Salve, let me turn to a book by an Austrian Hussar officer of the 1860s, who wrote ext ensively on horse riding,

saddles and bits , and his work was very popular with the cavalry, printed several times throughout XIX century. ''On seats and saddles: bits and bitting ...'' (1868) By Francis Dwyer, hussar officer of the Austrian calvary Firstly I want to share this excerpt from his book dealing with light cavalry s addle tree - or so called Hungarian saddle (equally Polish saddle as it was Hung arian, except that Poland ceased to exist in 1795 when these saddles were alread y popular in England under the name Hungarian) ''With the light cavalry (or Hungarian) saddle, it will not do to put a man into it as it comes out of the saddler's hands, and order him to sit in a particular manner ; it is just as necessary, or more so, to make the saddle fit the man's seat, as to make his coat or boots fit his body or feet; and this is done, after careful observation of the seat, by shortening or lengthening the bearing-strap of the seat, or by altering the lacings, till the seat comes right of itself, w hen you don't need to correct it in the riding-school.'' ''Fig. [1] shows the outlines of those Hungarian saddles. At a the bearingstrap of the seat is laced down so as to have its lowest point towards the rear of the saddle, the consequence of which is to throw the rider's seat back on the '' Mo nboddo bone'' (tail bone), bringing the thigh forwards and the knee towards the horse's shoulder, wash-ball fashion. At b the reverse is the case; the bearing-s trap being laced down in front, its hinder part throws the rider altogether into his fork, and the thigh and leg come too far back, muff fashion; a bends his ne ck and shoulders somewhat forward in order to get his balance, whilst 6 strains them backwards. At c the lowest part of the bearing-strap is in the middle of th e saddle, all of which variation depends on the lacing, supposing the length of the strap itself to be the same : c therefore sits on his triangle with his body upright and his legs coming down in their natural fall, his whole weight being spread over the entire under-surface of the saddleblades ; whilst it is evident that the weight of a, being far to the rear, will press down the hinder ends of the saddle-blades into the horse's back, tilting up the front ends; b, on the co ntrary, drives the saddle-blade ends into the horse's withers : a's saddle will probably run forward, &'s horse run through the girths. The place of the stirrup and its influence on the seat is here altogether left o ut of consideration. It should be made to accord with the seat, and not the seat with it, otherwise the rider is always " contending against" his stirrups, inst ead of " depending on them."'' ''How the bearing-strap* of the saddle should be exactly laced will depend altog ether on the " plenitude " or " poverty " of the seat of honour of each individu al rider. A very full-sized sitting part requires the lacing to approach that sh own at a in order to make the rider sit like c; a very spare man, on the contrar y, will require something like b for the same purpose : for most young men it wi ll do best as at c'' * The bearing-strap of the seat is best made of a piece of good girthing-web, do ubled together so as to form, with its central portion, a collar to embrace neat ly the hinder knob of the saddle, the two branches being sowed by their edges to gether down the middle of the seat, and ending, the one with a strap, the other with a buckle, which, when united, form a corresponding collar for the front kno b. Brass eyelet-holes stamped into the outer edges at certain intervals should be an improvement. Of course a movable strap covers this bearing-strap, the laci ngs and the side plate of the saddle, as far down as the tops of the girth at ea ch side, but it is on the length of the hearing-strap, and the way in which it i s laced, that the form of the seat will depend. Of course all the edges of these

