TCVN 6000 : 1995

ISO 5667-11 : 1992

Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Hng dn ly mu nc

ngm
Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on samplong of
groundwater
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny cung cp hng dn lp cc chng trnh ly mu, k thut ly
mu v x l mu nc ngm nh gi vt l, ho hc v sinh vt hc. N
khng bao gm vic ly mu kim tra thng xuyn vic khai thc nc
ngm lm nc ung hoc nhng mc ch khc, nhng n lin quan ti s
iu tra chung cht lng nc ngm. Do s phc tp ca cc h nc ngm,
nhiu p dng ly mu ring cn n li khuyn ca cc chuyn gia a
thu vn m khng th trnh by chi tit trong tiu chun ny.
Xc nh mc ch ly mu nc ngm l cn thit trc khi chn nguyn tc
p dng cho mt chng trnh ly mu c th. Mc ch chnh ca cc chng trnh ly mu nc ngm l iu tra cht lng cp nc t nc ngm, pht
hin v nh gi s nhim nc ngm v tham gia qun l ti nguyn nc
ngm. Nhng nguyn tc trnh by trong tiu chun ny cng c p dng
cho nhng mc tiu c th hn sau y:
a) Xc nh tnh thch hp ca nc ngm lm ngun nc ung hoc nc
cng/ nng nghip v gim st cht lng ca n khi cung cp.
b) pht hin sm s nhim ca tng ngm nc gy ra bi nhng hot
ng c hi tim n trn hoc d mt t (th d cc im ph
thi, pht trin cng nghip, khai khong, hot ng nng nghip, thay i
canh tc);
c) hiu v gim st s di chuyn ca cc cht nhim nhm nh gi tc
ng ca chng n cht lng nc ngm v chun ho v hiu lc ho
nhng m hnh cht lng nc ngm thch hp;
d) pht trin s hiu bit v nhng bin ng ca cht lng nc ngm,
k c nhng bin ng gy ra do c (th d thay i ch bm nc
ngm, hiu ng thm t cc dng thi xung nc ngm, cc hot ng lm
sch cc im thi), t c s qun l ti u ti nguyn;
e) thu thp d liu cho vic tng cng thi hnh lut kim sot nhim.
2. Tiu chun trch dn
Nhng tiu chun sau y c p dng cng vi tiu chun ny:
ISO 5667-1 : 1980, Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Phn 1: Hng dn lp cc chng
trnh ly mu.
TCVN 5992 : 1995 (ISO 5667-2 : 1991), Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Hng dn k
thut ly mu.
TCVN 5993 : 1995 (ISO 5667-3 : 1985), Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Hng dn
bo qun v x l mu.
TCVN 5981 : 1995 (ISO 6107-2 : 1989), Cht lng nc - Thut ng - Phn 2.
3. nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny p dng nhng nh ngha sau:

