4. Flexural Members - Elastic 4.1. Reading Assignment: Section 3.3 of Text. 4.2. Unreinforced Concrete Beam: 1.

Assumptions: a b Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A. Stress-strain relationship linear

c. Concrete is capable of some tension.

stresses 0.5f c

compression

fr

tension

(strains)

2. Plain concrete beam. - before cracking r ( c ) hc c E c r( c ) = f r c hc hc Cc h

2c 3 2 (h c) 3 Tc

h- c
r

strains

E c r = f r stresses

c Cc = 1 fr cb 2 h c
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T c = 1 f r(h c)b 2 Equilibrium Cc = Tc c 1f cb = 1 f r(h c)b 2 2 r h c simplify c 2 = (h c) 2 c = (h c) c = h 2

Therefore, moment when cracking is about to occur: M cr = (Moment Arm) Force M cr = 2 hT c = 2 hC c = 1 f rh 2b 3 3 6

3. Plain concrete beam - After cracking let cracking extend distance into beam. r h 2 h 2 r b strains E c r = f r stresses E c r = f r Cc h N.A.
2 (h ) 3

Tc forces

h C c = T c = 1 fr b 2 2 M = 2 (h )C c = 1 f rb(h ) 2 6 3 When = 0, we get the same result as the one without cracking.
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4.3. Reinforced Concrete Beam - Uncracked 1. Assumptions: a. Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A. b. Linear stress- strain relationship; c. Strain compatibility between steel and concrete = s = c 2. Reinforced concrete beam. Before cracking

1 = r(

c ) h c

f1 Cc

h d

c s=

d- c -

h- c -

d c c
f r = f 1(h c) c stresses

Ts Tc

r = 1(h c) c strains

forces

Equilibrium: Summation of forces in tension must be equal to the summation of forces in compression. Express all forces in terms of a single stress f1: C c = 1 f 1cb 2 h c Tc = 1 f1 (h c)b = 1 f 1 b (h c) 2 c 2 2 c

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The tension force in steel, Ts, can be determined as (compensate for area of concrete taken by steel): T s = f s As f c A s T s = f s As
1

(d c) Ec A s c
1

= Es s As

(d c) Ec As c

(d c) = E s 1(d c) A s 1 Ec As c c substitute for 1 and simplify Ts = Es Ts = f1 d c f (d c) ( c ) As 1 Ec As c Ec Ec

E A E A f 1(d c) s s c s c Ec Ec f 1(d c)[(n 1)A s] c

factor out

Ts = Equilibrium:

substitute for n =

Es Ec

or

Cc = T s + T c

1 f cb = f (d c)A (n 1) + 1 f (h c) 2 b s 1 c c 2 1 2 1 Multiply both sides by 2c/f1: c 2b = 2 (d c)A s(n 1) + (h c) 2b We would like to obtain the ratio c/d in terms of known section properties. Expand the previous equation: c 2b = 2 dA s(n 1) 2c(n 1)A s + h 2b 2hcb + c 2b Simplify and divide by bd2 we get
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2 A A 0 = 2 d s (n 1) 2 c (n 1) s + h 2b 2h c b d bd d bd d db d b

(4.1)

define as the reinforcement ratio: As bd then Eq. (4.1) given above can be written as: = 0 = 2 s(n 1) 2 c (n 1) + (h) 2 2 h c d d dd simplify and solve for c/d: Uncracked

c = 2(n 1) + (hd) 2 d 2(n 1) + 2(hd)

Note: Knowing Eq. (4.2), we can solve for c; solve for f1 = fr c / (h- c) Knowing c, we can solve for Cc, Ts, and Tc; Knowing forces, Cc, Ts, and Tc; we can find moment capacity of the section. M capacity = C c(2 c) + T s(d c) + T c(h c) 2 3 3

(4.2)

For any concrete tension < fr

If Mapplied > Mat Fr Tension stress in concrete will be greater than fr and section will become cracked Section.

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4.4. Example 1. Calculate Cracking Moment (Mcr) Calculate the moment of the section shown below when maximum tensile stress in concrete is equal to fr (Cracking Moment) As =0.22 in2 1 = r( c ) h c f1 = fr c hc Cc 6 5 5- c r = 1(h c) c strains f r = f 1(h c) c stresses forces c

Ts Tc

b=4

Given Material Properties fc = 3200 psi fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi Solution

0.22(in 2) As = = 0.011 4(in) 5(in) bd

29, 000 (ksi) Es = n = = 9.01 9 Ec 3, 220 (ksi) h = 6 = 1.2 d 5 2(n 1) + (h) 2 2 0.011 8 + (1.2) 2 c = d = = 0.627 d 2 0.011 8 + 2 (1.2) 2(n 1) + 2(h) d c = 0.627d = 0.627 5(in) = 3.14 inches

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f1 = fr

c c

= 0.5

3.14 = 0.549 ksi 6 3.14

Having f1, we can easily calculate all forces: C c = 1 f 1cb = 1 0.549(ksi) 3.14(in) 4(in) = 3.45 kip 2 2 Ts = f1

c (n 1)A s c 5(in) 3.14(in) (9 1) 0.22(in 2) = 0.57 kips 3.14(in)

