Plar. I'akistan Aratl. Sri. 44(1):21-26.

2007

FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF K(2,2) EQUATION

L.A. Wazzan' and M.S. Ismail2
Depnrl~i~enf Mafh~,117(1/ics, AbduIAziz Unive~.sify. qf King Jed(Iu11.SntfdiArnbia
Received September 2006, accepted December 2006 Communicated by Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary Abstract: In this paper a Petrov-Galerkin method is used to derive a scheme for the K(2.2) equation, where we have chosen cubic B-splines as test functions and linear functions as trial functions. Product approximation technique is applied for the nonlinear terms. A Crank-Nicolson Scheme is used to discretize in time. Allonlinear peuta-diagonal systemis obtained and we solve this system by Newton's method and by a linearization technique. Accuracy and stability of the scheme have been investigated. The single compacton solution and the conserved quantities are used to assess the accuracy of the scheme. The interaction of two compactons are displayed and the numerical results have shown that. these compacton solutions exhibits true soliton solution.
Kej'words: Petrov-Galerkin method, Cubic b-splines, trial functions, product approximation, CrankNicolson scheme, non-linear terms, compacton solution, soliton solution

1.

Introduction

which has the exact solution

Numerical and analytical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations with soliton solutions has been studied extensively during the recent years [1,2,3,4]. Well-known partial differential equations (PDEs) with soliton solutions include Sine Gordon (SG) Equations, cubic nonlinear Schrodinger (1JLS) Equations and Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations. Rosenan and Hyman [5] reported a class ofPDEs,
u,(l~"l),+(u'l)~,,=O, l , lSn53 m>

