Contents

1. What is dengue fever 2. Symptoms of dengue fever 3. Characteristics of the Aedes mosquito 4. Life cycle of the Aedes mosquito 5. How the Aedes mosquito transmit diseases 6. How to prevent the spread of dengue fever

7. The 10-Mininute Wipe-out Exercise

What is dengue fever?

Dengue Fever is an illness caused by infection with a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.

Sudden-onset high grade fever (over 40 C) Headache (typically located behind the eyes) Muscle and joint pains (break bone fever) Nausea and vomiting Rash Mild bleeding from mouth (gums) and nose Low white blood cell count

Fever, or recent history of acute fever Hemorrhagic manifestations Low platelet count (100,000/mm3 or less) Objective evidence of leaky capillaries: low albumin

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Example of a skin rash due to dengue fever

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Do you know
Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) are the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. It can be fatal.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (The asian tiger mosquito) Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Polynesian tiger mosquito Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Inland Floodwater Mosquito)

Mosquito species
Culex spp:

Anopheles spp:

Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Common Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi Anopheles walkeri Culex erraticus encephalitis (sleeping sickness) Culex pipiens Haemagogus mosquitoes

 Breed well in tropical climates It little bit bigger in size than other mosquito species Life cycle completed in about 7 days Life span of 4 8 weeks Locate blood hosts by scent, sight and heat. They can smell your scent, especially the carbon dioxide you exhale 100 feet away (30 meters) and see you at 30 feet (10 meters).

Small in size with white dots Bites during day time, especially at dawn and dusk(crepuscular) Prefers to lay its eggs in artificial water containers, and does not fly far from breeding sites

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Culicidae Genus: Aedes Subgenus: Stegomyia Species: A. aegypti

Female : A smallish, dark mosquito with conspicuous white markings and banded legs; The proboscis is all black although the palps are white tipped; The scutum has a dorsal pattern of white scales in the form of a 'lyre' with curved lateral and central stripes contrasting with the general covering of narrow dark scales; Wings are dark scaled; Hind legs with femur pale scaled. Abdominal tergites with middle and lateral white scale patches or bands (possibly some white scales on apical margins),

Close-up of an Aedes mosquito

Do you know
Only the female Aedes mosquito feeds on blood. This is because they need the protein found in blood to produce eggs. Male mosquitoes feed only on plant nectar. On average, a female Aedes mosquito can lay about 300 eggs during her life span of 14 to 21 days.

Life cycle of the Aedes Mosquito

1-2 days

Pupae

Larvae

Eggs

4-5 days

2-3 days

Stagnant water

The virus is inoculated into humans with the mosquito saliva The virus localizes and replicates in various target organs, for example, local lymph nodes and the liver The virus is then released from these tissues and spreads through the blood to infect white blood cells and other lymphatic tissues The virus is then released from these tissues and circulates in the blood.

The mosquito ingests blood containing the virus The virus replicates in the mosquito mid gut, the ovaries, nerve tissue and fat body. It then escapes into the body cavity, and later infects the salivary glands The virus replicates in the salivary glands and when the mosquito bites another human, the cycle continues.

How Do Aedes Mosquitoes Transmit Diseases...

Mosquito bites and sucks blood containing the virus from an infected person. And passes the virus to healthy people when it bites them.

Virus is carried in its body.

Dengue is endemic in more than 110 countries

Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted from person to person by mosquito during blood meal The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 314 days, but most often it is 47 days. The virus has four different types

 There

are four distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DEN 1, DEN 2, DEN 3 and DEN 4) all of which have the potential to cause either classic dengue fever or the more serious form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).

Dengue is an arthropod-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related viruses, (Arbovirus). Characterized by fever, severe headache, backache joint pains nausea and vomiting, eye pain and rash

Occasionally produces shock and hemorrhage, leading

to death. Also called break bone fever, dandy fever or dengue

fever.

Can be transmitted via infected blood products and through organ donation. Vertical transmission (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported.
80% people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic or only have mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever Severe disease is more common in babies and young children, and it is more common in children that are relatively well nourished

8 Dengue + bleeding = DHF

4

capillary permeability Patient dies as a result of shock Poorly managed dengue can be more severe, but DHF is a distinct condition, which even well-treated patients may develop All age groups are involved All socioeconomic groups are affected

8 DHF kills only by hemorrhage

4

8 Poor management turns dengue into DHF

4

8 DHF is a pediatric disease

4

8 DHF is a problem of low income families

4

Complication of Dengue Fever occur in less than 5% of all cases of dengue.

