A class of coherent structures and interaction behavior in Multidimensions

Jie-Fang Zhang
1 2 1,2,3

Institute of Nonlinear Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P.R.China

Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11,3TU,UK

3

Shanghai Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P.R.China

Abstract We solve the (2+1)-dimensional Davey-Stewartson (DS) equation, a multidimensional analog of the nonlinear Schrdinger equation. A rather general solution for the variables o separation with two arbitrary functions is rst obtained by applying a special Bcklund a transformation and introducing the seed solutions. And then some new special types of two-dimensional coherent structures are obtained. These structures exhibit interesting novel features not found in one-dimensional solitons. Key words: coherent structures, variable separation, Davey-Stewartson(DS) equation PACC: 03.40.Kf, 03.65.Ge

Introduction

We consider the Davey-Stewartson(DS)[1] system of equations: 1 iqt + (qxx + qyy ) (x + |q|2 )q = 0, xx yy + 2|q|2 = 0, x 2 (1)

which is the shallow-water limit of the Benney-Rokes equation[2], where q is the amplitude of a surface wave packet while characterizes the mean motion generated by this surface wave(One assumes a small-amplitude, nearly monochromatic,nearly one-dimensional wave train with dominant surface tension[3]). Equations (1) provides a two-dimensional generalization of the celebrated nonlinear Schrdinger equation. Furthermore, it arises generically in both physics and o mathematics.Indeed, it has been shown that a very large class of nonlinear dispersive equations in 2+1 (two spatial and one temporal) dimensions reduce to the (2+1)-dimensional DS equation in appropriate but generic asymptotic considerations[4]. Physical applications include water waves, Plasma physics, and nonlinear optics[5]. Fokas and Santini[6]have solved an initialboundary value problem for DS system by using the inverse scattering transform (IST) method

Corresponding author. E-mail:jfzhang2002@yahoo.com.cn. Mailing address.

and obtained a kind of two-dimensional coherent structures and found that the coherent structures of Eqs.(1) exhibit interesting novel features not found in one-dimensional solitons. In this paper, we consider further Eqs.(1). A rather general solution of the variable separation with two arbitrary functions is rst obtained by applying a special Bcklund transformation and a introducing the seed solutions. And then some new special types of two-dimensional coherent structures are constructed. These structures exhibit also interesting novel features not found in one-dimensional solitons.

Exact variable separation solution of the (2+1)-dimensional DS system

It is convenient to introduce characteristic coordinates = x + y, = x y, and U1

1 2 2 |q| , U2 1 2 |q|2 , then the second equation(2) can be integrated and Eqs.(1)and (2) reduce

to iqt + (q + q ) + (U1 + U2 )q = 0, U1 = U2 = 1 2 1 2

(2) (3) (4)

|q|2 d + 01 , |q|2 d + 02 ,

where 01 (, t) = U1 (, , t), 02 (, t) = U2 (, , t). To nd soliton solutions of an equation, we can use dierent kinds of methods. One of the powerful methods is the variable separation approach, which was recently presented and successfully applied in some (2+1)-dimensional models[7-11]. Now we would use this method to investigate the (2+1)-dimensional DS equation. To solve the system (2), we rst take the following Bcklund transformation a q= g + q0 , f U1 = (ln f ) + U10 , U2 = (ln f ) + U20 , (5)

which can be obtained from the standard Painlev truncated expansion, where f is a real, g is e complex, and (q0 , U10 , U20 ) is an arbitrary seed solution. Substituting (5) directly into system (2)-(4) and integrating Eqs.(3)and (4) once to the argument and respectively, yields its bilinear form:
2 2 2 2 (D + D + iDt )g f + q0 (D + D )f f + 2f g(U10 + U20 )

+2f 2 q0 (U10 + U20 ) + f 2 (q0 + q0 ) + if 2 q0t = 0,

1 D D f f + 2(gg + f g q0 + f gq0 + f 2 q0 q0 + 2f 2 ( U10 ) ) = 0, 1 D D f f + 2(gg + f g q0 + f gq0 + f 2 q0 q0 + 2f 2 ( U20 ) ) = 0,

