Today we will start with chapter three from your book .

Cell structure and Taxonomy :

The cell : is the fundamental unit of all

living organism e.g.: human, plants, animal. except some structure which called .acellular e.g.: viruses

Metabolism :refers to all the chemical

reactions that occur within a cell (anabolism: the buildup of molecule within the cell and. catabolism: breaks down of macromolecules that .( help to make larger unit in the cell

:Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

Bacteria and archaea are called prokaryotes or prokaryotic cells because they do not have true nucleus (the nucleus that has nuclear envelop =their DNA is enclosed by a nuclear membrane) in contrast they contain * nucloid which is a space in the cytoplasm where you going to find the nuclear material of prokaryotes .The more complex cell, containing a true nucleus and many membranebound organelles are called eukaryotic cells or eukaryotes e.g. humans, animals, plants and fungi (fungi considered eukaryotes because it has

specific structures caused the similarity between .(them and eukaryotes nucloid (oid means look like so nucloid means look * . like nucleus

:Note

Bacterial cells do not have the complex system of membranes organelles .However, it helps us to know a lot about our genes and functions of these genes e.g. the genetic engineering studies on E. coli Some microorganisms are prokaryotic, some are.eukaryotic, and some are not cell at all

Viroids: structures look like viruses ,found only in plants .cells and can caused diseases to plants Prions: abnormal protein (turn normal protein to abnormal and of course the function going to be different .) they caused mad cow disease

Viruses:

(an acellular microorganism

Composed of only a few genes protected by protein coat that coated the genetic material which can be(double stranded DNA, single stranded RNA , single stranded DNA or double .(stranded RNA

If the virus is coated by protein coat only we call it naked virus, but if it has additional envelope .we call it enveloped virus

Virus depend on energy and metabolic

machinery of the host cell in order to reproduce. that means, viruses use all reproduction enzymes of the host cell that needed for its reproduction e.g. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. also use some enzyme for different purpose other than replication like integrase to integrate their genome into our cells."HIV virus can live only 2 minutes ."outside the host cell

1 4

naked( non- enveloped) viruses & 2+4 1+3 enveloped viruses

Viruses : can infect human cells and

bacterial cells by different way .so each virus is specialized that means it can infect specific type of cell e.g. Hepatitis viruses like

Hepatitis C , Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E ) can) only infect hepatocytes . and there is a .specific virus can only infect E-coli bacteria ?How virus infect E-coli
First of all we call the virus that infect bacteria phage or bacteriophage. These phage attach to the bacteria and it starts secreted enzyme that makes a hole in bacterial membrane then phage injects its genetics material directly into the bacterial cytoplasm .genes of phage start producing phage's head ,tail and all parts of phage's body then these parts assembled to create (complete phage= virions) these when virions increased in number they rupture the bacterial cell membrane and spread outside looking for another bacterial cell to infect and .attack it .(remember: virus infection to human cell has different way)

Eukaryotic cell structures

Here is the eukaryotic cell structures where all the organelles are bounded by membranes you can see: the nucleus and the ribosomes and SER & RER
(the difference between them is the presence of the ribosomes ) and you can see also the lysosmes and many other structure . we are going to talk about them one by .one

Yeast cell

Transmission e-microscope

diagram

You can see the nucleus and nuclear pores (these also found in our cells help to transport and export of RNA ) and vacuole important and mitochondria .and cytoplasm surrounding by cell membrane

Note: Yeast cells is eukaryotes it is a fungi

.and it is bigger than bacteria cell

Know let us start discussing the cell :structures starting from outside with

:Cell membrane

Mosaic of large the same meaning ane and cytoplasmic membrane are all have molecules of proteins

and phospholipids ,it regulate the passage of nutrition ,wastes and secretions in and .out of the cell So it consist of phospholipids bilayer and inserted within it you can find proteinsembedded in it- called transmembrane proteins can form channels for transport different molecules in and out of the cell, some of them are general channels and some of them are specialized.. you can also find other proteins in the inner or the outer .surface of the cell membrane