3.1. Tng ngm nc: S kin to ca tng , ct hoc si thm nc (nn

hoc a tng) v c th thu c lng nc ln.
3.2. Tng cch nc vng chc: Mt tng ngm nc gm vt cht rn chc
do s xi mng ho hoc do s nn.
3.3. Nc ngm: Nc c gi trong mt a tng di mt t v thng c
th khai thc c.
3.4. Ging, ging khoan: Mt l su di t dng ly nc hoc thm
d. Ging thng c ng knh rng hn ging khoan v thng c o
hn l khoan. Mt ging khoan thng ch dng cho mc ch gim st v
c th c ni vi ng vch v ng lc thch hp su nht nh.
3.5. Nc mch l: Nc ngm chy ln mt t mt cch t nhin.
3.6. Nc hc: Nc cc l hng trong hc , si.
3.7. ng vch: Mt ng bng cht rn dng bao tm thi hay vnh vin
mt ging hoc ging khoan v trnh cc cht rn ca tng ngm nc
lt vo ging khoan v bo m nc ngm ch vo ging khoan mt
su nht nh qua ng lc.
3.8. ng lc: Mt loi ng c thit k c nhiu l dng cho nc chy vo
ging v ngn chn cht rn ca tng ngm nc hoc nhng cht lm tc
lc.
4. Thit b ly mu
4.1. Vt liu
Thng tin chung v chn vt liu cho thit b ly mu v bnh c nu
TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667-2). Polyetylen, polypropylen, polycacbonat v thy
tinh l cc vt liu nn dng trong hu ht cc tnh hung ly mu.
Nu cht lng sinh hc ca nc ngm gy ra nhng thay i v thnh
phn l ho hc ca nc th cn dng cc bnh cn nh sng cng nhiu
cng tt.
Khi ly mu nc ngm phn tch cc cht hu c, cn hn ch ti a
s nhim mu do cc cht hu c dng lm vt liu ch to thit b ly
mu hoc xy dng ging khoan. iu c bit quan trng khi
nghin cu vt cc hp cht hu c. Trong trng hp ny nn dng thit b
c bit bng thu tinh, thp khng r hoc cc vt liu khc khng tit
ra cc cht hu c.
4.1.1. Vt liu xy dng ging khoan
vt liu xy dng ging khoan (ng vch, ng lc) phi bo m trnh
gy thay i thnh phn ho hc nc ngm. Nhng ch ni ng vch
phi bo m keo hoc xi mng dng ni s khng lm nhim mu.
C rt nhiu vt liu xy dng ging khoan. V mt gi thnh h, d
kim v d x l th nn dng polypropylen, polyetylen dy cho hu ht
mc ch ly mu nc ngm. Tuy nhin, loi nc ngm b nhim nng
bi cc dung mi hu c tng hp s ph hu cc ng vch v ng lc bng

PVC. Trong trng hp nh vy th nn dng thp khng g hoc

polytetrafloetylen lm vt liu xy dng ging khoan v chng bn v tr.
4.2. Cc loi thit b
4.2.1. Bm
C nhiu loi bm, trong c nhiu loi xch tay, u c th dng cho nc
ngm. Chng khc nhau nhiu v thit k v dung lng bm v thch hp
cho nhng iu kin khc nhau ca cu trc ging khoan v su ly
mu. Bm ht t trn mt t khng th a nc ln qa 8m, do nn
dng bm in nhng cho hu ht trng hp ly mu nc ngm mc du
bm kiu bong bng c th hu dng trong mt s trng hp, nht l khi
cn ly mu t ging khoan c ng knh nh (< 32mm) m bm nhng
khng th dng c. Bm ht chn khng dng c khi ly mu xc
nh cc kh ho tan trong nc ngm.
4.2.2. Thit b ly mu theo chiu su
Thit b ly mu theo chiu su l dng c c th c th xung ging
khoan v ly mu mt su nh. Chng khc nhau ch yu l c
ch ng np. Dng c ly mu ng m cho php nc i qua v c y
kn li mt su nh bng c hc hoc in. Trong mt s trng
hp, nh ly mu tng cha nc ngm b nhim bi mt s cht hu c
khng trn ln vi nc, cn dng thit b ly mu c ng kn theo chiu
su. Thit b ny phi c cu to th no bnh cha mu khng tip
xc vi nc cho n khi n c kch hot su yu cu. Khi cc phng
php ly mu thng thng khng th dng c, nh ly mu nc ngm rt
su (ngha l su ln hn 100m), th phi dng thit b ly mu
theo chiu su.
Cng c th ly mu nc ngm bng gu trong khi khoan cung cp
nhng s liu s b v s thay i cht lng nc ngm theo chiu su.
Trong nhng trng hp khc, khi khng th bm t ging khoan th c th
dng gu: mt bnh c buc mt vt nng hoc mt bnh cha m np,
th xung ging ly mu. Ch nn dng gu ly mu lp nc trn b
mt ca tng ngm nc, v khng nn dng nu c phng php khc.
4.2.3. Thit b ly mu ti ch
Thit b loi ny gm nhng th nh chn xp c l u p k t thng
xuyn mt su nht nh trong tng ngm nc, t c th ly cc
mu ring l. Nhng thit b ly mu ny thng c t cc su khc
nhau trong mt ging khoan. Nhng chn snh xp c th dng c
nhng vng bo ho hoc khng bo ho, mt ngun chn khng c ni
vo chn qua mt ng, v ly phn nc i qua l vo chn. Mt s thit b
khc cho nc i qua mt li vo mt bnh cha v c ly ln bng p lc
ca khng kh nn. p k (mt ng nh c bc li y, ming h) c th
ly mu nnnn t mt bm ng knh nh, hoc bng cch ht nu mc nc
st y. Nhiu p k c th c ng kn nhng su khc nhau
trong mt ging khoan (xem thm 5.3.1.3).
4.2.4. Thit b ly mu gi
Loi thit b ny cung cp mt bin php ly nc nhng khong su
xc nh trong mt ging khoan. Thit b c th gm mt hoc nhiu
dng c c kh nng dn rng bng thu lc hoc kh nn khi trong v