(6) (7) (8)

1 1 where , are integration symbols to the argument and , and D , D , Dt are dened as m n k D D Dt f f =lim =,t =t ( =,

m n k ) ( ) ( ) t t

(9)

which is the usual bilinear operator introduced rst by Hirota[12]. To discuss further, we take the seed solution (q0 , U10 , U20 ) as q0 = 0, U10 = u0 (, t), U20 = v0 (, t) (10)

then(6),(7)and (8) can be simplied to

2 2 (D + D + iDt )g f + 2f g(u0 + v0 ) = 0,

(11) (12)

D D f f + 2gg = 0.

To nd some interesting solutions of equations (11) and (12), we can use the variable separation ansatz f = a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv, g = u1 v1 exp(ir + is), (13)

where a1 , a2 , a3 are arbitrary constants and u u(, t), v v(, t), u1 u1 (, t), v1 v1 (, t), r r(, t), s s(, t) are all real functions of the indicated variables. Substituting Eq.(13) into Eqs.(11) and (12) and separating the real and imaginary parts of the resulting equations,we have
2 u2 v1 2a1 a2 u v = 0, 1 2 (a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv)(v1 u1 + u1 v1 u1 v1 (2rt + 2st 2u0 2v0 + r + s2 ))

(14)

+v1 (a1 + a3 v)(u1 u 2u1 u ) + u1 (a2 + a3 u)(v1 v 2v1 v ) = 0, (a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv)(v1 (2r u1 + 2u1t + u1 r ) + u1 (2s v1 + 2v1t + v1 s )) 2u1 v1 (vt + 2s v )(a2 + a3 u) 2u1 v1 (ut + 2r u )(a1 + a3 v) = 0.

(15)

(16)

Because the functions u0 , u, u1 and r are only functions of {, t} and the functions v0 , v, v1 and s are only functions of {, t}, the equation system (14)-(16) can be solved by the following variable separated equations: u1 = 1 2a1 a2 c1 u , 0 2 2 v1 = 2 c0 v , (1 = 2 = 1), ut + r u = c1 (a2 + a3 u)2 + c2 (a2 + a3 u) + a1 a2 c3 , vt + s v = c3 (a1 + a3 v)2 c2 (a1 + a3 v) a1 a2 c1 ,
2 2 2 4(2st + s2 2v0 )v 2v v + v + c4 v = 0, 2 4(2rt + r 2u0 )u2 2u u + u2 c4 u2 = 0.

(17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22)

In Eqs.(17)-(22), c0 , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are all arbitrary functions of t. From Eqs.(17) and (18), we know that the real conditions of u and v require a1 a2 c1 u 0, 0 c0 v 0. (23) (24)

Although it is not an easy task to obtain general solutions of Eqs.(19)-(22) for any xed u0 and v0 , we can treat the problem in an alternative way. Because u0 and v0 are arbitrary seed solutions, we can view u and v as arbitrary functions of {, t} and {, t} with the conditions (23), (24) respectively. The functions r and s can be expressed by u and v simply by integrations from Eqs.(19) and (20). Then the seed solutions u0 and v0 can be xed by Eqs.(21), (22). Finally, substituting Eq.(13) with (17)-(22) into Eq.(8), we get a quite general solution of the (2+1)dimensional system (5)-(7) 1 2 a1 a2 u v exp(ir + is) , q= a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv a1 u + a3 vu (a1 u + a3 vu )2 ), a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv (a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv)2 a2 v + a3 uv (a2 v + a3 uv )2 ), a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv (a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv)2

(25) (26) (27)

U1 = u0 + ( U2 = v0 + (

with two arbitrary u and v under the conditions (24) and (25) and u0 , v0 are determined by Eqs.(22) and (23). Especially, for the module square of the eld reads = |q|2 = a1 a2 u v (a1 u + a2 v + a3 uv)2 (28)