wooden saddles must be nicely bevelled off. More interesting thoughts: On Cavalry horses versus hunting horses ''The hunting man rides his own horse for his own pleasure, and does not mind sp oiling a steed or two for the sake of maintaining his character as a forward rid er. Cavalry soldiers must ride together almost always: what regulates their spee d is the average of a whole regiment, and not the swiftness of a single animal. The Oriental national cavalries won't understand this, and get beaten by riders who, taken singly, are very inferior. Again, the hunting man's proper work is al l done at full gallop; cavalry does at least five-eighths of its work at a walk (route marching), perhaps twoeighths in trot (manoeuvring), and certainly not mo re than one-eighth at full gallop (in charging). The conclusions to be drawn are , that even supposing the so-called " hunting seat" to be the best for high spee d, no Government can afford the waste of horse-flesh it involves, nor would ther e be the slightest use in doing so. On the contrary, this style of riding can on ly lead to loose and broken charges, or to a voluntary abandonment of full gallo p in charging. Further, the fox-hunter does not require sharp turning, and he ha s both his hands at his disposal; whilst the cavalry soldier's life depends to a great extent on his horse being able to 'turn suddenly and rapidly with the aid of one hand. The poise or equilibrium of horse and rider taken together can nev er be too perfect or too permanent in his case. One of the great mistakes commit ted is the supposing that what is called a balance-seat is the one thing necessa ry. The whole machine must be in balance, and not the rider alone. But the greatest difference is in the absolute weight or load to be carried. A h unting man buys a horse up to his weight; cavalry can do nothing of the sort, fo r their horses are compelled to carry any load we please to inflict on them. Peo ple rig out a soldier with everything that combined bad taste and absurdity can suggest put him on a horse that must not cost over a certain price, and call him a hussar, dragoon, or lancer, according to the cut of his coat; and so it comes t hat what is called heavy cavalry sometimes rides lighter, and is altogether ligh ter, than what people are pleased to consider light cavalry.'' On Hungarians and surcingle ''The Hungarian Puszta rider, or cattle-herd, and most Orientals, never use anyt hing but a surcingle, the great advantage of which is that, having loosed it to let their horses graze, they can tighten it with one pull, and are in the saddle and well under way whilst one of us is still fumbling at a multiplicity of stra ps: and moreover, his saddle remains where he put it; ours seldom does so except by chance.'' On stirrups and instructions ''Should we give our first instruction in riding with or without stirrups - The advocates of beginning without stirrups say, you must first give the pupil a sea t, and then -when he has acquired balance and a hold of his horse, you can give him the additional assistance of the stirrups. Now the most difficult thing to a ttain is balance, and the stirrup was devised for the purpose of assisting in ac quiring and maintaining it; and it is therefore just as reasonable to act in thi s manner as it would be to set a boy to learn swimming without corks or bladders , and when he had learned to support himself in the water give him these artific ial aids and this is seldom thought rational. But there is another objection namely , that the pupil first acquires one seat, and afterwards is expected to change i t for another and better one. Why not begin at first with this ? Every practical cavalry officer knows that it is much easier to teach a man that has never been on horseback than one who has acquired methods of his own, which give the instr uctor the double work of unteaching and teaching. Of course if the people ride a t home nearly in the same way and in the same kind of saddle that they are requi red to do in the ranks as, for instance, the Hungarians, Cossacks, and others this d

oes not apply; but with all western nations of Europe it does. It is highly prob able that the English system of hanging the stirrups far forward in the saddle h as been adopted, partially at least, for the purpose of adapting these instrumen ts to a seat acquired without them that is to say, to a purpose they were not inte nded for. Long experience in training recruits has resulted in the conviction th at it is much better, and in the end more expeditious, to give the young rider s tirrups from the beginning; and when he has acquired a certain amount of confide nce and balance you may take away the stirrups to perfect the latter, without ru nning the least risk of destroying the former. ... On leg and bareback riding: The leg, from the knee downward, is much less fitted for holding or grasping tha n the thigh is; moreover, it has other functions to perform that interfere with this. The best hunting, steeplechase, and military riders we have ever seen, all agreed on this one point at least that of depending on the thigh, and not the " u nder-leg," for their seat; and hence is derived the grand cardinal rule for a go od seat: " From the hips upwards movable, in order to enable the rider to vary h is balance, or use his weapons ; from the knee downward movable, for the use of the spur, and the control of the horse's hind legs; and between these two points , hip and knee, fixed, for the seat." According to this rule, the middle of the rider adheres, both by weight and muscular action, to the middle of the horse; a ccording to the other system, the lower third of the rider clings, by muscular a ction alone, to the horse's shoulders, aided, perhaps, to a certain extent, by t he stirrup. But this brings us to the stirrup. Riding was certainly invented and practised b efore saddles existed; and it is nearly equally certain that the first saddles, pads, or whatever they were, had no stirrups, these contrivances having been sub sequently invented for the purpose of giving the rider further aid in addition t o that derived from balance and friction. Even nowadays many a man can ride bare -backed to hounds or in the melee without stirrups ; and this very short stateme nt of facts ought, we think, to go far to prove that stirrups are very subordina te in value to balance and friction taken together, which is precisely why we ha ve used the term stirrup-riding in an opprobrious sense.''