Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343

Combined effect of viscous dissipation and Joule heating on

MHD forced convection over a non-isothermal horizontal
cylinder embedded in a uid saturated porous medium
M.F. El-Amin
Mathematics Department, Aswan Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
Received 10 July 2002; received in revised form 6 November 2002
Abstract
The effects of both rst- and second-order resistance, due to the solid matrix of non-Darcy porous medium, Joule
heating and viscous dissipation on forced convection ow from a horizontal circular cylinder under the action of a
transverse magnetic eld, has been studied. The case of variable wall temperature conditions is considered. The second-
level local non-similarity method is used to convert the non-similar equations into a system of ordinary differential
equations. Results for the details of the velocity as well as temperature are shown graphically and the numerical values
of the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are entered in tables.
r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Porous medium; Magnetohydrodynamic; Non-Darcy ow; Viscous dissipation; Forced convection
1. Introduction
Study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat
transfer eld can be divided into two classes: in the
rst class, the electromagnetic elds are used to
control the heat transfer as in the convection ows
and aerodynamic heating; while in the second
class, the heating is produced by electromagnetic
elds as MHD generators, pumps, etc. Coming
under the present problem is the rst class. The
MHD phenomenon is characterized by a mutual
interaction between the uid velocity eld (hydro-
dynamic boundary layer) and the electromagnetic
eld. Satisfying the Faraday laws, the uid motion
affects the magnetic eld and the magnetic eld
affects the uid motion.
Convection heat transfer in porous media has
applications in a wide range of areas. The
numerous engineering applications encountered,
in which a porous medium is present, are
geothermal elds, oil extraction, solid matrix heat
exchangers, thermal insulation, storage of nuclear-
waste materials, etc. The boundary layer analogies
for convection in a porous medium had been
proposed and used by Wooding [1]. The Darcy
ow model had been used as observed in Refs.
[25], whereas non-Darcy ow models with
boundary layer approximations had been used in
Refs. [610]. This study is devoted to non-Darcy
ow model. Many problems of MHD convection
ow in porous media were treated in Refs. [1114].
ARTICLE IN PRESS
E-mail address: mfam2000@yahoo.com (M.F. El-Amin).
0304-8853/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(03)00109-4
Aldoss et al. [15] studied MHD mixed convection
from horizontal circular cylinder.
An experimental and analytical investigation
was carried out by Fand et al. [16] to study the free
convective heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder
embedded in a porous medium consisting of
randomly packed glass spheres and the medium
is saturated by water or silicon oil. When the
saturating uid is silicon oil, the heat transfer rate
is changed because of viscous dissipation effect.
Gebhart [17] studied the effect of viscous dissipa-
tion on natural convection in uids. Similar
solution for the same problem with exponential
wall temperature variation was obtained by
Gebhart and Mollendorf [18]. Fand and Brucker
[19] investigated the effect of viscous dissipation
on free convection in porous medium. The effect
of viscous dissipation on the Darcian free convec-
tion over a non-isothermal body of arbitrary shape
embedded in a saturated porous medium has been
studied by Nakayama and Pop [20].
The present work is concerned with a study of
the effects of both rst- and second-order resis-
tance due to the solid matrix on forced convective
ow from a horizontal circular cylinder subjected
to a uniform magnetic eld and a viscous
dissipation. A variable surface temperature bound-
ary condition is considered. The results have been
obtained for a range of the given parameters.
2. Analysis
In MHD ows, the size of electromagnetic
parameters affects the quantitative interaction
between the ow and eld. The magnetic eld
vector B
,
B
x
; B
y
is assumed to lie in the x-, y-
plane. The electrical eld E is assumed to be zero.
Hughes and Young [21] have shown that the
Lorentz force has two components:
F
x
suB
2
y
vB
x
B
y
;
F
y
suB
x
B
y
vB
2
x
;
where u and v are the velocity components in the
x- and y-direction, respectively.
From an order of magnitude analysis, it can
be assumed that B
y
oB
x
: Invoking the bound-
ary layer approximation ubv; F
x
simplies to
F
x
sB
2
y
u;
where the y-component of the magnetic eld may
be dependent on both x or y; however, for
convenience, it is assumed that B
y
varies only with
the span-wise coordinate y.
Assuming, B
z
oB
y
; q=qx o1; q=qy od
1
;
for two-dimensional magnetic eld, Maxwell
equation becomes
qB
x
=qx qB
y
=qy 0:
It may be shown that the change in B
y
across the
boundary layer will be of the order of d and may
be neglected, so that the MHD body force
becomes
F
x
EsB
2
y
u:
Let us consider a steady, laminar, two-dimen-
sional, incompressible, electrically conducting
forced convection ow from a horizontal im-
permeable circular cylinder with radius r saturated
in a porous medium. A uniform magnetic eld is
acting normal to the cylinder surface. The
magnetic Reynolds number is taken to be small
enough such that the induced magnetic eld is
negligible. The x-axis is taken to be along the
circumference of the cylinder measured from the
lower stagnation point and the y-axis is normal to
the surface. Under these assumptions with the
Boussinesq and the boundary layer approxima-
tions, the governing equations for the problem can
be written as
qu
qx