= where

2(A1 cosh

1 2 (U

a1 a2 U V , 1 + V + C1 ) + A2 cosh 2 (U V + C2 ))2 v = b2 + eV ,

(29)

u = b1 + eU , and A1 = a3 (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b1 b2 ), C1 = ln

(30)

A2 =

(a1 + a3 b2 )(a2 + a3 b1 ), a1 + a3 b2 , a2 + a3 b1

(31) (32)

a3 , a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b1 b2

C2 = ln

for b1 and b2 being arbitrary constants. U and V are also arbitrary functions of {, t} and {, t} respectively under the conditions a1 a2 U V 0. (33)

Because u(, t) and v(, t) are arbitrary the functions of indicated arguments, Eq.(28) (or Eq.(29))reveals the quite abundant soliton structures. From Eqs.(28) and (29), it is easy to know that for arbitrary u and v with the boundary conditions u| B1 , u|+ B2 , v| B3 , v|+ B4 , 4 (34)

where B1 , B2 , B3 and B4 are arbitrary constants which may be innities. We known that,in addition to the continuous localized excitations in (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear systems, some type of signicant weak solutions like the peakon[13] and compacton[14]and multi-valued localized solution like loop soliton[15]. The so-called peakon solution (u = c exp( | x ct |))which is called a weak solution of the celebrated (1+1)-dimensional Camassa-Holm equation ut + 2kux uxxt + 3uux = 2ux uxx + uuxxx , (35)

was rstly given by Camassa and Holm[13]. While the so called (1+1)-dimensional compacton solutions which describes the typical (1+1)-dimensional soliton solutions with nite wavelength when the nonlinear dispersion eects are included was rstly given by Rosenau and Hyman[14]. It has found that peakon and compacton may have many interesting properties and possible physical applications[16]. Moreover, in natural world, there exist very complicated folded phenomena such as the folded protein[17]folded brain and skin surface and many many other kinds of folded biology system[18]. The bubbles on (or under) a uid surface may be thought to be the simplest folded waves. Further, various kinds of ocean waves are really folded waves also. These phenomena have been applied in some physical elds like the string interaction with external eld, quantum eld theory and particle physics[19]. Recently, the higher dimensional peakon solution and compacton solution and foldon solution, which are new types of soliton if the interaction between the folded solitary waves is completely elastic, have also been investigated and obtained in some (2+1)-dimensional models[20-22]. Here we focus our attention on giving the three kinds of interesting coherent structures from the expression(28) for the (2+1)-dimensional DS system.

Compacton solutions and their interaction behavior

Because of the entrance of arbitrary functions in expression(26), we can easily nd some types of multiple compacton solutions by selecting the arbitrary functions appropriately. For instance,if we xed the functions u and v as
+ i t 0i 2ki M a0 + u= b sin(ki ( + i t 0i )) + bi a1 i=1 i 2bi + i t > 0i + 2ki

0i

2ki

< + i t 0i +

2ki ,

(36)

and
N

v=

+ j t 0j

2li ,

j j=1 2ci

c sin(lj ( + j t 0j )) + cj + j t > 0j +
2lj

0j

2lj

< + j t 0j +

2lj ,

(37)

in the expressions (36) and (37), bi , ki , cj , i , j , lj , 0i and 0j are all arbitrary constants, then the solution (28) with (36)and (37) becomes a multi-compactons solution.

From(36) and (37), we can see that the piecewise functions u and v of the compacton solutions are once dierential
M

u =

+ i t 0i + i t > 0i +

2ki

bi ki cos(ki ( + i t 0i )) + bi
2ki

0i

i=1

2ki

< + i t 0i +

2ki ,

(38)

and
N

v =

+ j t 0j + j t > 0j +

2lj ,

j j=1 0

c lj cos(lj ( + j t 0j )) + cj
2lj

0j

2lj

< + j t 0j +

2lj .

