Chapter 1 Scientific Investigation

1.1 Analysing method in scientific investigation the process of gathering facts based on an observable event or phenomenon. Need to be adopted in learning Biology Steps involve in the Scientific Investigation:
1. Identifying a problem 2. Forming a hypothesis 3. Planning the experiment 4. Identifying and controlling variables 5. Conducting the experiment 6. Collecting data 7. Recording data 8. Analysing and interpreting data 9. Making Decision 10. Writing a report

1. Identifying a problem

observe a specific phenomenon pose question related to the phenomenon in the form of statement/question Example: Situation: A plant grows under sunlight. Problem Statement: Do plants need sunlight to grow?

2. Forming a hypothesis

Hypothesis general statement or a possible explanation to the problem under investigation. Based on observation could be tested through experiment Example: Problem Statement: What is the effect of light intensity to the photosynthesis process in plant? Hypothesis: The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of photosynthesis. Relate the manipulated variable with responding variable. gathering relevant information about the experiment determining the materials and apparatus needed.

3. Planning the experiment

 Identifying variables that will influence the result of the experiment determining the technique to be used determining the procedure to do the experiment determining how to make observation and measurements to be taken 4. Identifying and controlling variables Variables factors/condition which influence the result of the experiment Three types: a. Manipulated variables factors/condition that we change in the experiment b. Responding variable factor/condition that change according to the one that we change c. Fix/Constant variable factor/condition that are kept the same throughout the experiment follow the procedure and technique that have been decided include control experiment, which is similar in every aspect to the test experiment except that the manipulated variable is kept constant for comparison At the end of the experiment, clean the apparatus, put them back at the right place and dispose the unwanted materials in a proper disposal box. Data result of the experiment Obtained by means of observation and measurement Should be accurate and objective presenting the data can be presented in the form of tables, graphs, charts or diagram in a table, the quantity must have unit, the first column shows the manipulated variables and the second row shows the responding variable. In a graph, x-axis shows the manipulated variable and the y-axis shows the responding variable. include calculation determine the relationship between manipulated variable with responding variable. Relate the information gathered with the problem that is being investigated. find out whether the result support or refute the hypothesis if the hypothesis is rejected, form a new hypothesis and repeat the investigation until the hypothesis is accepted. present the result of the experiment in writing must be accurate, complete and clear Format of a report objective/aim

5. Conducting the experiment

6. Collecting data 7. Recording data

8. Analysing and interpreting data

9. Making conclusion 10. Writing a report

problem statement hypothesis variables materials and apparatus technique procedure results discussion conclusion

1.2 Scientific Attitudes and Noble Values Have inquiring mind and a keen interest in nature and the environment cooperative and considerate towards others and the environment show honesty and accuracy in conducting experiment and in recording data be objective and rational have a sense of responsibility and accountability to the community as a whole. Revision: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is scientific method? What are the steps involve in scientific investigation? Why do experiment usually require a control? Give two (2) examples of scientific attitudes and noble values?