qv
qy
0; 1
u
qu
qx
v
qu
qy

1
r
qp
qx
7gbT T
N
sin
x
r
_ _
k
q
2
u
qy
2

sB
2
0
r
u
ke
K
u
Fe
2
K
1=2
u
2
; 2
qp
qy
0; 3
u
qT
qx
v
qT
qy
a
q
2
T
qy
2

s
rC
p
B
2
0
u
2

k
C
p
qu
qy
_ _
2
; 4
r r
N
1 bT T
N
; 5
ARTICLE IN PRESS
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 338
with the boundary conditions
y 0 : u v 0; T T
w
;
y-N:
qu
qy
0; T-T
N
; 6
where a; r
N
and C
p
are the thermal diffusivity, the
density and specic heat at constant pressure of
the uid, respectively, k the effective thermal
conductivity of the saturated porous medium, p
the pressure, T the temperature, T
w
the surface
temperature, T
N
the free stream temperature, s
the electrical conductivity of the uid, B
0
the radial
magnetic eld, b the thermal expansion coefcient,
k the kinematic viscosity of the uid and g is the
acceleration due to gravity. e; F and K the
porosity, an empirical constant and the perme-
ability, respectively. The last two terms in Eq. (2)
represent the rst- and second-order solid matrix
resistance. The surface temperature is assumed to
vary with the streamwise direction, i.e.,
T
w
T
N
a1 cos o
n
; 0popp; 7
where a and n are constants, note that n 0
represents the isothermal wall temperature case.
To simplify the transformation of the given
equations, the imposed pressure is assumed to be
similar to that of the inviscid non-conducting uid
ow about a circular cylinder, i.e.,

1
r
qp
qx
4
u
2
N
r
sin ocos o:
To transform Eqs. (2) and (3) from the x; y
coordinates to the dimensionless coordinates
xx; Zx; y for the forced-convection-dominated
regime, one introduces the following transforma-
tion:
x 4 sin
2
o
2
;
Z y2u
N
=xkr
1=2
sin o;
cx; y 2kru
N
x
1=2
f x; Z; yx; y
T T
N
=T
w
T
N
; 8
where cx; y is the stream function, which satises
the continuity equation (1), then by substituting
the expression (8) into Eqs. (2)(6), the trans-
formed momentum and energy equations take
the form:
f
000
ff
00

2x 4
4 x
k
2
2x

4x x
2
_
_ _
f
02
7
N
4 x
y

4 2x
4 x

2
4 x
Mn 2k
1
f
0
2x f
0
qf
0
qx
f
00
qf
qx
_ _
; 9
y
00
Pr
f y
0
2nf
0
y 2MnEcxf
02
Ecx4 xf
002
2x f
0
qy
qx
y
0
qf
qx
_ _
; 10
f x; 0 2x
qf x; 0
qx
0; f
0
x; 0 0;
yx; 0 1; f
00
x; N 0; yx; N 0: 11
In the above equations the primes denote the
differentiation with respect to Z: N Gr=Re
2
is the
buoyancy parameter, k
1
4eu
2
N
=K and k
2