(39)

If selecting M = 2, N = 2, a0 = 20, a1 = a2 = 1, a3 =

1 25 , b1

= b2 = 1, c1 = 1, c2 = 1.5, k1 =

0.6, k2 = 0.4, 1 = 1, 2 = 3, 1 = 2 = 0, l1 = 1, l2 = 0.7, 01 = 02 = 0, 01 = 0, 02 = 5 we can obtain a four-compactons excitation for the (2+1)-dimensional DS system. Fig.1(a)-(f) shows the evolution behavior of interaction among four compactons. We see that the interaction among four compactons exhibits a new phenomenon. Their interaction is non-elastic and do not completely exchange their shapes each other.

Peakon solutions and their interaction behavior

Similarly, considering the arbitrariness of the functions u and v in expression (28), we can construct the peakons of the (2+1)-dimensional DS system by selecting appropriate functions. For instance, when u and v are taken the following simple form
M di exp(mi i t + 0i ), mi i t + 0i 0, a0 + u= a1 i=1 di exp(mi + i t 0i ), mi i t + 0i > 0,

(40)

e exp(n t + y ), n t + y 0, j j j 0j j j 0j v= e exp(n + t y ) + 2, n t + y > 0, j j j 0j j j 0j j=1

N

(41)

where di , mi , ej , nj , i , j , 0 and 0j are all arbitrary constants, then the solution (28) with (40) and(41)becomes a multi-peakon solution. If we selecting M = 2, N = 2, a0 = 200, a1 = a2 = 1, a3 =
1 200 , d1

= d2 = 1, m1 = 0.5, m2 =

1, 1 = 1, 2 = 2e1 = e2 = 1, n1 = 1, n2 = 1, 1 = 1, = 2, 01 = 4, 02 = 4, 01 = 4, 02 = 4, we can obtain a four-peakons excitation for the (2+1)-dimensional DS system. Fig.2(a)-(f) shows the evolution behavior of interaction among four peakons at dierent times. We can nd that the interaction of four-peakons is not completely elastic but four peakons may completely exchange their shapes.

Dromion solutions and their interaction behavior

In order to compare with the results given in Ref.[6], we also discuss the corresponding dromion solution for the (2+1)-dimensional DS system.If selecting
M N

u=
i=1

tanh(ki + i t), v =
i=1

exp(lj + j t),

(42)

we can obtain another kind of the multi-dromions solution. Figure 3(a)-(f)shows the evolution behavior of interaction among four dromions when M = 4, N = 1, a0 = 10, a1 = a2 = a3 = 1, k1 = 1, k2 = 0.5, k3 = 1, k4 = 1, 1 = 0.5, 2 = 1, 3 = 3, 4 = 5, l1 = 1 and 1 = 1 at dierent times. From gure 3(a)-(f), we can nd that the interaction of four dromions is not completely elastic and four dromions do not completely exchange their shapes each other.

Foldon solutions and and their interaction behavior

In order to construct these kinds of interesting folded solitary waves and/or foldons for the module square of the eld q, we should introduce some suitable multi-valued functions. For example,
M M

v =
i=1

Vi ( + ci t), = +
i=1

Yi ( + i t),

(43)

where 1 < 2 < < M are all arbitrary constants and Vi , Yi , j are localized functions with properties Vi () = 0, Yi () = consts. From Eq.(43), one knows that may be a multi-valued function in some suitable regions of by selecting the functions Yi appropriately. Therefore, the function v , which is obviously an interaction solution of M localized excitations since the property | , may be a multi-valued function of in these areas though it is a single valued functions of .Actually, most of the known multi-loop solutions are the special situations of Eq.(43). Similarly, we also treat the function u(, t) in this way
N N

u =
j=1

Uj ( + j t), = +
j=1

Xj ( + j t),

(44)

where 1 < 2 < < N are all arbitrary constants andUj , Xj , j are all localized functions with properties Uj () = 0, Xj () = consts. Now we further discuss the properties of the interaction among the folded solitary waves. If we select u and v to be some appropriate multi-valued functions, then we can see that the interactions among the folded solitary waves are completely elastic. For example, when set u = sec h2 (), = 2 tanh(), 1 4 sec h2 () + sec h2 ( t/4), 5 2 3 = (tanh() + tanh( t/4)), 2 v = 7 (45)

(46)

and a1 = a2 = a3 = 1, then we can derived some interesting foldons depicted in Figs.(2a), (2b) and (2c) at dierent times (a) t = 18, (b)t = 8, (c)t = 11.8,(d) t = 14,(e)t = 18 respectively. From gures (4a) and (4f), one can nd the interaction between the two foldons is completely elastic since the velocity of one of the foldons has set to be zero and there are still phase shifts for the two foldons. To see more carefully, one can easily nd that the position located by the large static foldon is altered from about = 1.5 to = 1.5 and its shape is completely preserved after interaction.

