REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

VOLUME 74, NUMBER 3

MARCH 2003

X-ray spectral diagnostics of neon photoionization experiments on the Z-machine

David H. Cohen
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081 and Prism Computational Sciences, 455 Science Drive, Suite 455, Madison, Wisconsin 53711

Joseph J. MacFarlane
Prism Computational Sciences, 455 Science Drive, Suite 455, Madison, Wisconsin 53711

James E. Bailey
Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

Duane A. Liedahl
Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550

Presented on 10 July 2002 We report on an initial spectroscopic study of low-density, x-ray photoionized neon with x-ray spectroscopy. These experiments, carried out on the Z-machine at Sandia, are optimized to produce a gradient-free, collisionless plasma, and to explore issues related to the rapid x-ray photoionization of relatively cold, low-density plasmas. The initial experiments used time-integrated absorption spectroscopy, backlit by the pinch radiation, to determine the ionization balance in the gas cell. Future experiments will use time-resolved spectroscopy in both absorption and emission. The emission spectra are expected to be similar to those seen from photoionized astrophysical sources, such as x-ray binaries. Indeed, in addition to addressing basic plasma and atomic physics issues, these experiments are designed to help the astrophysical community better understand the new, high-resolution spectra being produced by the Chandra and XMM-Newton telescopes, and to benchmark spectral synthesis codes. 2003 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.1535261

With the launch of NASAs Chandra x-ray telescope1 in 1999, high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy of cosmic sources beyond the solar system became possible. This telescope and the similar XMM-Newton telescope,2 launched by the European Space Agency later that same year, comprise large collecting areas of roughly 1 m2 nested hyperbolic and parabolic mirrors, instrument packages that include grating spectrometers transmission gratings in the case of Chandras HETGS and LETGS and reection gratings in the case of XMM-Newtons RGS , and CCD detectors. These grating spectrometers span energies of 0.08 keV to 10 keV and have resolutions exceeding / 1000 at some wavelengths. Throughputs of the gratings in combination with the mirror assemblies and CCD detectors are only in the tens of cm. Future missions, primarily NASAs planned Constellation-X Ref. 3 will have much larger throughput and potentially will achieve even higher spectral resolution using microcalorimeter arrays. With the advent of high-resolution astrophysical spectroscopy, there is a new demand for detailed spectral models having an unprecedented degree of accuracy. Much attention over the past few decades has been paid to x-ray spectral modeling of collisional, or coronal, plasmas. However, many of the brightest x-ray sources are not collisional but rather are dominated by photoionization. As shown by Liedahl et al.,4 photoionized plasmas have a signicantly different emission line spectrum than coronal plasmas having the
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same ionization distribution. Yet, the astronomical community has spent comparatively little effort benchmarking, testing, and analyzing spectral synthesis codes for photoionized plasmas. This will have to change, however, if we are to better understand some of the brightest and most interesting sources, including black hole and neutron star x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. One important method for testing and benchmarking codes is to study x-ray photoionized plasmas in the laboratory, where they can be controlled and characterized. If the ionization balance and temperature of an x-ray photoionized plasma can be determined while its emission spectrum is observed, then the codes used to model astronomical x-ray sources can be tested with laboratory data, and the laboratory results can be used to guide the analysis of data from instruments like Chandra and XMM-Newton, and in the future, Constellation-X. To this end, we have begun a series of ride-along shots on the Z-machine at Sandia to study the response of lowdensity gases to irradiance by strong x rays. The experimental packages consist of a cm-scale neon-lled cell with mylar windows, mounted several cm from the Z-machines current return can, inside of which is the pinch itselfan imploding tungsten wire array, that can generate upwards of 200 TW of x rays in a 10 ns pulse, characterized by an emission temperature of roughly 200 eV. Ultimately, we plan on making simultaneous, time 2003 American Institute of Physics

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FIG. 1. Top and side views of the pinch, gas cell target, and diagnostic lines of sight. Note that the pinch both ionizes the plasma and acts as an absorption backlighter.

resolved absorption and emission spectroscopic measurements of the gas cell, which can be lled with a variety of gases, including mixtures. The absorption spectroscopy uses the pinch itself as a backlighter. See Fig. 1 for a schematic of the experiments. Experiments already completed have used 30 Torr neon (n atom 1018 cm 3 ) observed in absorption with a time-integrated spectrometer, and preliminary results have been reported by Bailey et al.5 We note that these experiments have relevance for basic atomic and radiation physics, as well as x-ray laser research, in addition to astrophysics. Our interest is in the excitation/ionization kinematics and the physical conditions of the x-ray photoionized plasma, and so we would like to minimize gradients, shocks, and collisional effects and isolate the atomic physics and spectral line formation physics. To that end, we begin with a low-density, uniform gaseous sample. We have performed experiments with the astrophysically relevant gas neon, and will eventually explore other gases, such as argon. A complementary set of experiments involving iron foils has also been performed on the Z-machine.6 The initial low density of the gas in our experiments minimizes hydrodynamic motion and plasma nonuniformities. However, the mylar walls, once heated and vaporized, will implode the gas in the cell. We have performed some initial scaling studies to explore how the thickness of the mylar walls can be varied to minimize compression and shock heating during the relevant phases of the experiment. See Fig. 2 for results of these calculations. We have also performed simulations to explore the ef-