tr di ging khoan, v nh vy c ng kn li. Mu nc c ly t phn

ng kn bng bm hoc kh chon ch. Thit b loi ny c nhiu kiu,
mt s dng t ti ch thng xuyn, s khc c th xch tay. Thit b
loi ny khng thch hp nhng ging khoan c va si (xem thm
5.3.1.1).
4.2.5. Thit b ly mu nc hc
thu c thng tin v cht lng nc ngm cc su khc nhau ca vng
bo ho hoc khng bo ho ca mt tng ngm nc, c th ly nhng mu
nc hc trong khi khoan ging. Nc hc c ly bng ly tm hoc p vi p
lc cao. K thut ly mu ny t v khng nn dng trong gim st thng
thng v cn khoan nhiu l.
5. Cch ly mu
5.1. Chn im ly mu
5.1.1. Quy nh chung
Khi ly mu cc ging khoan c sn, cn phi nghin cu chi tit cu
trc xc nh mu cn ly t tng t no. Khi xy dng nhng ging
khoan mi dnh ring ly mu, thit k l khoan (ng knh v chiu
su) v phng php xy dng cn phi khng nhng p ng c yu cu
ly mu m cn phi hn ch ti a s nhim hoc gy xo trn tng
ngm nc. Vic s dng cc cht ty nhn cht bi trn, bn, du v bentonit
trong khi khoan cn phi trnh, nht l khi cn ly mu xc nh cc
cht hu c. Cng cn phi lu rng i vi nhng l khoan kt thc mt
lp si, v dng ng bao, li chn mt su no phi lm sao khng
xy ra s trn ln nc cc su khc nhau thng qua lp si. iu
c th thc hin c bng cch bt kn lp si v tr gn k ng lc.
Ngoi ra cn ch t cc thit b khoan trn mt t nh th no
ging khoan khng b nhim bi nc mt.
5.1.2. Gim st cht lng nc ngm dng cp nc ung
Khi gim st cht lng nc ngm dng cp nc ung hoc bt k mc
ch khc, cn phi ly mu mi ging khoan, ging phun nhm bo v
vic s dng nc. Khi s dng nc ngm cp nc ung, cn phi nghin
cu yu cu ly mu nc th ca Nh nc bit thm chi tit. Khi chn cc
im ly mu cho gim st cp nc, cn chn mt s ging khoan xa
im ht nc kim tra tc ng ca s ht nc ti nhng c tnh
ng hc ca tng ngm nc (th d dng nc ngm t nhin, s thay i
chiu dy ca tng bo ho).
5.1.3. Gim st cht lng nc ngm cho cc mc ch khc
Vi nhng mc ch ly mu khc, vic chn c cc im ly mu ti u l
kh v ph thuc vo mc ch c th cng nh vo nhng c tnh ca
tng ngm nc (th d mch nc trong lp si hay k nt, gradien thu lc,
chiu ca mch). Trong nhng trng hp ny nn tham kho kin ca cc
nh a thu vn chn c nhng im ly mu thch hp nht. Khng
nn chn nhng ging hoc ging khoan c sn tr khi chng t ra thch
hp vi mc ch ly mu (trong nhiu trng hp , cc ging v ging khoan
c sn xuyn su n ht tng ngm nc, ng hoc c ng lc sut
chiu su, iu gy kh khn cho kim tra cht lng nc theo chiu
su).

