Basic Power Flow Activity Applications System Model Setup

PSSE 32.0.5 Program Application Guide: Volume I

6.4.3 Shunt Devices

6.4.3.1 Manually Controlled Shunt Devices
Manually controlled shunt-connected static capacitors and reactors should be entered as busconnected constant admittance by assigning nonzero values to the GSHUNT and BSHUNT entries for the buses at which they are connected. The values of GSHUNT and BSHUNT must be set equal to the MW or Mvar that will be supplied or consumed at rated voltage, that is, to base MVA times per-unit admittance. For example, an 80-Mvar static capacitor would be specified by entering BSHUNT = +80.0 on a bus data record. A 150-Mvar shunt reactor would be specified by entering BSHUNT = 150.0 on a bus data record. Care is needed in distinguishing between shunt devices, particularly reactors, which may be connected adjacent to a bus, but on the line side of the circuit breakers rather than on the bus side. It is best to exclude line-connected reactors from the bus constant admittance load and to specify them via transmission line data as described in Section 6.4.4. It is preferable to reserve the bus-connected shunt device data entries, GSHUNT and BSHUNT, for representation of substation devices, and not to use them to specify constant admittance load. Constant admittance load should be handled as a component of the reference load at the bus, as covered in Sections 6.4.2 and 7.2.

6.4.3.2 Automatically Switched Shunt Devices

In addition to the manually controlled shunt devices, an automatically switched shunt voltage control subsystem may be assigned at any bus. Its general arrangement is shown in Figure 6-1. The subsystem may consist of up to eight blocks of reactive equipment, with each block divided into as many as nine steps. While automatically switched shunt subsystems may be set up at any bus, they are recognized as being in service only at Type 1 buses and fixed generator output Type 2 buses; that is, switched shunts are assumed fixed at a value of BINIT at voltage-controlling Type 2 and 3 buses.

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PSSE 32.0.5 Program Application Guide: Volume I

Basic Power Flow Activity Applications System Model Setup

To Other Buses To Other Buses 791 CB1 GSHUNT BSHUNT

Load Block 1 20 Mvar Block 2 20 Mvar CBB2 Step 1 Step 2 S21 Block 3 3 x10 Mvar

Block 4 3 x 5 Mvar Block 5 2 x 5 Mvar CBB5 Step 3 Step 1 Step 2 S51

CBB1 S11

CBB3 Step 3 Step 1 Step 2

CBB4

S31

S32

S33

S41

S42

S43

S52

791 I

1 MODSW

1.02 VSWHI

1.01 VSWLO

0 SWREM

0. BINIT

100.0

1 N1

-20

-20 B2

3 N3

10 B3

3 N4

5 B4

2 N5

5 B5

RMPCT RMIDNT

B1 N2

Figure 6-1. Switched Shunt Reactors and Capacitors for Reactive Supply to Control Bus Voltage A switched shunt subsystem may include both reactors and capacitors, but reactors and capacitors may not be included in the same block. Reactor blocks, if present, must all be specified in the first block or blocks in the order in which they are to be switched on; capacitor blocks, if present, follow the reactor blocks in the order in which they are to be switched on. The subsystem is specified by: I MODSW Bus number. 0 to lock all switches in present position. 1 for automatic switching (discrete). 2 to adjust reactive power continuously within full range covered by switched units. 3 for automatic switching, controlling reactive power output of the plant at bus SWREM.

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Basic Power Flow Activity Applications System Model Setup

PSSE 32.0.5 Program Application Guide: Volume I

4 for automatic switching, controlling reactive power output of the converter at bus SWREM of the specified VSC dc line. 5 for automatic switching, controlling admittance setting of switched shunt at bus SWREM. VSWHI, VSWLO Desired bus voltage range (pu) if MODSW is 1 or 2. Desired reactive power range (pu) if MODSW is 3, 4 or 5. SWREM RMPCT RMIDNT BINIT N1 B1...N8 B8 Remote Type 1 bus to be regulated. Percent of the total Mvar required to hold the voltage at the bus controlled by bus I that are to be contributed by this switched shunt. When MODSW is 4, the name of the VSC dc line at converter bus SWREM. Initial shunt admittance, Mvar (must correspond to a legitimate combination of switch positions). Number of steps in Block 1. Mvar (nominal) of each step in Blocks 1 through 8 (negative for inductive). Number of steps in Block 8.

