:L

IEEE
g

-.A.%JsACTIONS ANTENNAS ON

AND PROPAGATION, VOL.

AP-31, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1983

949

i, -

, ..

d y s i s and Optimized Design of Single Feed Circularly Polarized Antennas Microstrip

Absfract-Analysis and optimized gesigw are presented of three types of singlefeedcircularlypolarized miyostrip a@ennas, namely, a diagonal fod nearly square,truncated-corners a sqb+&and a square with diagonal a slot. The function Greens approach and t&y jesegmentation methods are used. The resonant frequencies are .ac I & jf r c lua %:o two orcircular polarization. together thogonal yield which modes 6&$um feed locations are determined for thebest impedance match to a 50 q y a x i a l feed line. Axial-ratio bandwidths, voltage standingwave ratio <VVSW.R) bandwidths and radiation patterns are evaluated verified experirnenand tally.

4
r h 2

4
(C)

-L
P
I

(b)

1. INTRODUCTION
EVERAL CIRCULARLY microstrip polarized antenna configurations have been reported during the last decade[ 11 [lo]. In this paper, three types of single feed circularly polarized microstrip patch antennas (diagonal-fed nearly square, truncatedcorners square, and square with adiagonal slot) have been studied analytically as well as experimentally. For a diagonal-fed nearly square patchantenna (er = 2.62,substratethickness is 1.588 mm). anexoerimental value of axial ratio of 1.4 dB hasbeen

Netnork

Network

to 0.17 dB. The truncated-corners square patch antenna and the square patch antenna with a diagonal slot had been studied experimentally by Kerr [ 7 ] : but theoretical no analysis and design procedure for these structures have been available so far. In thepresent investigation, theoptimum dimensions andthe feed locationsfor these antennas have been determined. Axial ratioandinput voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) are evaluated as functions of frequency. Radiation patterns are also evalua t e d . T h e analysis is b a s c d on Greens f u n c t i o n s f o r r e c t a n g u l a r and triangularsegments [12] -[14] andrecentlyreported segmentation and the desegmentation methods [ 141 -[16].
11. METHOD OF ANALYSIS

In this method. the antenna is modeled as multiport network. Theprocedure is illustrated in Fig. 1. The physical periphery of theantenna is extendedoutwardtoobtaina planar model withamagnetic wall boundary. Thisplanar model is treated as a lossless resonator during the initial steps of the analysis. The periphery of the planar model, with effective dimensions, is divided into several sections of small widths so thatthe field variation over the width of each of these sections is neghgibly

small. Each one ofthesesectionsis considered as a port (Fig. l(c)). The radiated power is taken into account by terminating theports of themultiportnetworkby resistors corresponding to the radiation resistances [17]. The values of radiation resistances are calculated as follows: 1)theradiationconductance [ 171 for each of thestraight edges of theradiatingpatch is evaluated;and 2) theconductance SO calculated is distributed amongst all the ports on thecorresponding edge in proportion totheport widths. Theentireradiation resistance network is treated as one multiport network fl as shown in Fig. l(d). The entries in the Z-matrix of the P-network are all zeros except the diagonal elements Zji which are equal to resistances connected to various ports. multiport The network represents that the lossless planar model is treated as another network a. The inputimpedanceand -voltage aroundtheperiphery of the antenna are evaluated using the segmentation method [ 151 and/or desegmentation method [ 171 as discussed in the following subsections.

B. Application of Segmentation Method f 151

When a two-dimensional configuration y can be considered as combination of several segments, the 2-matrix for the comManuscript received June 16. 1982;revised Map 9, 1983. This work was bination y can be expressedin terms of the Z-matrices of the supported in part b y the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Contract constituent segments. TheZ-matrices of the varioussegments N00014-824-0264, are grouped together as [ 161 , P. C. Sharma is with the Department of Electronics and Telecommuni-

cationEngineering, S.G.S. Institute of TechnologyandScience,Indore 452003, India. K. C. Gupta is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, on leave from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.

0018-926X/83/1100-0949501.OO 0 1983 IEEE

..

950
where p refers to the unconnected ports of the various segments of y (i.e.. the external ports of the circuit y). Subscripts c and d represent the interconnected ports which are numbered in such a way that the port ci is connected to the port di as illustrated in Fig.I(d).Thesubmatrices in (1) are obtainedfromthe Zmatrices of theindividual segments as [ 151 ,

c-ports

yL~fportl,f+k
q-DOrtS

45

C-DOrtS

- ='pp

Y'

-k [zpc-ZpdlZjp

Network

(2)

D-DOrtS Feed (a)

c-ports r-network

worts

where

zl-p=[2,C-Zcd-Zdc+~dd]-1[Zdp-Zcp].