Fe
2
r=K
1=2
are the rst- and second-order solid
matrix resistance parameters. Pr k=ra is the
Prandtl number, Mn Ha
2
=Re is a magnetic
parameter, Ha B
0
r

s=k
_
is the Hartmann
number. Gr gbT
w
T
N
r
3
r
2
=k
2
; Ec u
2
N
=
C
p
T
w
T
N
and Re u
N
rr=k are the Grashof,
the Eckert and the Reynolds numbers, respec-
tively.
The buoyancy parameter N measures the effects
of buoyancy forces; for N > 0 the surface tem-
perature is larger than the free-stream temperature
(assisting ow). For No0 the opposite is true
(opposing ow), while the case for N=0 represents
the Blasius equation with no buoyancy effects.
In technological applications, the wall shear
stress and the local heat transfer rate are often of
great interest, which are dened as
t
w
m
qu
qy

y0
; q
w
k
qT
qy

y0
:
Therefore, the local friction factor is given by
C
f
4

2
_
sin
2
o

Rex
_ f
00
x; 0: 12
From the denition of the local surface heat ux
together with the denition of the local Nusselt
ARTICLE IN PRESS
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 339
number Nu q
w
=T
w
T
N
_ _
r=k
_ _
; we can write
Nu

2
_
sin o

x=Re
_ y
0
x; 0: 13
3. Method of solution
A second-level local non-similarity method can
be used to convert the non-similar equations into a
system of ordinary differential equations. Firstly,
the system of Eqs. (9)(11) can be rewritten in the
following general form:
s
1
f
000
s
2
ff
00
s
3
f
02
s
4
y s
5
s
6
f
0
s
7
f
0
qf
0
qx
f
00
qf
qx
_ _
; 14
s
8
y
00
s
9
f y
0
s
10
f
0
y s
11
f
02
s
12
f
002
s
13
f
0
qy
qx
y
0
qf
qx
_ _
; 15
f x; 0 s
14
qf x; 0
qx
0; f
0
x; 0 0;
yx; 0 1; f
00
x; N 0; yx; N 0; 16
where
s
1
s
2
s
9
1;
s
3

2x 4
4 x
k
2
2x

4x x
2
_ ;
s
4
7
N
4 x
; s
5

4 2x
4 x
;
s
6

2
4 x
Mn 2k
1
; s
7
s
13
s
14
2x;
s
8
1=Pr; s
10
2n; s
11
2MnEcx and
s
12
Ecx4 x:
Let us consider that G qf =qx and j qy=qx;
therefore, the second-level of truncation equations
are
s
1
f
000
s
2
ff
00
s
3
f
02
s
4
y s
5
s
6
f
0
s
7
ff
0
G
0
f
00
Gg; 17
s
8
y
00
s
9
f y
0
s
10
f
0
y s
11
f
02
s
12
f
002
s
13
ff
0
j y
0
Gg; 18
s
1
G
000