FIG. 2. Each panel displays four time snapshots 50 ns, 100 ns, 105 ns, and 110 ns of the plasma temperature in the cell for three different BUCKY simulations. The top simulation is for the experiments that have already been carried out, and assume 1.4 micron thick mylar walls and a gas ll density of n atom 1018 cm 3 . The middle simulation has 5.6 micron walls and the same initial neon density. Note that the thicker walls put off the time when the mylar launches a shock wave into the gas. The peak drive power occurs between 100 ns and 105 ns. And by 100 ns, the wall-initiated shock has traveled less than 10% of the way into the gas in this second simulation. The lowest panel is from a simulation with a gas density of n atom 1017 cm 3 . Note that the gas is completely optically thin to the x rays at this density and thus the heating is more uniform in this case.

fects of gas ll density. Smaller densities are desirable to ensure that the plasma is photoionized and not collisional as well as to put the experiments closer to astrophysically relevant densities. But densities that are too small will not pro-

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Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 74, No. 3, March 2003

Cohen et al.

FIG. 3. SPECT3D simulations of backlit absorption spectra, for two different temperatures. Note how the ionization balance is readily inferred via the K absorption features, seen here at a resolution of / 300. The corresponding K features are seen at higher energies.

vide a strong enough absorption signal. Neon gas ll densities below n atom 1017 cm 3 more than ten times less than the experiments we have already carried out should optimize the tradeoff. These hydrodynamic simulations are performed with the 1D Lagrangian code BUCKY.7 The input x-ray eld from the pinch is calculated using the VisRad Ref. 8 viewfactor code. These calculations are also used to optimize the size and positioning of the gas cell. Combined VisRad and BUCKY simulations indicate that we should be able to obtain ionization parameters ( 4 I/n) in excess of 100 in cgs units , which is the value seen in x-ray binaries. We ultimately postprocess the hydrodynamics simulation output in order to synthesize observed spectra, using SPECT3D,9 with atomic levels and transition rates calculated by ATBASE.10 In Fig. 3 we show a representative set of neon K absorption spectra, for different physical conditions in the gas cell. These calculations will be compared to timedependent absorption spectra backlit by the pinch itself, and will provide one constraint on the spectral modeling codes. We will also be observing time-resolved x-ray emission spectra in future experiments. A representative emission line spectrum is shown in Fig. 4.

FIG. 4. A neon emission line spectrum synthesized with SPECT3D and based on conditions from the hydrodynamics simulations. The spectral resolution decreases moving down in this gure, from innite on top to E 2 eV in the middle panel and E 5 eV in the bottom panel. To test spectral codes in detail, we will need data with better spectral resolution than is seen in the lowest panel.

By producing a relatively gradient-free x-ray photoionized plasma in the laboratory, and characterizing it while also measuring its emission spectrum, it will be possible to provide important information relevant to the astrophysical community using the Z-machine x-ray source. This research was made possible by Grant CC5489 from the Research Corporation.

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Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 74, No. 3, March 2003

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Chandra Proposers Observatory Guide, http://cxc.harvard.edu/udocs/docs/ docs.html 2 XMM-Newton Users Handbook, http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/ xmm user support/documentation/uhb frame.shtml 3 Constellation-X Mission Design, http://constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ design/design summary.html 4 D. A. Liedahl, S. M. Kahn, A. L. Osterheld, and W. H. Goldstein, Astrophys. J. 350, L37 1990 . 5 J. E. Bailey, D. H. Cohen, G. A. Chandler, M. E. Cuneo, M. E. Foord, R. F. Heeter, D. Jobe, P. Lake, D. A. Liedahl, J. J. MacFarlane, T. J. Nash, D. Nielson, R. Smelser, and W. A. Stygar, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 71, 157 2001 .

R. F. Heeter, J. E. Bailey, M. E. Cuneo, J. Emig, M. E. Foord, P. T. Springer, and R. S. Thoe, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 1224 2001 . 7 J. J. MacFarlane, G. A. Moses, and R. R. Petersen, University of Wisconsin Report No. UWFDM-984, 1 1995 . 8 J. J. MacFarlane, A. R. Thomas-Cramer, P. Zeng, K. A. Park, M. W. Kissick, P. Woodruff, and I. E. Golovkin, Prism Computational Sciences Report No. PCS-R-037, 1 2002 . 9 J. J. MacFarlane, Prism Computational Sciences Report No. PCS-R-039, 1 2002 . 10 P. Wang, J. J. MacFarlane, and G. A. Moses, Phys. Rev. E 48, 3934 1993 .

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