Tuy nhin c th c mt s hng dn chung khi mc ch ly mu l kim

tra nhim nc ngm t nhng ngun khuych tn hoc ngun im.
5.1.3.1. S nhim khuych tn ca nc ngm
Khi thit k mng li kim sot pht hin s nhim khuych tn rng
ca tng ngm nc th nn chn nhng im ly mu c sn di dng
nhng ging khoan khai thc nc c cng sut ln v chng c th cho
nhng mu t hp t mt th tch ln nc ca tng ngm nc. Tuy nhin, nu
nhim ch mc thp vi quy m cc b th vic s dng loi ging
khoan ny c th gy ra s pha long nng n gii hn pht hin ca
phn tch; khi nn dng nhng ging khoan c bm cng sut nh. B
phn d b nhim nht ca tng ngm nc l ranh gii gia cc vng bo
ho v khng bo ho. Do , t nht cn mt l khoan c ng lc k b
mt ca vng bo ho. Nhng l c khoan vi mc ch khc s phi c
chn ng lc nhng su khc nhau ca tng ngm nc. Cc l khoan
cn c b tr khp din tch nghin cu. Cn ch chn v tr i din
nhng ni c nhng iu kin thu vn v s dng t khc nhau v nhy
vi nhim khuych tn.
5.1.3.2. S nhim ngun im ca nc ngm
Khi ly mu kim sot nhim gy ra do ngun im, th d t mt
im thi cho php, cn ch n tng quan v tr ca ngun im v
hng ca mch nc ngm. Nu c th, nn t mt l khoan ly mu gn
k ngun im nc ngm. Nu c th, nn t mt l khoan ly mu
gn k ngun im. Ngoi ra, t nht phi c mt l khoan c ng lc
su ngang mc nc nhm ly mu pht hin nhng cht nh hn nc. Tip
, cc im ly mu c b tr theo su tng dn k t ngun
nhim. Nn c mt hoc hai l khoan trn gradien thu lc k t ngun
nhim pht hin nhng vt loang, ng thi cung cp thng tin v s
lan to ca cc cht nhim mnh, c bit l vt cc kim loi.
5.2. Thi gian v tn s ly mu
Kt qu phn tch cn trong khong sai s cho php c quy nh bi
chng trnh ly mu. Nu khng quy nh sai s cho php th khng th
c mt chng trnh ly mu da trn k thut thng k. Chi tit v p dng
cc k thut thng k trong quy nh tn s ly mu nu ISO 5667-1.
i vi gim st cht lng ca ngun cp nc ung (hoc nhng hot ng
gim st lin quan n s dng nc khc), s thay i cht lng nc theo thi
gian mt im n l l yu t quan trng bc nht. Vi hu ht cc cht
cn xc nh tn s ly mu hng thng hoc thm ch tha hn thng l
nh gi tnh thch hp ca nc lm ngun cp nc ung. Tham kho
ISO 5667-1 v quy nh ca Nh nc v hng dn tn s ly mu. Tn s ly
mu cao hn hn ch ti a cc nguy c cho sc kho cng ng c
th cn khi nc ngm c dng lm nc ung khng qua kh trng.
Khi gim st nhng mc tiu khng phi l iu tra ngun cp nc ung, tn
s ly mu cn chn ph hp vi s thay i nc ngm v khng gian v thi
gian. S thay i cht lng nc ngm v khng gian v thi gian thng nh
hn nhiu so vi nc mt. mt vi tng ngm nc c hin tng nc thay
i theo ma. Trong mt s trng hp khc, c bit l khi ngun nc ngm
b nhim, cht lng nc thay i nhanh trong vi gi hoc vi ngy v