Stomach pains, lethargy( Sluggishness), bleeding from mouth and gums Organ damage due to fluid accumulation in chest and abdominal cavity Dysfunction of the bone marrow leads to reduced numbers of platelets

Symptoms are similar to viral fevers

Serological tests are expensive and time required Diagnosis is mainly by history and clinical examination DHF diagnosed by dropping platelet counts

Clinical laboratory tests CBCWBC, platelets, hematocrit Albumin Liver function tests Urinecheck for microscopic hematuria Dengue-specific tests Virus isolation Serology

No specific treatment. No vaccine.

Fever usually runs its natural course and subsides

Oral rehydration therapy at home with close follow-up

Intravenous fluids at hospital

Paracetamol for fever and discomfort

Blood transfusion to replenish platelets

Avoid Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. Rest and drink plenty of fluids Monitor blood pressure, hematocrit, platelet count,... Keep patient in screened sickroom or under a mosquito net Mosquito barriers are only needed until fever subsides, to prevent Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from biting patients and acquiring virus.

Globally, there are an estimated 50 to 100 million cases of dengue fever (DF) and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) per year.

2.5 billion people are at risk world-wide

In the last 20 years, dengue transmission and the

frequency of dengue epidemics has increased greatly in most tropical countries

It is a resurgent (re-emergent) disease worldwide in

the tropics

WHO recommends an Integrated Vector Control program consisting of five elements: (1) Advocacy, social mobilization and legislation to ensure that public health bodies and communities are strengthened, (2) collaboration between the health and other sectors (public and private), (3) an integrated approach to disease control to maximize use of resources, (4) evidence-based decision making to ensure any interventions are targeted appropriately and (5) capacity-building to ensure an adequate response to the local situation.

Personal protection against mosquito biting by:

Screening doors and windows Protective clothing Application of mosquito repellents on exposed skin

However, the best preventive measure is vector control.

Prevent mosquito bites

Eliminate mosquito breeding places

Wear long sleeved clothes Use mosquito repellants Close house doors and windows at dawn and dusk Take extra care to protect people already having dengue fever from mosquitoes Do not send children with viral fever to schools or other classes as it might infect other children Change water in plant pots every 2 3 days Put fish into wells and other water containers Upend any container that can collect water Dispose of rubbish that can collect water Cover water containers

Expensive
Effective for only some hours

Indiscriminate - they kill every insect, even butterflies

Mosquitoes that survive come back stronger than ever Does not involve the community in taking responsibility for prevention

This is what you can do to help

Prevent Aedes from Breeding!

Remove ALL sources of stagnant water.

Deny the Aedes mosquito of any chance to breed.

Do the 10-Minute Wipe-out everyday.

Change water in vases on alternate days.

Do the 10-Minute Wipe-out everyday.

Remove water from flowerpot plates on alternate days.

Do the 10-Minute Wipe-out everyday.

Turn over all pails and water storage containers.

Do the 10-Minute Wipe-out everyday.

Cover bamboo pole holders when not in use.

Do the 10-Minute Wipe-out everyday.

Clear blockages and put Bti insecticide in roof gutters monthly.

Unwanted items

Do not litter. Rubbish such as cups and bottles can collect rain water and breed mosquitoes.

Before you leave for holidays

Before you leave for holidays

Cover all toilet bowls in your home. Seal off the overflow pipe of the flushing cistern. Cover all gully/floor traps.

Add sand granular insecticide to places that mosquitoes could potentially breed, such as flower vases and places where stagnant water could not be removed.

Before you leave for holidays(Contd)

Clear blockages and add Bti insecticide in roof gutters. Turn over all water storage containers. Ask a relative or close friend to check your home regularly for stagnant water if you are going away for a long period of time. Leave your contact with your neighbors or the neighborhood police post/ centre so that you can be reached easily.

Spread the dengue prevention message to others

Let your family, friends and neighbours know about the dangers of breeding Mosquitos!

STAY SAFE

Be healthy and eat good all the time