:The nucleus
Is the command center of the cell so nucleus .to the cell is like a brain to our body
It has three components : nucleoplasm .,chromosomes and nuclear membrane You have taken in biochemistry that the transcription take place in the nucleus and then they live it by nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm and attach to the ribosomes that has mRNA and the translation . process start ending with mature protein

In bacterial cell replication (transcription and translation )is different from human cell and the difference is that in bacterial cell both transcription and translation happened at the .same time The chromosomes: are embedded in the nucleoplasm ,in eukaryotes it consist of: linear DNA molecules-actully they are complex and heavily folded we have about 46chr in somatic cell and 23chr in germ cells. and proteins. -histones Genes are located in the DNA molecules each gene of them contain information to produce genetic .product Most genes code for proteins but some code for 2 : types of RNA rRNA & tRNA . this is an important point in molecular microbiology because we use it to know .the origin of bacteria The organism complete collection of genes is the organism's genotype or genome. Some books .included also RNA to the this term The number and composition of chromosomes and the number of genes on each chromosome are characteristic of the particular species of . organism Human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.and they are homologs = half from the .mother and the other half from the father

:Cytoplasm
Is a semi-fluid gelatinous nutrient matrix. contains storage granules and variety of organelles each .has specific function It is the place where most metabolic reactions .occur like :catabolism and anabolism

: Endoplasmic reticulum
A highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the .cytoplasm It makes some modification to protein e.g. in its C or N terminals (so ER serve as factory modified protein) then transport it to Golgi apparatus where the modification is completed also packaging of protein and flag them to go to . specific organelles doing specific function

:Ribosomes
Mainly ribosomal RNA and proteins .important in .the synthesis of protein

:Golgi complex
Communicates with ER complete transformation of newly synthesized proteins and package them for .storage or export

Lysosomes and :peroxisomes

.Originate in the Golgi complex Lysosomes contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes e.g. (protease :breaks protein ,nuclease :RNAase or DNAase , phosphtedase , peptidase :breaks peptide bonds )but the ?question is Why we have such enzyme The answer is our cell component has a life span and it become like waste and we should break it .and recycle it So our cells is well organized they know what they need ,when they need it and when they need to break it .that is why we have post translation modification. Lysozyme also important to get rid of bacterial infections. So lysosome in single cell is .like antibody in our bodies Peroxisomes are membrane bound vesicles where . H2O2 is generated and broken down Hydrogen peroxide is responsible for aging of the cell and its destroyed by catalase that is why some people say when the white hair start to appear the .catalase rate is low .So H2O2 is really bad to our cells

Mitochondria

power plants" ,"power houses" or "energy" factories" of the eukaryotic cell.ATP molecules are formed by cellular respiration .((so we have our respiration =breathing and cellular respiration which is three types produce ATP with different levels first type aerobic and second is anaerobic that produce ATP with low level and the third type (( is fermentation that produce nicotinamide Number of mitochondria varies depending on activities of the cell . e.g. muscle cells has large number of mitochondria because we depend on our muscle to breath to move

Plastids
Membrane bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments .they found in plants and not found in animal cells. they are sites of .photosynthesis .Chloroplasts are a type of plastid

Cytoskeleton
a system of fibers throughout the :cytoplasm.3types of fibers microtubules , microfilaments and intermediate .filaments .Microtubules important for cell division or mitosis

Microfilaments = actin filaments found in the peripheries of the cell to give it a shape and they . are important for cell movement Intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of the cell to move and transport molecules inside .the cell

: Cell wall
Some eukaryotic cells contain cell walls an external structure to provide shape, protection and .rigidity. It is simpler than prokaryotic cell wall Chitin found in the cell wall of fungi; cellulose in .cell wall of plants and algae

Please forgive me for any mistake AND please do not forget to pray for security and stability .in Yemen, Syria and all the Arab world

To YEMEN : my

heart is with you and my .voice never ceases to pray for victory .Azal Amshoosh