th hin s thay i thnh phn mu ly trong mt chu k bm. Nhng

thay i ny cn c ghi nhn trc khi xc nh mt chng trnh di hn.
Kim tra lin tc pH, nhit , dn in c th rt c ch trong vic
quyt nh tng hay gim tn s ly mu. Nu kim tra lin tc ch ra
rng tc thay i cht lng tng th tn s ly mu cng phi ti tng.
Ngc li, nu tc thay i gim hc ngng th tn s ly mu cn gim.
Nu c s thay i ln v mt cht c kim sot th nn kim tra mi
thnh phn thng phn tch phng.
Gim st lin tc cng l bin php hu ch xc nh thi gian ly mu
thch hp cc l khoan bm thm d v cho nhng mu i din ca tng
ngm nc mun nghin cu. Nu thy c s thay i ln v nng (
10%) th iu c th ch ra s thay i cc b trong bn thn l
khoan khi bt u bm, v mu s khng c ly cho n khi s gim st
cho thy cn bng c thit lp. Nu khng c s thay i ln no v
cht lng th c th ly mu sau khi bt u bm, khi l khoan c lm
sch.
5.3. Chn phng php ly mu
5.3.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n ly mu i din
ly c mu i din cho mt tng ngm nc, cn chn phng php ly
mu sao cho nc ht ln c thnh phn phn nh ng thnh phn ca nc
ngm cn nghin cu c v khng gian ln thi gian. Cc im ly mu nc
ngm u l ging hoc ging khoan, v chng c th lm xo trn h
thng nc ngm t nhin, nht l khi dng ho cht hoc to ra nhng
gradien thu lc.
Trong mt s tnh hung ly mu, cc khong cht c th tch t y l
khoan trong khi ly mu, v do mu khng cn i din cho nc ca
tng ngm nc cn nghin cu. Cn lm sch l khoan trc khi ly mu bng
cch bm x i mt th tch nc t nht bng 4 n 6 ln th tch ca l.
Trong mt s trng hp cn p dng bm hai giai on: bm tc cao
trong thi gian ngn ra sch l khoan, tip theo l bm vi tc thp
t n n nh cht lng khi ly mu.
S phn tng theo chiu thng ng trong nc ngm c th xy ra do t
nhin hoc do hu qu nhim. Th d nhim khuch tn to ra mt lp
nhim hn trn nh vng bo ho, trong khi cc cht nhim c t trng
nng hn nc th tch t y ca tng ngm nc. Do , cc phng php
ly mu phi c kh nng pht hin nhng thay i v cht lng nc ngm
c theo din tch v chiu su.
Phng php ly mu cng cn phn nh c tnh phc tp ca cc mch nc
ngm, trong phi tnh n c ch mch nc (gia lp si hay do k nt),
hng ca mch v gradien thu lc trong tng ngm nc, gradien ny c th
to ra nhng dng chy t nhin mnh, ln hoc xung trong ct nc trong
l khoan. Ni chung c hai phng php ly mu nc ngm: ly mu bng
bm v ly mu theo chiu su. C hai phng php u c u im v
nhng hn ch vphi cn nhc khi dng.
5.3.1.1. Ly mu bm
mu bm ly t cc ging khoan dng cung cp nc ung hoc cho cc
mc ch khc l hn hp nc i qua ng lc ca l khoan t nhiu su
khc nhau. Do , cch ly mu ny ch nn dng khi nc ngm c thnh
phn ng u theo chiu thng ng, hoc ly mu t hp theo