u,(x,t) = [%os2(:), 3 0,

~~~=~x-vt~52~, (3) otherwue.

Eq. (2) has the following conserved quantities:

co

I, = Judn, I, = Ju3dx,
-m -m

(4)

(1)

Direct calculation of Eq. (4) gives the exact values

rn
m

which is a generalization of the KdV equation. These equations with the values of m and n are denoted by K ( I ~ , I ~ ) . and In this paper we will describe numerical solutio~~s one of these PDEs; namely, K(2,2). of The K(2,2) equation is given by,
lit+

I, = Ju(x, t)dx = J u ( x , ~ ) d r -v = 3 -m -co

871

I, = Iu3(x,t)&

--

--

Iu3(x,0)dx = -+ 80n. 27

(ul), + (ul),,, = 0 ,

(2)

for all t 2 0.

I S. 2. Depai~munt01.
E-m;i>l:

Mptliematics, King AbdulAriz University, Jcddall, Saudi Arabia Lwar~an@holmsil.cum

An overview ofthe paper is as follows: Sectlon 2 is devoted to the numerical method and linite element method. The methods are then tcsted by means of two test problems in Section 3, and conclud~ng remarks are discussed in Section 4. 2.

Let U,, ( t ) denote the approximate solution to the exact solution u(x,,,,t). Following the nictliod used by Sanz-Sema and Chrisite [ 6 ]to solve KdV equation by finite element method, we modify their method to solve the K(2,2) equation

Numerical methods

We will describe a finite element method to solve the .K(2,2) equation. We assume that the solutlon ofthe K(2,2) equation is negligible outside an interval [x,, x,], so we replace Eq. ( 2 )by

Using Petrov-Galerkin method, we assume ihc solution of Eq. ( 6 ) is

with initial condition

where bi(x), i=O,l, ...,N are the usual piecewise linear "hat" function given by and boundary conditions x
- ih

I+-A standard weak fomiulation of this problem is obtained by multiplying (5) by a so-called test fi~nctionY't H,'(x,,.u,), integrating by parts the term (tr')<rr (usins the fact that Y(.xL)= Y(xJ=O). This leads to the formulation: Find u t H,:(xL,x,), such that

4;

h x-ih h

ij"

(i-l)h<x<i i<xi(i+l)h

if

The unknown functions U,,,(t),rn = 1,2,..., are N determined from the system of ODES,

Now we will describe the methods. 2.1 Finite element method The space interval [x,,~,]is discretized b y unifomi (N+l) grid points

where

1 x-ih 14(h+2)3

f (i-2)h<x<(i-1)h
if

3 3 I--(-)' x - i h --(-I3 x - i h 2 h 4 h vj(X)=' 3 x-ih 3 x-jh ( ) + ( 2 h 4 h

(i-l)h<x<i i<xS(i+l)h

if

whcrc the grid spacing 1 is given by h = 7

XR

-XL
N
'

j = 1, 2 ,....,N are the test functions which are 'selected as cubic B-spline with compact support.

F(U,) = 4h(u:+2

+10U:+, -lOUi-l U , i - 2 )

The PI-oduct approximation technique is used for the nonlineal- tcrms in the following rnannel- (see [7])
N

1 + ?(U 2h
and

,n,,

-2u:.,,

+2u:-,

-U:.,),

u2(x,t) = Cu:(tN,(x),
m=l

(9)

U = [ U , , U,, .....,U,]'.
The scheme in Eq. (10) has a truncation error of order O(h9). Now to solve this ordinary dirrercntial systern (I I;. We assume that U,;,to he thc fully tliscrete approximation to the exact solution rc(.v,,,.t,,). where ttZ nk, and k is the tirne step size ant1 = using implicit mid point rule L get the full o discretization, the following nonlinear system is obtained

Performing thc integration on Eq. the following system

(a), will give

- Urn,> t 26U,+1 +66U,+26Um-,+U,.Z

120
'
+ -(qn,+2

'

i
10

1
1

24h

+ l04,,+1 l0qrn-,- 4 -

4)

+-i(9,..2 217

-2qm+,+ 2qrn-i- qm-2)= 0

whcre q,,,= U,,,?and

U,=U,=O,

u,=u,+,=o.

At the nodal points Eq.(12) is

1 -[v-*,

This scheme can bc written in a matrix vector form as

.20

+26Vm+, 66Vm+261/ ,,., + Vm ,] +

k

+,w* ,[.,
(1 1)

+lowm,, -~0Wn,-, -wn,-21

k +-(wm,,-zw,,,+zwm.,-wm.,)=o 2h3

(I?)

where Mis apenta-diagonal matrix with elements ""re

\

yn=

(url - u:1, wm

= q(

Ur'

+U i

1.

Now this system is a nonline;irpent;ldiagon:~l system andcan he solved by any iterative scheme such as Newton method or Predictol--Cot-rccm method. Newton's method is adopted in this work. It can be shown that the schcme ( 13) satisfies the conserved quantities given in Eq. (4).

'i

To study the stability of the linearized vcrsion of Eq. (13), we use the von Ncumann analy-

I:io~$cclc~ncnl solution o f K(2.2) cqoalion

24
The choice of & is a delicate matter which wc can choose as small as possible in such a way not to loose the accuracy and the properties of the differential equations. Experimentation with the values of E in the spatial filtering term is Irequired.

sis. and after some manipulations, the amplification factor is given by

enk

A-i(B+C) A+i(B+C)'

(14)

whcl-e

2.2 Linearization Technique

To avoid solving a nonlinear system at each time step we use Taylor's sel-ies expansion of

u"+ u; :
; ~ n d = 2u, G where i~ is considered to represent
U( lows:

about the nth time level as fol-

locally the maximum value of u. From Eq. (14). we deduce that

leZk= 1, for all 0

S o this scheme is unconditionally stable in thc linearized sense. We havc noticed that this scheme blows up after eel-tain time steps. Even if we I-educethe time size, this can delay the blow LID but it will not prevent it. S o in order to overcome this difficulty, an anificial dissipation term is added to the proposed scheme (nondissi. pativc). We add a foul-th order quantity
~

The mated by

terms i n Eq, ( 13) can be approxi-

w, = UilJ:"

+0 ( k 2 ) .

Hence the discrete system Eq. (1 3) becomes

1 -(v,., 120

+26V.,, +66Vm+26V.~, +Vm~,)

~fi:U;,+'= E(u:: - 4 ~ " "+ 6~:'

"821

-4uni' 1 ".

+u:T:)

(I6)

+-(ur;>u:.2 24h

+ IOU::;~:~, -1ou::;u:

, -u:~;u;~~)

(181

i n ortiel- to stabilize it, and hence the amplifica. tion factor satisfies the following condition
ah

k + ~ ( U : ~ ~ U : . ~ - ~ U ~ : ~ + :Z ~u Zh U ,

