NOTE: Ikaw nang bahala kung isasama mo pa sa powerpoint yung mga naka-italicized or i-eexplain na lang verbally.

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. Based on the plot, is there a maximum and/or minimum critical solution temperature? What is the critical temperature? Compare this with the literature value.

Figure 1. Mutual Solubility Curve for Phenol-Water Solution The critical solution temperatures were determined at 35% Phenol 65% Water ratio, 61.0C (for single phased region) and 59.0C (for double phased region), based from the two polynomial trend lines. [NOTE: Hindi ako sure kung tama ito na magkahiwalay pa ang critical temperature for single and double phased regions. Kay Jepoy galing yan eh, pero ang definition kasi ng critical temperature eh parang borderline siya between the single and double phased regions so I was thinking baka range ang critical temperature dito. Baka 59-61 degrees Celsius ang considerable critical temperature. Di ko pa rin sure kaya sinunod ko na lang yung kay Jepoy. Kapag tinanong ni maam kung anong phase ang in between the single and double phase, ang naiisip ko lang na isagot ay it is the transition from single phase to

the complete separation of phases, P=2.] Most experiments conducted demonstrate that liquid water and phenol show limited visibility below 70C [1]. Therefore, the critical temperature, being below 70C, is a considerable data for the experiment. NOTE: Kinuha ang critical temperature sa peak ng graph dahil doon may pinakamalaking variation. Basta gets ko yung bakit sa peak kinuha ang critical temperature part, explain ko sayo sa monday. NOTE AGAIN: Sa pagkakaalam ko parehong higher critical temperature (HCT) ang nasa diagram natin, kasi kapag HCT daw, according sa Atkins, above is P=1 and below is P=2. Kapag lower critical temperature naman, above is P=2 and below is P=1. Habang tinatype ko to naisip ko lang, yung blue poly trend line pala sa baba niya P=2 at sa taas niya P=2 rin (yung transition phase?) bago mag P=1 . O.o Watda. Im speechless. Gulong gulo ako sa question no.1 2. Are the different temperature readings constant for the same wt% sample-water mixture? If not, explain these differences. Based from the data presented by the groups that conducted the experiment, the different temperature readings for the same wt% samplewater mixture are far from being constant. These variations can be the product of the following: a. Difference in the Nature of the Solute and the Solvent either or both phenol and/or the distilled water is contaminated b. Difference in the Preferences for Cloudy or Clear a specific appearance may appear cloudy or clear for a certain individual but may not appear as such for another individual c. Sudden Exposure to Temperature Changes the temperature wherein the cloudiness appeared and disappeared in the mixture may not be exact due to the extreme and rapid change in temperature d. Miscalculation and other Personal Errors miscalculation of the water to be added to achieve the wt% of phenol in the phenol-water mixture needed and other personal errors such as with the use of measuring devices (graduated cylinder) NOTE: Eto lang yung mga naisip ko na pedeng magcontribute sa malaking kaibahan ng mga data ng ibat ibang group. Kung may naisip ka pang iba add mo na lang. 3. Explain why at high sample concentrations the solution solidifies during the cooling process. The freezing point of phenol is 42-43C while that of water is 0C. The properties of the higher phenol concentration solution are more similar to that of phenol and inclines to that of water as the concentration decreases. Therefore, the phenol-liquid water mixture with a higher phenol concentration will solidify during the cooling process because of the presence of a large amount of phenol compared to that of water. NOTE: Nakuha ko ang freezing point of phenol sa Perrys. Obviously, sa cooling process naeexpose ang mixture sa low temperatures but

not lower than 0 degrees Celsius so hindi likely na mag-freeze ang low sample concentration mixture. 4. Suggest a procedure by which the composition of a layer can be determined experimentally.

Figure 2. Phase diagram of a system in which the liquids become fully miscible before boiling.

Fractional distillation can be performed in order to determine the composition of a layer of partially miscible liquids in which the boiling of the liquids occurs before mixing is complete. In the case of the phenol-water mixture wherein the liquids become fully miscible before they boil, the composition of the layers can be determined through distillation and the aid of the phase diagram (T vs. %wt of Phenol). The lever rule can be applied to determine the composition of each layer once a specific composition of the mixture is vaporized and then condensed to the temperature below the upper critical solution temperature (wherein P=2). NOTE: For further explanation of the diagram, see pg. 179-80 of Atkins Physical Chemistry CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS The turbidity or cloudiness of the phenol-water mixture is significant in constructing the mutual solubility curve for these two partially immiscible liquids. The cloudiness of the mixture signifies that it is still unmixed due to the presence of emulsion and that the mixture has two phases or double phase. On the other hand, the absence of cloudiness signifies that the mixture is completely mixed and that it has only a single phase. The construction of the mutual solubility curve for the phenol-water mixture by utilizing the data gathered in the experiment is essential in the determination of the critical solution temperature, in which the surface between the two phases of two partially immiscible liquids disappears. The errors and/or extreme variations in the data gathered through the experiment may or may not be caused by the difference in the nature of the solute and solvent used, the difference in the preferences for cloudy and clear of those conducting the experiment, the sudden exposure to temperature changes, miscalculations and other personal errors. Although the data gathered are sufficient in meeting the objectives of the experiment, our group suggests some revisions concerning the methodology of the experiment in order to acquire more accurate results. In addition to the cold bath and hot bath, a water bath of temperature 25-35C should be considered. This will prevent sudden changes in temperature and avoid the formation of cracks at the bottom of the hard-glass test tube. Before conducting the experiment, a standardized preference and/or description of the appearance and disappearance of cloudiness should also be discussed and agreed upon for a more uniform data. NOTE: May objective kasi concerning solubility, para safe i-take note natin ang pg.172 sa Atkins Physical Chemistry. Nandoon ang equation for ideal solubility using XB , T and Tf. REFERENCES [1] www.d.umn.edu (Eto yung PhyChemLab Source3.pdf baka lang tanungin ni Maam)

LAST NOTE: Ayan sana tama naman itong pinagagagawa ko. Goodluck sa reporting natin. Mapaguusapan pa naman natin eto sa Monday if ever may onti tayong babaguhin or kung pano natin i-rereport. Ang mahalaga ngayon maipasa natin kay Maam yung ppt. Hehe. Thanks Filo! Goodluck din sa technical difficulties hehe. Text ka lang kung may problem. Godbless and enjoy sa Metrobar. Ingats! **********END********* ____aldrinChan_____ Aldrin Lorrenz A. Chan Laboratory Partner