chiu su. Trong nhng trng hp ny mu nc cn c ly ch cng gn

li ra t ging cng tt trnh vn khng bn ca mu (xem 5.4).
Khi ly mu ging khoan, cn bm mt thi gian ly ht nc c
trong l ra ngoi v m bo nc mi vo l c rt trc tip t tng
ngm nc. Thi gian bm ph thuc kch thc l khoan, t bm, vo
dn thu lc v c th xc nh chnh xc bng cch theo di s thay i
ca oxi ho tan, pH, nhit hoc dn in ca nc bm ln. Ch bt
u ly mu khi s theo di cho thy khng c nhng thay i ln [ <
10% cht lng (khi lng/th tch) hoc < 0,2OC nhit ]. Tuy nhin, cn
nhn mnh rng ngoi vic o cc thng s i din nh nhit , dn,
cn thng phi o cc cht cn xc nh c quan tm trc tip, th d
cc cht hu c trong trng hp nc ngm b nhim.
Nhng phng php hiu qu nht ly mu nc ngm c cht lng thay
i theo su l s dng nhng l khoan thm d hoc ly mu t mt
phn c ng kn ca cc ging khoan. Trong phng php u, dng
bm xch tay hay bm mu t mt lot cc l khoan thm d tng i
gn nhau v u c ng lc m bo mu c ly t cc su khc
nhau ca tng ngm nc. Trong phng php sau, mu c ly t mt on
c ngn kn ca mt ging khoan bng thit b bm gi, v nh vy c
mt mu ring l mt khong su nht nh ca tng ngm nc (xem
4.2.4). Phng php sau ch dng c nhng tng ngm nc vng chc v
khng dng c l khoan c li chn v si bao bc.
5.3.1.2. Ly mu theo chiu su
Ly mu theo chiu su l nhng thit b ly mu (xem 4.2.2) vo ging
o hoc ging khoan, cho nc su nh np y thit b
ri ko ln v chuyn vo bnh cha. Cch ly mu ny thng ch thch
hp vi cc l khoan thm d khng bm, mc du c th dng bm nu c
ng ni nh v chiu su. Khng bao gi ly mu trong ng vch ca
ging khoan v nc khng phi c ngun gc t su cn ly v cht
lng c th b thay i do cc hot ng ho hc v vi sinh hc.
Ngay trong nhng ging khoan h hoc c ng lc, ly mu theo chiu
su c gi tr rt hn ch do cc dng chy trong l khoan h hoc c
ng lc, ly mu theo chiu su c gi tr rt hn ch do cc dng chy
trong l khoan lm cho ngun gc ca mu tr nn khng chc chn. Ly
mu theo chiu su ch thch hp khi ngun gc ca mu (ngha l chiu
su ca nc chy vo l khoan) bit r. iu c th thc hin c
bng cch xc nh su ca dng nc chy vo l khoan v nhng dng
chy trong ct nc l khoan nh o nhit , dn v dng chy di
nhng iu kin tnh v ng (bm).
Khi cn lm sch l khoan ly mu theo chiu su, nn bm nh nhng
trc khi ly mu khng nn dng thit b bm thi khng kh lm sch l
khoan v c th gy ra nhng thay i trong cn bng ho hc ca nc
ngm do a thm oxi vo.
5.3.1.3. Nhng phng php ly mu khc.
Khi phng php ly mu nu trn khng th p dng c hoc p dng
khng hon ho th nn ly mu cc im ring l bng mt trong cc
thit b ly mu ti ch (in-situ). Cc thit b ny l chn c l hoc u p
k, chit ly nc nh chn khng hoc kh chon ch. Nhiu thit b c
th t trong l khoan ring l v mt s khc thch hp ly mu vng

