Chapter Two Review of Related Literature

This chapter consists of the following topics of light, optical fiber, resin, namely (A) foreign literature, (B) local literature, (C) foreign study, (D) local study.

A. Foreign Literature Clear cast encapsulation resin Clear casting resin or clear cast encapsulation resin optically clear polyurethane casting that is a hard, UV resistant and non-yellowing resin. It can also transmit light, thus making it possible to be the primary component of a light tube. Over a 16 cm optical path length, resin can internally transmit 4 times more light (@ 555 nm) than polycarbonate. This Is an analysis of a car company that clearly states that resins can definitely transmit light. Moreover, Clear Casting Resin provides a combination of performance properties including optical clarity, mechanical strength, hydrolysis resistance, gloss retention, yellowing resistance and UV resistant. It is usually used in point-of-purchase displays, rapid prototypes, special effects, sculpture reproductions, and giftware. Clear Casting Resin is often used to encapsulate objects. Come of the most common uses of clear casting are point-of-purchase displays, rapid prototypes, special effects, sculpture reproductions, giftware, etc. thus sometimes it is also called as clear cast encapsulation resin.

In handling or keeping the Resin its containers should be tightly closed when not in use and store in a cool, dryplace. Do not expose the clear casting resin curative or pre-polymer to moisture. If moisture contaminates clear casting resin, it will not cure. If these storage requirements are met, clear casting resin carries a shelf life warranty of six months. Illumination levels on Dependent Resistor The following are illustrations of typical illumination levels and resistance developed on a typical dependent resistor.
Table __ Guide to Source of Illumination

Figure __ Resistance as Function of Illumination

Optical Fibers Optical Fibers are considered to be a milestone in the field of communications technology. IT is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or light pipe; to

transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) those other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals trace along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Optical fiber carries much more information that conventional copper wire and is not subjected to electromagnetic interference and the need to retransmit signals. Most telephone company long-distance lines are now made of optical fiber. Transmission over an optical fiber cable requires repeaters at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable that copper. On the other hand, because of the ability of optical fibers to transmit light, it has been made as light tube or a source of light during day time. Just like the optical fiber light tube that some researchers developed at oak ridge national laboratory in 2003 and the same as the system that was installed at the American Museum of Science and Energy, Tennessee, USA, in 2005. Indoor Lightings/Light Tube Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. In their application to daylighting, they are also often called sun pipes, sun scopes, solar light pipes, sky lights or daylight pipes. Generally speaking, a light pipe or light tube may refer to: a tube or pipe for transport of light to another location, minimizing the loss of light; a

transparent tube or pipe for distribution of light over its length, either for equidistribution along the entire length or for controlled light leakage. If you have a room or a part of your house that doesnt get enough direct sunlight through windows, a solar light tube or an indoor lighting may help you get more natural daylight into the room. The lighting becomes more pleasant that that provided by electric lighting, and you can save on electricity costs. Light Light is defined as an Electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the range from about 4,000 (violet) to about 7,700 (red) angstroms and may be perceived by the normal unaided human eye. Light travels as waves, and may not need any medium to travel through. It can even travel through a vacuum. A light wave consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields. The fields vibrate at right angles to the direction of movement of the wave, and at right angles to each other. Light is one of the most familiar things in our lives. We see because we have organs (our eyes) that sense the intensity (brightness) and wavelength (color) of light. We experience light in a variety of other ways as well. For example, we sense radiant heat when our skin is near a warm object. This is due to our skin's reaction to infrared radiation. We learn almost all of what we know about the world around us from the interaction of the objects in the world with electromagnetic radiation. Often, the word 'light' is used a little more broadly, to include electromagnetic radiation that is just outside the range we can see, in the ultraviolet and infrared.

This phenomenon refers to the energy that moves from one place to another, and carries with it an electric field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic radiation has several kinds but light is the part we see. B. Foreign Studies Transparent concrete using Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) With energy and safety evaluation in mind for infrastructure, a research was conducted in order to use Plastic Optical Fiber and Fiber Bragg Grating as a transparent concrete along with its transparent and smart sensing properties. The experimental results show that an optical can be easily combined with concrete and that POF could provide a steady light transmitting ratio. Moreover FBG can be used as a sensing element for strain and temperature. This study also discusses the mechanical effects of introducing POF into concrete specimens. Because the smart transparent concrete can be regarded green energy saving construction material as a smart intrinsic sensor for long-term Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), it is a promising technology for field applications in civil infrastructure. The damage of step index multimode fibers transmitting Ho:YAG laser power at specific wavelength, bent radius and average power to the silica optical fibers. Because silica optical fibers are being increasingly used for delivering laser power in various medical applications a study was conducted to examine the damage of step index multimode fibers transmitting Ho:YAG laser power with specific bent radius, wavelength and average power to the silica optical fibers. It shows that laser damage to the optical fiber can occur when fiber is bent while transmitting high power laser light, leading to a serious concern for medical application. In many medical applications, small radius bend of the fiber is often required. In this study, we examined

the damage of step index mutilmode fibers transmitting Ho:YAG laser power at wavelength of 2140nm when bent to a radius down to 5mm and carried an average power of up to 100W. We compared the results of different types of fiber and fibers made with different manufacture processes in an attempt to gain more knowledge about the failure mechanism. All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding This study tackles about the fabrication of a new type of optical wave guide: the photonic crystal fiber. It consists of a pure silica core surrounded by a silica --- air photonic crystal material with a hexagonal symmetry. The fiber supports a single robust low-loss guided mode over a very broad spectral range of at least 458-1550 nm. Thus using this new type of cladding it would be more advantageous. Microhardness of Composites in Simulated Root Canals Cured with Light Transmitting Posts and Glass-Fiber Reinforced Composite Posts In thirty black plastic cylinders measuring 15 mm in length and 4 mm in internal diameter were divided into three groups. The composite resin was packed into simulated canals. The light-transmitting plastic posts and glass-fiber-reinforced composite posts were inserted into simulated canals and light cured for 90 seconds. The control group was light cured directly. To ensure continual change of material properties by increasing the length of material, a surface microhardness test was done 2mm, 4 mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm and 14mm from the light exposure surface. He results showed a significant increase in microhardness of composite resin (depth of cure) for both light-transmitting plastic posts and glass-fiber-reinforced composite posts compared with the control group. The microhardness of composite resin was also

significantly higher with light-transmitting plastic posts than glass-fiber-reinforced composite posts after 8mm. A Simple Etching Technique for Improving the Retention of Fiber Posts to Resin Composites Coupling of fiber posts to composites is hampered by absence of chemical union between epoxy resins and methacrylate-based resins. This study examined a clinically feasible protocol for creating micromechanical retention on the surface of fiber posts, using hydrogen peroxide etching to remove the surface layer of epoxy resin. This was followed by silanization of the exposed quartz fibers to enhance their chemical bonding to composites. Etching 24% H202 for 10 min or 10% H202 for 20 min produced a 50 Qm thick surface zone that is depleted of epoxy resin, leaving intact, undamaged quartz fibers for silanization. Low viscosity flowable composites were employed to infiltrate this zone, to simulate the creation of hybrid layers in acid-etched dentin by dentin adhesives. Interfacial strengths were enhanced with the adjunctive use of H202 etching and silanization, and were probably dependent on the ability of the flowable composites to completely infiltrate this interdiffusion zone.