qs
1
qx
f
000
s
2
fG
00
Gf
00

qs
2
qx
ff
00
2s
3
f
0
G
0

qs
3
qx
f
02
s
4
j
qs
4
qx
y
qs
5
qx
s
6
G
0

qs
6
qx
f
0

qs
7
qx
f
0
G
0
f
00
G
_ _
; 19
s
8
j
00

qs
8
qx
y
00
s
9
f j
0
y
0
G
qs
9
qx
f y
0
s
10
f
0
j yG
0

qs
10
qx
f
0
y 2s
11
f
0
G
0

qs
11
qx
f
02
2s
12
f
00
G
00

qs
12
qx
f
002

qs
13
qx
f
0
j y
0
G
_ _
20
f x; 0 s
14
Gx; 0 0; f
0
x; 0 0;
yx; 0 1; f
00
x; N 0; yx; N 0;
Gx; 0 0; G
0
x; 0 0; jx; 0 0;
G
00
x; N 0; fx; N 0 21
which are a system of ordinary differential
equations.
4. Results and discussion
The system of ordinary differential Eqs. (17)
(20) subject to the boundary conditions (21) have
been solved numerically by means of the fourth-
order Runge Kutta method with systematic
estimates of f
00
x; 0; y
0
x; 0; ; G
00
x; 0 and j
0
x; 0
by shooting technique. The step size DZ 0:05 is
used while obtaining the numerical solution with
Z
max
4 and a ve-decimal accuracy as the
criterion for convergence. Numerical computa-
tions are carried out for Pr 0:7 with the various
values of the parameters Mn; k
1
; k
2
; N; Ec, o and n:
Figs. 13 illustrate the velocity function for
different values of Mn; k
1
; k
2
; N; Ec, o and n: In
Fig. 1 it is clear that due to an increase in Mn there
is a fall in the velocity maximum because of the
retarding effect of the magnetic force. Therefore,
the momentum boundary layer thickness becomes
larger, and the separation of the boundary layer
will occur earlier. Also, we nd that the velocity
maximum decreases as both k
1
and k
2
increase.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 340
We observe from Fig. 2 that the velocity maximum
increases when Eckert number Ec increases, while
it decreases as the non-isothermal exponent n
increases. Further, it is clear from Fig. 3 that as the
buoyancy parameter N increases the velocity
maximum increases.
The temperature proles are shown in Figs. 47.
It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the temperature
prole increases as both k
1
and k
2
increase. Also,
the Eckert number Ec enhances the temperature
prole, while it decreases as the non-isothermal
exponent n increases as plotted in Fig. 5. Fig. 6
shows that the temperature prole decreases as the
buoyancy parameter N increases. We observe
from Fig. 7 that the temperature prole increases
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 1. Velocity proles for various values of k
1
; k
2
and Mn
with Pr 0:7; n 0:0; N 10:0; Ec 0:01 and o=30.
Fig. 2. Velocity proles for various values of Ec and n with
Pr 0:7; N 10:0; Mn 0:5; k
1
0:5; k
2
0:0 and o=30.
Fig. 3. Velocity proles for various values of N with Pr 0:7;
Mn 0:5; k
1
0:2; k
2
0:05; n 0:2; Ec 0:01 and o=45.
Fig. 4. Temperature proles for various values of k
1
and k
2
with Mn 0:0; Pr 0:7; n 0:0; N 10:0; Ec 0:01 and
o=30.
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 341
when the magnetic parameter Mn increases. This
means that the magnetic eld works to increase the
values of the temperature in the ow eld and then
decreases the gradient at the wall and increases
thickness of the thermal boundary layer.
Tables 13 display the numerical results for
f
00
x; 0 and 2y
0
x; 0 for different values of Mn;
k
1
; k
2
; N; Ec, o and n: Numerical values in Table 1
indicate that an increase of the porosity para-
meters k
1
and k
2
and the magnetic parameter Mn
reduces the wall shear stress. This is because the
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 5. Temperature proles for various values of Ec and n with
Pr 0:7; N 10:0; Mn 0:5; k
1
0:5; k
2
0:0 and o=30.
Fig. 6. Temperature proles for various values of N with Pr
0:7; Mn 0:5; k
1
0:2; k
2
0:05; n 0:2; Ec 0:01 and
o=45.
Fig. 7. Temperature proles for various values of Mn with k
1