khng bo ho. Cc mu nhng chiu su nht nh c th thu c bng

cch ly mu hc. Ly mu hc l chit ly nc (thng dng li tm) t cc
mu si, di dng thi khoan. N cung cp phng php hu hiu nht
nh gi nhng thay i cht lng theo chiu su, v ly mu
nhng vng khng bo ho. Tuy nhin, kim sot theo chu k th phng
php ny c nhc im l i hi khoan nhiu hoc lp li nhiu ln v do
rt t. Phng php ny ch nn dng khi c li khuyn ca cc chuyn
gia a thu vn.
5.4. Vn chuyn, n nh v lu gi mu
Cc mu nc ngm thng c ly nhng ni xc nh phng th nghim.
Do , bin php lu gi v x l mu trc khi phn tch l v cng quan
trng nu nh mun cc kt qu phn tch i din cho iu kin khi ly
mu. Tham kho TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667-2) v TCVN 5993(ISO 5667-3) v hng dn c th ny, y nhn mnh thm mt s im.
Vn quan trng nht khi ly mu nc ngm l phi bo m thu c
nhng kt qu ng n v cht lng nc di mt t. Cc vn ny
sinh l do nhng thay i l ho hc khi mu c ly ra khi tng ngm nc. V mu c a ln mi trng c nhit v p sut khc vi khi di
tng ngm nc nn c th xy ra nhng thay i v pH, dn in, th
in ho, hm lng sunfua v cc kh ho tan (c bit l oxi v CO2). Nhng thay i ny n lt chng li c th gy ra s thay i ca mt s
thnh phn. S tip xc vi khng kh cng gy ra nhng thay i tng t
v sinh ra s oxi ho, tng hot ng vi sinh, kt ta, bay hi v nhng thay
i b ngoi (th d mu, c). Khi ly mu nc ngm, iu quan
trng l phi o ti ch nhng ch tiu c th o c v phn tch cng
sm cng tt sau khi ly mu. iu c bit quan trng v mt nhit
, pH, th in ho, dn in, kim v cc kh ho tan (c
bit l oxi). K thut o lin tc dng h thng dng chy qua bnh o l
thch hp nht v n trnh c s tip xc ca mu vi kh quyn.
Cn lc mu ti ch n nh mu, nht l trong nhng nghin cu
c bit. C rt nhiu loi mng lc, gm mng xenluloz, mng si thu
tinh v polycacbonat. Khng loi mng lc no l vn nng, mc du mng
bng si thu tinh c mt s u im so vi mng khc cng c l (th d
mng bc xenluloz) v n khng b bt. C l ca mng lc nc ngm ni
chung l t 0,4 m n 0,5 m, mc du c khi cn dng c l khc tu
theo mc ch ly mu v cc cht cn xc nh. D l dng mng lc no
cng cn bo co r trong kt qu phn tch l cht "lc c" (hi r c l)
thay v cc cht "ho tan". iu quan trng l khi lc nc ngm k kh th
phi tin hnh trong nhng iu kin k kh.
Trong mi trng hp cn phi m bo rng cc bnh cha mu gi n
phng th nghim phi c y kn, bo v khi tc ng ca nh sng v
sc nng, Nu khng, cht lng mu c th thay i nhanh chng do trao
i khng kh, cc phn ng ho hc v s ng ho ca vi sinh vt. Nu
mu khng th phn tch ngay trong phng th cn c n nh hoc
bo qun . Khi lu gi mu ngn hn c th lm lnh n 4OC; khi lu gi
mu di hn hn cn phi lm nglnh n - 20OC. Nu ng lnh, cn
phi bo m rng mu tan hon ton trc khi phn tch bi v qu trnh
ng lnh c th lm tng nng ca mt s cht phn gia ca mu,
ni ng lnh sau cng.