Summary and discussion

In summary, with help of Bcklund transformation and the variable separation procedures, a the (2+1)-dimensional DS system has also solved as Fokas and Santini by use of the inverse scattering transform. By selecting arbitrary functions appropriately, three kinds of new coherent structures(peakon, compacton and foldon) and a kind of known coherent structures (dromion) have been constructed. The interactions among peakons and compactons exhibit interesting novel features not found in one-dimensional solitons. The interaction among four foldons is completely elastic. The interaction among four compactons or four dromions is non-elastic and do not completely exchanged their shapes each other. While the interaction of four travelling peakons or four dromions is not non-elastic but four peakons may completely exchange their shapes.

Acknowledgement: The author is in debt to thank the useful discussions with Professor
Lou Senyue. Appreciation is also given to Prof. Roger Grimshaw, Dr. Rod Halburd and Dr. Zhiming Lu for their kind help. This work is supported by the Pao Yu-Kong and Pao Zhao-Long Scholarship for Chinese Students Studying Abroad and the the Natural Science Foundation of China Granted No.10272072.

References
[1] Davey A and Stewartson K 1974 Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 338 101 [2] Benney D J and Roskes G J 1969 Stud. Appl.Math. 48 377 [3] Ablowitz M J and Segur H 1981 Solitons and Inverse Scattering Transform(SIAM) [4] Calogero F and Eckhaus W 1987 Inverse Problems 3L27 [5] Nishinari K and Abe K and J Satsuma 1993 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.62 2021; Schultz C L Ablowitz and BarYaacov D 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett, 59 2825; Pang G D Pu F C and Zhao B H 1990 Phys.Rev. Lett. 65 3227 [6] Fokas A S and Santini P M 1989 Phys. Rev Lett. 63 1329; Physica D 1990 4499 8

[7] Lou S Y 2000 Phys. Lett. A 277 94;2000 Phys. Lett. A 277 94; 2001 Physica Scripta64 1; Lou S Y, Chen C L and Tang X Y 2002 J. Math. Phys 43 4078;Lou S Y and Ruan H Y 2001 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.34 305 [8] Ruan H Y and Chen Y X 2001 Acta Phys.Sin.50 586(in Chinese) [9] Lou S Y, Lin J and Tang X Y 2001 Eur. Phys. J. B22 473; Lou S Y, Tang X Y and Chen C L 2002 Chin. Phys. Lett. 19 769 [10] Zhang J F 2002 Commun. Ther. Phys. 37 277; 2002 Acta Phys.Sin. 51 705 (in Chinese) [11] Zheng C L and Zhang J F 2002 Chin. Phys. Lett. 19 1399 [12] Hirota R 1971 Phys.Rev.Lett.27 1192 [13] Camassa R and Holm D D 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1661 [14] Rosenau P and Hyman J M 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett.70 564 [15] Trewick S C, Henshaw T F,Hansinger R P, Lindahl T and Sedgwick B 2002 Nature 419 174 ; Lockless S W,Ranganathan R 1999 Science 268 295 ; Lindagard P A andBohr H 1996 Phys.Rev.Lett. 77 779 [16] Qian T and M Tiao 2001 Chao Soliton and Fractals 12 1347; Kraenkel R A Senthilvelan M and Zenchunk 2000 Phys. Lett. A 273 183; Cooper F Hyman J M and Khare A 2001 Phys. Re. E 64 026608 ; Chertock A and Levy D 2001 J.Comput. Phys.171 708; Manna M A 2001 Physica D 149 231 [17] Goodman M B,Ernstrom G G,Chelur D S, Hagan R O, Yao C A and Chale M 2002 Nature 4151039; Maclnnis B L, Campenot R B 2002 Science 295 1536 [18] Vakhnenko V O 1992 J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.25 4181; Vakhnenko V O and Parks E J 1998 Nonlinearity 11 1457; Morrison A J,Parks E J and Vakhnenko V O 1999 ibid. 121427 [19] Kakuhata H and Konno K 1999 J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.68 757; Matsutani S 1995 Mod.Phys.Lett.A,10 717(); 2002 J.Geom.Phys.43 146; Schleif M and Wunschm R 1998 Eur.J.Phys.A 1 171; Schleif M, Wunsch R and Meissner B T 1998 Int.J.Mod.Phys.E,7 121 [20] Tang X Y, Lou S Y and Zhang Y 2002 Phys. Rew. E66 46601 [21] Lou S Y 2002 J. Phys. A 35 10619 9

