________________, is the

variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the entire biosphere. What is the difference between an endangered and threatened species? c. Ecosystem Diversity

 The variety of the ______________________ ecosystems is the third level of biological diversity. The local extinction of one species, especially a _______________ ________________, can affect an entire community.

5. a.

Biodiversity and Human Welfare Habitat destruction

Human alteration of habitat is the single greatest _______________ to biodiversity throughout the biosphere. The IUCN states that destruction of physical habitat is responsible for the ____________ of species designated extinct, endangered, vulnerable, or rare. Approximately ________ of the tropical dry forests of Central America and Mexico have been cut down. About _________ of the worlds coral reefs have been damaged by humans. The prairies of southern Wisconsin now occupy less than 0.1% of the ________________ hectares they covered when the Europeans arrived in North America. Aquatic habitat destruction and species loss also result from dams, reservoirs, channel modification, and flow regulation affecting most of the worlds _____________________. Introduced Species

b.

Introduced species, also called __________________

species, are those that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions. Describe how non-native species arrive to new habitats. Why are some invasive species so successful in their new environment?

Choose an example of an invasive species and describe its affected on its new environment.

c.

Overexploitation Overexploitation refers to the human harvesting of wild plants and animals at rates that exceed the ability of those populations to ______________________. Large organisms with low intrinsic _______________________ rates are especially susceptible to overexploitation. Species with restricted _________________________, such as small islands, are also especially vulnerable to overexploitation.

d.

Disruption of Interaction Networks Ecosystem dynamics depend on networks of ___________________ interactions within biological communities. The extinction of one species can doom others, especially if the extinction involves a _______________________ species, an ecosystem engineer, or a species with a highly specialized ________________________ with other species.

Concept 56.2: ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Small Population Approach g. Explain why small populations tend to experience an extinction vortex.

h.

Label the diagram.

i. Explain why low genetic variability does not necessarily lead to permanently small populations.

j. How small does a population need to be before it starts down an extinction vortex?

k. l. ` 5.

What does MVP stand for and how does it relate to population changes? What is PVA?

Declining Population Approach e. Contrast the small-population and declining-population approaches in terms of the remedies they recommend for preventing extinction of a species.

6. a.

Weighing Conflicting Demands Describe some focuses for conservation biologists.

Concept 56.3: ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Landscape Ecology

f.

Why is landscape ecology important in conservation efforts?

g.

Why are boundaries or edges defining features of landscapes?

h. How can corridors connecting habitat fragments help protect endangered population? How might such corridors harm populations? 4. Establishing Protected Areas a. What are some challenges that conservation biologists face when setting up protected areas?

b.

What is a biodiversity hotspot?

c. How do zoned reserves provide economic incentives for long-term protection of protected areas?

Concept 56.4: ________________________________________________________________________ a. What are the goals of restoration ecology?

b.

How do bioremediation and biological augmentation differ?

Issue Truckee River, NV Australia Kissimmee River, FL Tropical Dry Forest, CR Rhine River, Europe Coastal Japan

Recovery Efforts

c.

Concept 56.5: ________________________________________________________________________ d. e. What is meant by the term sustainable development? How might biophilia influence environmental ethics?