(b)

For a electric current Ip fed into the pth port, the at the interconnectedc and d ports are given by
vc=vd=[zcp+[zcc-Zcd]Zl-p]Ip.

voltages
(3)
<-ports Feed (dl Fig. 2. (a), (b) Desegmentation method applied to a corners-truncated ansquare antenna tenna. (c). (d)Dese-mentationmethodappliedtoa with a diagonal slot.
(c)

C. Application of Desegmen tation Method [I61

Consider the configuration (a) of a truncated-corners square patchantenna shown in Fig. 2(a). This configuration can be considered as obtained by removal of two isosceles triangular segments p1 and p2 from the two opposite corners of a square patch(y-segment) as illustrated in Fig. 2(b). Theinterfacesbetween a- and 6-segments are divided into discrete number of ports. These interconnected ports are named as c-ports on cu-segmentandd-ports on P-segments (Fig.2(b)).Theunconnected ports on the a-segment are named as p-ports and those on the psegments are named as q-ports. It has been shown [ 161 that when the number of q-ports equals that of d-ports (equals that of cports),theZ-matrix of thea-segment is given in terms of the Z-matrices of/3- and y-segments as

E,

=7

H e = -jkoFe = --jko(Fx cos @ iF, sin @) 8 cos

(6) where F, and F,, are the x - and y-components of electric vector potential F(r) defined as

.zQ L =
=

Zppa Z P C

[ zppy
-

C P

zcc

1
z d d , -2dqZbd

z p 9 z ; p . -Zp,-%d
-

-ZdqZ;p

(4)

and E = -2(i X ; , the equivalentmagnetic current, E, ) is E is the electric field along the periphery of the antenna directed along the thicknessof thesubstrate,and ko is the free-space wavenumber

(e).

111. NEARLY SQUARE DIAGONAL FED ANTENNA The antenna configuration is shown in Fig. l(a). In this case the circular polarization is obtained because the two modes of resonance (corresponding to the adjacent sides of the rectangle) arespatially orthogonal [6], [ 1 I ] . The antenna is excited at a frequency in between the resonant frequencies these of two modes in order obtain to the phase quadrature relationship betweenthe voltages (andtherefore magnetic currents) of two modes. Corner or diagonal feeding is required to allow both the modes to be excited with a single feed.
A. Optimum Dimensions

where

2;p = P q q y -Z,,pl- ' Z q p Zid = [ z q q , -2qq7p] -'Zqd. z,,, z,,, zqd, are submatrices Zyqp

(5)

of Zp for 0-segments, and Zppy, Zpq. ZqP. Zq9, are submatricesof Z, fory-segment. Zp and Z, are evaluated by using the Green's functions for an isosceles triangle [ 131 and for a rectangle [ 121 . For the square patch antenna with a diagonal slot (Fig. 2(c)), the y-segment of Fig. 2(d) is obtained when a rectangular patch @-segment) is added to the a-segment of Fig. 2(c). In this case both Z p and Z, are evaluatedfrom the Green's function for a rectangle. and Z, is obtained from (4) and (5). As shown in Fig. l(d), the ports of the a-segment are terminatedinto radiationresistances. Theinputimpedanceandthe voltagealong the radiating edges are evaluatedemploying (2) and (3).

D.Radiatiol? Characteristics
The radiation characteristics evaluated are in terms of the equivalent magnetic current distribution along the periphery of the antenna. The far field at a distance r is given by [ I I ]

Eo

= qfi0 = jkoF6 = jko(-Fx sin

Q + F y cos @)

For analysis, each of the sides of the rectangle is divided into seven ports. The impedance matrix the for multiport planar model is evaluated by employing the Green's function a for rectangle [ 121. For the chosen value of the width of the rectangle a (Fig.I(a)),the length b hasbeen varied andthe axial ratio has been evaluated at several frequencies. Fora1/8 in thick polystyrenesubstrate ( E , = 2.52)and a = 2.66cm,the best axial ratio (0.45 dB) is found to occur at 3.101 GHz when the ratio b/a = 1.0526 and the feed is located at one of the corners ( A in Fig. 3 inset) of the rectangle. The theoretical values of the resonant frequencies of the two orthogonal modes corresponding to the length b and the width a are 3.035 GHz and 3.175 GHz. Thecorresponding measured values are 3.032 GHZ and3.169