= 0.549(ksi)

h c Tc = 1 f1 (h c)b c 2 [6(in) 3.14(in)] 4(in) = 2.86 = 1 0.549(ksi) 3.14(in) 2 Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cc = Ts + Tc ? Cc = 0.57 + 2.86 = 3.43 kips = Cc kips ; the difference is due to rounding error associated with calculating c
2

kips

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section) Force Kips C c = 3.45 kips T s = 0.57 T c = 2.86 Moment Arm inches 2 c = 2 3.14 = 2.09 3 3 d c = 5 3.14 = 1.86 2 (h c) = 2 (6 3.14) = 1.91 3 3 Moment in- kips = 7.21 = 1.06 = 5.46

Total M = 13.73 in-kips

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4.5. Example 2. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Cracked Beam Consider the section from the previous example after cracking has progressed 3 inches into beam. As =0.22 in2 3- c c 6 5 d- c 3 Ts 4 r ( 5 c ) 3 c strains r fr r( c ) 3 c fr c 3c Cc Tc

stresses

forces

Given: From previous example problem we have: fc = 3200 psi fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi Solution 500 (psi) = 0.000155 3, 220, 000 (psi) 5 c 5 c = 0.000155 3 c 3 c

r =

s = r

Calculate forces (kips)

2 c c2 Cc = 1 fr c 4(in) = 1 0.5(ksi) c 4 = 2 3 c 2 3 c 3 c

T c = 1 f r(3 c) 4(in) = 3 c 2 T s = 0.000155

5 3

c 5 c 29, 000(ksi) 0.22(in 2) = 0.99 c 3 c

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Let

5 c c2 = 3 c + 0.99 3 c 3 c Solve for c we get: c = 2.0 inches Calculate forces; Cc = c2 22 = = 4 kips 32 3 c

T c = 3 c = 3 2 = 1 kips T s = 0.99

5 3

c c

= 2.97 kips

Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ? Cs = 2.97 + 1 = 3.97 kips = Cc = 4.0 kips ; the difference is due to rounding error associated with calculating c

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section) Force Kips C c = 4 kips T s = 2.97 Tc = 1 Moment Arm inches 2 c = 2 2 = 1.33 3 3 d c=52=3 2 (3 c) = 2 (3 2) = 0.67 3 3 Moment in- kips = 5.32 = 8.91 = 0.67

Total M = 14.9 in- kips -

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4.6. Example 3. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Beam when Tension Steel Yields (My) Calculate yield moment (when tension steel is yielding). Assume linear stress-strain relationship for concrete. As =0.22 in2 c 6 5 5- c a r = 0.000155 y = 0.00103 4 Given: From previous example problem we have: fc = 3200 psi fr = 500 psi E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi Solution Calculate important parameters 500(psi) r = = 0.000155 3, 220, 000(psi) y = fy 30 ksi = = 0.00103 Es 29, 000 ksi fy = 30,000 psi strains stresses fr y ( c ) 5 c Ec y c 5c Cc Tc

Ts forces

a = 0.000155 (5 c) = 0.151(5 c) 0.00103 Calculate forces (kips) C c = 0.00103( c )(3220 ksi) 1 4(c) = 6.66 c 2 5 c 2 5 c

T c = 1 (0.5 ksi)[0.151(5 c)(4 in)] = 0.151(5 c) 2 T s = A s fy = (0.22 in 2) (30 ksi) = 6.6 kips

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Let

T
6.66

c2 = 0.151(5 c) + 6.6 5 c

c 2 + 1.246c 5.651 = 0 Solve for c c = Calculate forces; C c = 6.66 1.83 2 = 5 1.83 7.08 kips kips 1.246 1.246 2 + 5.651 4 2

c = 1.83 in

T c = 0.151(5 1.83) = 0.48 T s = 6.6 kips Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ?

Ts + Tc = 6.6 + 0.48 = 7.08 kips = Cc = 7.08 kips

o.k.

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section) Force Kips C c = 7.08 kips T s = 6.6 T c = 0.48 Moment Arm inches 2 c = 2 1.83 = 1.22 3 3 d c = 5 1.83 = 3.17 2 a = 2 0.151(5- 1.83) = 0.32 3 3 Moment in- kips = 8.64 = 20.92 = 0.15

Total M = 29.71 in- kips -

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4.7. Linear Stress- Strain Relationship for Concrete in Compression When the tension stress exceeds the modulus of rupture, cracks form. If the concrete compression stresses less than approximately 0.5fc and the steel stress has not reached the yield point, both steel and concrete behave elastically. This situation generally happens under service loads. Since the contribution of tension in concrete is negligible in most case, it is assumed that tension cracks have progressed all the way to the neutral axis and that sections plane before bending are plane in the bent member. Therefore, we will assume that concrete tension capacity is zero. c = s( kd h d d- kd s = y b Equilibrium: C=T strains stresses forces kd ) d kd fc 1 kd 3 Cc 2 kd 3 d 1 kd 3 Ts

1 f (kd)b = A f s s 2 c From geometry we have: c = s kd k = s d kd 1 k

for linear stress- strain relationship we have f c = c Ec therefore we have C = T k ) E kdb = A f 1 f (kd)b = 1 E (kd)b = 1 ( c c c s s s 2 2 2 1 k c

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divide both sides by bd and note = k 1 E k = fs 2 s1 k c divide both sides by s E c and note then we will have: 1k k = n 2 1 k simplify k 2 = 2(1 k)n k 2 + 2nk 2n = 0 solve for k k = simplify 2n 4(n) 2 + 4(2n) 2

As bd

fs E = s = n s Ec Ec

k =

(n)2

+ 2n n

(4.3)

Remember this equation is good only when concrete behaves linearly. The yield moment capacity of the section can be determined by taking moment about steel location: M y = A s fs (d kd) 3 M y = A s fs d(1 k ) 3

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