0:5; k
2
0:5; Pr 0:7; n 0:0; N 10:0; Ec 0:01 and
o=30.
Table 1
Values of f
00
x; 0 and y
0
x; 0 for various values of k
1
; k
2
and
Mn with Pr 0:7; n 0:0; N 10:0; Ec 0:01; o 30
Mn k
1
k
2
f
00
x; 0 y
0
x; 0
0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9389 0.5932
0.5 2.7050 0.5527
1.0 2.5091 0.5211
0.5 0.0 2.6322 0.5516
0.5 2.4279 0.5147
1.0 2.2876 0.4896
1.0 0.0 2.3400 0.5054
0.5 2.2036 0.4791
1.0 2.1057 0.4607
0.5 0.0 0.0 2.7929 0.5664
0.5 2.5661 0.5267
1.0 2.3978 0.4991
0.5 0.0 2.4855 0.5216
0.5 2.3140 0.4907
1.0 2.1958 0.4699
1.0 0.0 2.2244 0.4795
0.5 2.1132 0.4590
1.0 2.0231 0.4513
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 342
magnetic force and the pores of the medium retard
the ow and work with the adverse pressure to
resist the ow. Also, they work against the inertia
force and in turn reduce the absolute values of the
heat transfer rate. From Table 2 it can be seen that
the wall shear stress decreases as the non-
isothermal exponent n increases, while an increase
in n results in an increase of absolute values of the
heat transfer rate, whereas, the opposite is true
when Ec increases. From Table 3 we note that
both the wall shear stress and the absolute values
of the heat transfer rate increase as the parameters
N and o increase. For the assisting ow, the
inertia force and the buoyancy force work together
against the adverse pressure, which caused the
increasing of the wall shear stress.
References
[1] R.A. Wooding, J. Fluid Mech. 15 (1963) 527.
[2] I. Pop, P. Cheng, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer 13
(1986) 433.
[3] P. Cheng, Lett. Heat Mass Transfer 5 (1978) 243.
[4] P. Singh, K. Sharama, Acta Mech. 83 (1990) 157.
[5] A. Nakayama, H. Koyama, J. Heat Transfer 109 (1987)
125.
[6] D.A. Nield, A. Bejan, Convection in Porous Media,
Springer, New York, 1999.
[7] F.C. Lai, F.A. Kulacki, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 30
(1987) 2289.
[8] A. Bejan, D. Poulikakos, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 27
(1984) 717.
[9] A. Nakayama, T. Kokuadai, H. Koyama, Warme
Stoffubertrag. 23 (1988) 337.
[10] A. Nakayama, T. Kokudai, H. Koyama, J. Heat Transfer
112 (1990) 511.
[11] N.G. Kafoussias, Mech. Res. Commun. 19 (1992) 89.
[12] A.A. Raptis, N.G. Kafoussias, Energy Res. 6 (1982) 241.
[13] A.A. Raptis, Energy Res. 10 (1986) 97.
[14] T.K. Aldoss, M.A. Al-Nimr, M.A. Jarrah, B.J. Al-Shaer,
Num. Heat Transfer A 28 (1995) 635.
[15] T.K. Aldoss, Y.D. Ali, M.A. Al-Nimr, Num. Heat
Transfer A 30 (1996) 379.
[16] R.M. Fand, T.E. Steinberger, P. Cheng, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 29 (1986) 119.
[17] B. Gebhart, J. Fluid Mech. 14 (1962) 225.
[18] B. Gebhart, J. Mollendorf, J. Fluid Mech. 38 (1969) 97.
[19] R.M. Fand, J. Brucker, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 26
(1983) 709.
[20] A. Nakayama, I. Pop, Int. comm. Heat Mass Transfer 16
(1989) 173.
[21] W.F. Hughes, F.J. Young, The Electromagnetodynamics
of Fluids, Wiley, New York, 1966.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 2
Values of f
00
x; 0 and 2y
0
x; 0 for various values of Ec and n
with Pr 0:7; N 10:0; Mn 0:5; k
1
0:5; k
2
0:0;o=30
Ec n f
00
x; 0 y
0
x; 0
0.01 0.0 2.4810 0.5249
0.1 2.4360 0.5816
0.5 2.3018 0.7538
1.0 2.1901 0.9030
3.0 1.9537 1.2530
5.0 1.8293 1.4654
0.05 0.0 2.5287 0.3677
0.1 2.4812 0.4336
0.5 2.3389 0.6323
1.0 2.2204 0.8017
3.0 1.9715 1.1867
5.0 1.8421 1.4132
0.1 0.0 2.5852 0.1600
0.1 2.5356 0.2373
0.5 2.3850 0.4702
1.0 2.2587 0.6669
3.0 1.9941 1.0999
5.0 1.8585 1.3456
Table 3
Values of f
00
x; 0 and 2y
0
x; 0 for various values of N and o
with Pr 0:7; Mn 0:5; k
1
0:2; k
2
0:05; n 0:2; Ec 0:01
N o f
00
x; 0 y
0
x; 0
0.5 30 0.3634 0.3522
45 0.7160 0.4893
70 0.7839 0.5083
100 0.9027 0.5385
0.0 30 0.5315 0.4078
45 0.8108 0.5041
70 0.8699 0.5202
100 0.9752 0.5469
3.0 30 1.2564 0.5426
45 1.3240 0.5679
70 1.3442 0.5750
100 1.3842 0.5895
M.F. El-Amin / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 263 (2003) 337343 343