The initial switch positions for each power flow solution are determined by the value of BINIT. The switches are set at the start of each solution activity (and in activities READ and Reading Power Flow Data Additions from the Terminal) to produce the net switched shunt admittance most closely approximating the present value of BINIT. After being set to their initial position, the switches may be frozen there by setting MODSW to 0, or placed under automatic control by setting MODSW to 1. When MODSW is set to 1, the switched shunt steps are turned on and off to hold the bus voltage between VSWHI and VSWLO. The switching of shunt steps follows these rules: 1. The reactor and capacitor elements may not be on at the same time. Hence, if voltage is high, all capacitor steps will be switched off before reactors are switched on and vice versa. 2. Switching occurs within only one block at a time, and the elements in the block must be either all on, or all off, for switching to occur in another block. 3. In capacitor blocks, the steps of the lowest numbered block that are not yet on are switched on first, and vice versa. 4. In inductor blocks, the steps of the lowest numbered block that are not yet on are switched on first, and vice versa. On reaching a solution, the total inductive or capacitive admittance of the steps that are on is placed in BINIT and is, therefore, the basis for the initial switch positions in the next solution. The switched control of the shunt subsystem can be overridden to give an infinitely variable shunt inductance by setting MODSW to 2. In this case, the effective shunt admittance is varied as required, but within the overall range limits of the shunt subsystem, to hold bus voltage at mid-range between VSWHI and VSWLO. In this case, the value of admittance needed to hold voltage at this midpoint is placed in BINIT by the power flow solution activities. This value of BINIT, again, serves as the basis for setting initial switch positions if MODSW is changed back to 0 or 1.

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PSSE 32.0.5 Program Application Guide: Volume I

Basic Power Flow Activity Applications System Model Setup

Setting MODSW to 2 is useful where there is no prior basis on which to judge an appropriate size of capacitor or inductor step. It is also a convenient way to estimate the amount of reactive power injection needed to achieve a given voltage correction at a bus. This is facilitated by setting: I = bus number

MODSW = 2 BINIT N1 B1 N2 B2 =0 =1 = -9999 =1 = 9999

6.4.4 Transmission Branches

6.4.4.1 General Branch Model
All transmission network branches are modeled in PSSE by the general equivalent branch shown in Figure 6-2. The parameters of this model are summarized in Table 6-2. Transmission lines, transformers, series capacitors, bus section (series) reactors, and isolated phase branches are modeled by the appropriate specification of zero and nonzero values of the general branch parameters. All line parameters except angles and ratings are specified per unit.

6.4.4.2 Branch Ratings

Up to three ratings may be specified (in MVA) for each transmission branch. They may, for example, be set to summer continuous, winter continuous, and emergency ratings. The branch ratings are used by activities RATE, OLTL, OLTR, and DRAW to locate and report on overloads. All branch overload checks except that of activity OLTR are made on the assumption that the branch rating was determined from: MVArated = where: Ebase = Base voltage of the bus connected to the terminal branch. Irated amps = Rated phase current, A. Overload checks in activities RATE, OLTL, and DRAW are made by comparing per unit current flowing into the branch at a terminal with an implied per-unit current rating, obtained as follows: Irated amps Ibase amps MVArated 3Ebase 3 Ebase MVAsystembase MVArated MVAsystembase 3 Ebase Irated

Irated per unit =

The transformer overload checking activity OLTR assumes that transformer ratings are entered as MVA ratings. OLTR makes its overload checks by comparing transformer MVA flow directly with the MVA rating.

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