C th bo qun mu bng cch thm ho cht, nhng phi bo m rng

phng php bo qun chn khng gy cn tr cho phn tch tip theo
phng th nghim (xem TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667-3)).
6. Ch an ton
Hng dn chung v an ton c nu trong ISO 5667-1, nhng cn ch nhng
mt sau y khi ly mu nc ngm.
Lun ch n mt t xung quanh ging hoc ging khoan, nht l
nhng ging c, v c th c nguy c b st. Thang v dn gio trong hm
ging c th khng chc nn phi mc o qun bo h tt khi xung
ging. t nht phi c hai ngi c mt khi ly mu: mt ngi lun lun
trn mt t v v tr sn sng tr gip nu c s c v ri ro c th xy
ra cho ngi ang ly mu di ging.
Khi ly mu trong mt khng gian cht hp (th d di ging o, ging
khoan, v.v...) cn th trc khng kh v s thiu ht oxi, c mt cc
kh d chy, H2S hoc cc hi kh c khc. iu cng cn ngay khi ly
mu khng gian khng cht hp qu nhng b nhim nng nhng vng
xung quanh ni c nc ngm ang c nghin cu. Phi lun mc qun o
bo h thch hp khi ly mu, v nht nh khng c tin hnh cng vic
nu kim tra an ton cho thy nhng du hiu khng an ton c th xut
hin. Nu nht thit phi ly mu trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th phi
p dng nhng bin php c bit vi s ng ca nhng c quan chu
trch nhim v nhng vn an ton v sc kho ca quc gia hay a
phng.
Khi lm vic vi nhng c s nc ngm b nhim nng, iu quan trng
l phi kim tra cn thn nhng thng tin v ngun nhim quyt
nh nhng kim tra an ton cn thit. Khi cc nghin cu cn tin hnh
gn nhim mnh, cc thao tc phi c lm pha trn gi nu c th, v
cm ngt n, ung, ht thuc khu vc nghin cu. thn trng, cn
kim tra y t nhng ngi nghin cu ngay sau cng vic v sau kim
tra nh k nhng khong thi gian thch hp.
7. Nhn dng mu v ghi chp
Cc bnh cha mu cn c nh du bn v r rng. Mi chi tit cn cho
phn tch mu phi c ghi r trn nhn km vi bnh cha cng vi mi
thng tin lin quan cn c tron gbn bo co ly mu. Khi cn dng nhiu
bnh cha cho mt mu, thng ch dng mt s nhn dng tt c cc
bnh v ghi mi chi tit ly mu vo bo co ly mu. Nhn v mi ghi chp
phi hon thnh vo thi gian ly mu.
Nhng chi tit ghi trn nhn v bo co ph thuc vo mc tiu ly mu, nhng trng hp no cng cn ghi y thng tin cn thit c th ly li
mu trong mi iu kin ng nht. Nhng thng tin cn ghi l:
a) Tn v a im ly mu;
b) Ngy thng v thi gian ly mu;
c) Bn cht ca tng ngm nc v a tng sinh nc;
d) Loi im ly mu (ging o, ging khoan, ging phun);
e) Nhng thng tin m t lin quan (th d m t kch thc ging);
f) Ch bm v su ht v/hoc x;
g) Mc nc trong ging;
h) Phng php ly mu;
i) su ly mu;

j) B ngoi ca mu khi mi ly th d mu, c, c, mi);

k) Cc kt qu phn tch ti ch (th d pH, oxi ho tan);
l) Chi tit v phng php bo qun mu s dng;
m) Chi tit v lc ti ch (th d c l mng lc);
n) Chi tit v phng php lu gi mu dng/v yu cu dng;
o) Tn ngi ly mu
Ph lc A cho mt th d v bo co ly mu c th c s dng trong tnh
hung khi tt c cc thng tin ly mu c thu thp.
Ph lc A
(tiu chun)
Bo co - Ly mu nc ngm
L
do
ly
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
........................
V
tr
ca
im
ly
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
.........
Tnh
cht
ca
im
ly
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
..
Bn
cht
ca
tng
ngm
nc: ..........................................................................................................................................
Ngy..................thng.......................nm:.................................................................................
.......................................
o
mc
nc:..............................................Th
tch:.......................................................................................................
Thi gian
Bt u...................Kt thc...................Ly
mu.......................................................................
Phng
php
ly
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
............
Ch

bm/
su
ca
trm
bm: ...................................................................................................................................
Mc
nc
trong
tng
ngm
nc: ....................................................................................................................................

su
ly
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
.....................
B
ngoi
ca
mu: ..........................................................................................................................................
..................
...................................................................................................................................................
........................................
Chi
tit
v
phng
php
lu
gi

dng/
v
yu
cu
dng:.............................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
........................................
Tn
hoc
tn
tt
ca
ngi
ly
mu :.................................................................................................................................
Nhng
ghi
ch
khc:...........................................................................................................................................
.. ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Kt qu o ti hin trng
Nhit
oxi ho tan

pH

dn

Th in ho

Eh

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