L/S of nerve fascicle Neurilemma(sheath of schwann ( with endonuerium?

-pointer)

x/s of nerve fascicles perineurium pointer

L/s of myelinated nerve fibers Node of ranvier(pointer) L/S of nerve fascicle Perinerium w/vaso nervorum (pointer)

Neural tube and notochord(pointer) x/s of myelinated nerve fibers vaso nervosum(pointer)

Anterior neuropore pointer x/s of several nerve fascicles epineurium(pointer)

L/s of nerve fascicle Node of ranvier pointer Neural tube& Notochord(pointer)

L/s myelinated nerve fiber Node of ranvier(pointer) Neural tube notochord somites(pointer)

Neural tube Telencephalic vesicle pointer From prosencephalon

Prosencephalon(pointer)

HE stain muscle fibers -polygonal appearance -subsarcolemmal nucleus -pointer at endolysial blood vessel

x/s myelinated fiber axis cylinder pointer

x/s nerve fascicles perineurium

Neural tube pointer w/ notochord below x/s sevrd nerve fascicles epineurium(pointer)

Muscle vasa nervorum at pointer Medullated. Nerve trunk l.s

Neural cavity

Paraxial Mesoderm

Notochord(pointer) and neural tube

Muscle

Perineurium

Ls nerve fascicle Node of ranvier Neural tube

Somite Sc thoracic

Smooth muscle

Sc cervical

Sacral Sc lumbar

Cervical Sc sacral

Cervical spine

Sacral2

Neuroanatomy Practical Notes: Shift 1 Spinal Cord -commences at the level of the foramen magnum -Foramen Magnum - Opening at the base of the skull - Above=brain; below=cord - demarcates the junction of the brain and cord -Spinal Cord- terminates at a conical expanded area Conus Medullaris - Lower border ends at the level of the adult 1st LV or in between L1-L2 *Lumbar Vertebra- has a hatchet (rectangular) shaped spine that points horizontally; kidney shaped body *Thoracic Vertebra- spine is thin, long and points downwards; heart shaped body *Cervical Vertebra- bifid spines, presence of transverse foramens (vertebral artery) *Atlas- (C1) no spine and body; wide vertebral foramen *Axis (C2) has a very small body with a protrusion (Dens) which articulates with the atlas Parts of the Vertebra Body Pedicel Transverse Process- in between pedicel and lamina Lamina Spine Intervertebral Disc- when one vertebra is placed one on top of the other, this is the intervening structure that pushes the two together 7. Supraspinous Ligament- joins spines together, they line the tip of the spine 8. Interspinous Ligament- intervening ligament that joins the bodies of the vertebra 9. Ligamentun Flavum- breach the laminae of the vertebrae above and the vertebrae below 10. Intervertebral Foramen- opening formed when the individual vertebra are placed one on top of the other a. Significance: exit of spinal nerves (not roots*) *from the spinal cord before the foramen, there are only roots; it is only after it goes out of the foramen that it becomes spinal nerves 11. Vertebral Foramen 12. Vertebral Canal- formed by several vertebral foramina put one on top of the other; spinal cord in located inside *Cauda Equina- lower lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral nerve roots that will have to go to their corresponding intervertebral foramina below, for them to exit -spinal nerve roots because the have not yet exited the intervertebral foramina Spinal Cord (cross section) -outer is white matter; inner is gray matter (H-shaped) -In the slide, white matter is darkly colored and gray matter is lightly colored because of the stain used -Ependymal cells-line the central canal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

-identify 1. Ventral Median Fissure 2. Central Canal 3. Dorsal Column 4. Lateral Funiculus 5. Ventral Funiculus 6. Dorsal Gray Horn 7. Ventral Gray Horn 8. Intermediate Zone Gray Matter-contains nerve cell bodies (nuclei) -divided into 3 parts -Dorsal Horn -Somatosensory -Rexed Lamina 1-6 and Dorsal Nucleus of Clark (which actually belongs to Lamina 7, and conveys UNCONSCIOUS propioception thru the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract) -Intermediate Zone -Autonomic; T1-L2; Sympathetic Preganglionic Efferents -B fibers -short conduction velocity; thinnest myelin sheath; motor function -IMM; IML; Sacral Autonomic Nuclei -Rexed Lamina 7, 10 (surrounds the central canal) -Ventral Horn -Somatomotor -Rexed Lamina 8,9 -Motor Neurons A (alpha/gamma); primarily located in lamina 9 -Medial Motor Neuron Group* -Lateral Motor Neuron Group* *Proximal-Distal Rule 1. Medial Motor Neurons- will supply the medially proximally located muscles of the body which will be the neck, trunk, and girdle muscles (shoulder, pelvic) 2. Lateral Motor Neurons- will supply muscles that are laterally distally located, both upper and lower extremities (hands, feet)

White Matter- contains the numerous fiber tracts -can be divided into 3 groups 1. Ventral Funiculus- b/w ventral median fissure and ventrolateral sulci 2. Dorsal Column- b/w dorsal median sulcus and dorsolateral sulci 3. Lateral Funiculus- b/w dorsolateral and ventrolateral sulci -Fiber tracts- ascend and descend Ascending-usually sensory* Descending-usually motor8* *not always

Dorsal Column -purely ascending fiber tracts (sensory) -associated with CONSCIOUS propiopception, fine touch, & vibration sense

-A-alpha fibers -division of Dorsal Column 1. Fasciculus Gracilis*-medially located - Conscious propioception from lower trunk and extremities 2. Fasciculus Cuneatus*- laterally located - Conscious propioception from upper trunk and extremities * The dorsal intermediate sulcus is found between the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus only at the cervical and mid-thoracic level. At the lumbar level, there are no fibers from the upper trunk/extremitiesonly fibers from the lower extremities Ventral and Lateral Funiculi - Ventral Funiculus-look for ventral median fissure - Lateral Funiculus-can be seen without looking under a microscope - Both ascending and descending tracts - Ascending -spinal cord to the thalamus to the cortex 1. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract- fibers for pain and temperature a. Receptor- Free Nerve Endings i. Nociceptors/ Thermoreceptors 1. peripheral nerve fibers A-delta & C enter the spinal cord as the dorsal root, which will then synapse at the sensory nucleus in the dorsal horn that will ascend as the lateral spinothalamic tract in the lateral funiculus for pain and temperature sensation

2. Ventral Spinothalamic Tract- fibers for crude touch a. Receptor- Mechanoreceptors i. Peripheral nerve fibers A-beta will synapse at the sensory nucleus, will ascend as the ventral spinothalamic tract in the ventral funiculus. -Descending -Corticospinal Tract- for movement; from the cortex down to the cord 1. Ventral Corticospinal Tract a. Ventral Funiculus b. Trunk muscles 2. Lateral Corticospinal Tract a. Lateral Funiculus b. Lower and upper extremities Spinal Cord Slides 1. Cervical a. Relatively small dorsal and ventral horn b. Thick dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculus c. White matter is thicker compared to the gray d. No lateral horn 2. Thoracic

a. b. c. d. e.

Intermediolateral Cell Column is found here T1-L2 Sympathetic Preganglionic Efferents Will appear as the LATERAL HORN (only found in thoracic) Ventral Horn and Dorsal Horn are thin White Matter is Thick

3. Lumbar a. Thicker gray, Thinner white matter b. Thin ventral funiculus & Thin lateral funiculus c. Wide Ventral Horn; Thin Dorsal Horn