~~~u~~, -uz::u:

This is a pentadiagonal linear system which can

A~+(B+c)~ =(A+D)'+(B+c)2

be solved by Crouts method. (17)

3.

Numerical results

To examine and compare the accuracy 01' the methods, two initial conditions are considered. The conserved quantities are calculated using Simpson's rule.

L.A. Weeen & M.S. immtl

1 Single Compacton
For this test we choose a s m initial condition

Table 2. Single Compacton using linearization method.

The following parameters k = 0.05, h = 0.1, v=1, ~=0.0033, have been chosen. Two conserved quantities I,, and Lm,which is the value I,

Table 3. Single Compacton using difference method

of (uc-u:(with the maximum modulus (n = 0,1,.. .,N) at time level t = nk for n = 0,1,. .. are calculated. The results are given in the following Tables. In Table 1, we present the results for the single compacton using Newton's method for solving the resulting nonlinear system. In Table 2, we present the numerical results using the linearization techniques. In Table 3, we present the numerical solution using an implicit finite difference method reported in [ 2 ] . We have found the results are in very good agreement with the exact solution.Fig. 1 presents a single compacton att=0,5,10,...,40.

Table 1. Single Compacton using Newton's method.

Figure 1. Single Cornpaton for K(2,2) equation.

Finite clemenl solulion of K(2,Z) equation

3.2 Two Compactons interaction The initial condition is to display the interaction scenario given by

4.

Concluding remarks

where

otherwise where

(19)

From the numerical experiments using the finite element method and the solution of the resulting system by Newton's method, we have seen that thls method is the most accurate one comparing to the linearization technique and finite difference method obtained before. The numerical solution agreed very closely with the exact solution. The schemes conserve the consented quantities almost exactly. We conclude that the finite element and solution obtained using Newton's method is the best among the methods mentioned in this paper. We refer this to the fourth order accuracy in the space direction and second order in the time direction.
References

In this test we choose the following param= eters h = 0 . 2 , k = 0 . 0 1 , x , = 1 0 , ~ , = 3 0 , v , = 1 . 0 v ' T 0.5 and E = 0.01. The interaction scenario is dlsplayed in Fig. 2, and shows that how the two well separated compactons interact and emerge after the interaction is unchanged in shape and velocities but we have noticed birth of compactonanticompacton pair with small amplitude and this behavior has been noticed before in [2].

1.

Ismail, M.S. and Taha, T.R. 1997. A nrrmericnl stu& uof'Korteweg-de ieies like erjzrofioi~s. Proceedings of the 15Ihlmacs World Congress on Scientific Computation Modeling and Applied Mathematics, pp. 131-136. Ismail, M.S. and Taha, T.R. 1998. A numerical study of compactons. Math. Comp. Simtfi. 47:519530. Ismail, M.S. 2000. A finite difference method of Korteweg-de Vries like equation with nonlinear dispersion. Infernad. J. Cornprater Maths 73.'-2. Ismail, M.S. and Al-Solamy, F.R. 2001. A numerical study of K(2,3) equations. Internall. J. Computer Math. 76549.560. Rosenau, P. and Hyman, J.M. 1993. Compactons solitons with finite lengths. P1z.y Rev Letter70:564567. Sanz-Serna, J.M. and Christie, I. 1981. Pctrov. Galerkinmethods for nonlinear dispersive. J Comp. Phys. 39:94-103. Christie, I., Griffiths, D., Mitchel1,A. and SanzSerna, J.M. 1981. Product approximation for nonlinear urohlems in the finite element method. IMA

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7 .

Figure 2. Two Compatons Interaction of K(2,2) equation.