[22] Tang X Y and Lou S Y 2002 arXiv. nlin. SI/0210009. 4 1; 2003 J. Math. Phys. in press

10

Fig.1a

Fig.1b

0.001

0.0005
0 5 0 5 0 4 2 6 8

0.0005

0.001 8

0 4

10 Fig.1c

6 Fig.1d

0.0015 0.001 0.0005 0 4

0.001

0.0005
4 6 8 0 8 6 4 6 8

4 Fig.1e

0.0005
0 10 8 4 6 8

Figure 1: Evolution plot of a four-compactons solution determined by (28) with (36) and (37) at (a)
t = 3, (b) t = 0.9, (c) t = 0.02, (d) t = 1, (e) t = 1.8.

11

Fig.2a

Fig.2b

1e05
0 10 8 6 6 8 10

2e05

3e05 2e05 1e05 0 8

4 4 Fig.2c

2 2 Fig.2d

8e05

4e05
0 5 4 3 3 4 5

1e05
0 6 4 6 4
2 2

2e05

1 0

2 2 Fig.2e

2 0 2 2

2 0

1e05
0 8 6 4 4 6 8

2e05

Figure 2: Evolution plot of a four-peakons solution determined by (28) with (40) and (41) at (a) t = 5,
(b) t = 3, (c) t = 2, (d) t = 1.4, (e) t = 0.5.

12

Fig.3a

Fig.3b

0.004

0.002
0.001 0 50 8 40 30 12

0.003

0.004 0.003 0.002 4 0.001 0 20

4 0 15 10 4 0 5 Fig.3d 8

20

10 0 Fig.3c

16

0.008

0.004

0.006 0.002 0 3 2 1 2 0

0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 6 0.001 4 0 2

8 2 4 0 2 0 4 6 8 4

0 1 2 3 4

Fig.3e

0.004

0.002
0.001 0 0 5 4 8 10 15 0 25 4

0.003

20

Figure 3: Evolution plot of a four-dromions solution determined by (28) with (44) at (a) t = 10, (b)
t = 3, (c) t = 0, (d) t = 1, (e)t = 4.

13

Fig.4a 0.002 0.0015

Fig.4b

0.0016

0.001
0.0005 0 2 1

0.0008
0.0004 0 2 1

0.0012

0 1 2 1 1.5 Fig.4c 2

2.5

3.5

0 1 2 2 1.5 1

0.5

Fig.4d

0.002

0.0015

0.0015

0.001
0.0005 0 2 1

0.001
0.0005 0 2

0 1 2 1.8 1.6

1.4

1.2

1
Fig.4e

0 1 2 2.4 2

1.6

1.2

0.002 0.0015

0.001
0.0005 0 2 1

0 1 2 3.5 3 2.5

1.5

Figure 4: Evolution plots of two foldons for the module square of the eld q given by Eq.(28) with
conditions (45), (46) and a1 = a2 = 1, a3 = t = 14, (e) t = 18
1 20

at dierent times (a) t = 18, (b) t = 8, (c) t = 11.8, (d)

14