D TA: AND SHARMA LY 11

I I

95 1
I

1-00

- 0.75
E
cc
0

0.50 c 'I ;
0
U

0.25

0.1

0.2 .3 Feed Location (r/AC)

0.9

10
0.5

at a distance 0.3522 times AC. For this optimum feed location, the minimum axial ratio (equal to 0.17 dB) is obtained at 3.1372 GHz. As the dielectric constant the for available substrate with thickness equal to 1/16 in was different (2.49), the antenna designed was optimized again and theseresults are summarized in Table I. The input VSWR can be reduced further if a 1/32 in thick substrate is used. Extrapolating the results, the input impedance is expected to be around (45.3 + j 7 ) R and the input VSWR is likely to be about1.19.Althoughtheinput VSWR improves with reduction in the thickness of the substrate, it has been observed that the axial ratio limited bandwidth also decreases. Thus a design trade-off is involved in the selection of the substrate thickness. C. Bandwidth and Radiation Patterns Theoreticaland measured values of input VSWR and axial ratio as functions of frequency for one of the antennas is shown in Fig. 4. Themeasured values of bandwidth(for axial ratio less than 6 dB) is 34.8 MHz (1.12 percent), the corresponding theoretical value being 33.7 MHz (1.086percent).The VSWR variation over this band of frequencies is small (Fig. 4). The bandwidth of the antenna is therefore limited by the axial ratio and not by the input impedance. Similar results have also been observed fortheantenna on 1/16 in thicksubstrate,butthe axial ratio bandwidth is lower by nearly 40 percent (Table I). The experimental theoretical and radiation patterns for the antenna (thickness = 1/8 in, E , = 2.52) in the 0 = 90' plane are shown in Fig. 5. The beamwidth is calculated the from radiationpattern. Table I gives thesummary of the result for the diagonal-fed nearly square patch antennas investigated. IV. TRUNCATED-CORNERS SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA

Fig. 3. Variations of input VSWR and axial ratio with feed location for a diagonal-fed antenna (thickness = 1/8 in, E,. = 2.52, frequency = 3.101

GHz).

GHz, respectively. The best axial ratio (0.45 dB) 3.101 GHz.

is obtained at

B. Optimum Feed Point Location

Although initial experiments were reported a withcorner fedantenna,it is foundthatthecircular polarization can be obtained even when the feed is located elsewhere on the diagonal AC. The variation of the input VSWR and the axial ratio with feed location on the diagonal AC is shown in Fig. 3. The axial ratio degrades from0.45 dB to 0.79 dB andtheinput VSWR decreases from 8.1 to1.73 as thefeed is moved fromcorner A to a point 0.3441 times AC away from the corner. For feed locations a at distance r greater than 0.3441 AC, the input VSWR increases again. At the optimum feed location where the input VSWRis minimum (= 1.73),the value of axial ratio is 0.77 dB. Further calculations showed that, for this optimum feed location, an axial ratio equal to 0.45 dB is obtained again if the frequency is shifted to 3.103 GHz (2 MHz higher than the previous value for excitation at the corner ) . A The input impedance (Zin) at the optimum feed location is (62.42 j28.4) R which is higher than the feed line impedance of 50 R. Thusinput VSWR could be improved by decreasing Zi,. I t may be recalled fromthe scaling principle of two dimensional components that, the [18] for same effective dimensions of a planar component, the impedance level (reactive component) reduces to half the original value when the thickness of the substrate is reduced to half. Therefore? another antenna on 1/16 in thick substrate with E, = 2.52 as before was designed. The width of the rectangle (a in Fig. 3) was chosensuch that the effective width equals the effective width the of 1/8 in thick antenna.Theoptimumratio of lengths of sides of the rectangle, for obtaining circular polarization with axial ratio equal to 0.17 dB, is found to be 1.026 which is different than thatfor1j8 in thickantenna.Thustheratio b/a is foundto depend upon the thickness of the substrate. The minimum input VSWR. for the antenna on 1/16 in thick substrate: is found to be 1.33, the corresponding input impedance being (53.3 + j14.2) R. The reactive componentoftheinputimpedance is in thick thus reduced to half as compared to that for the 1/8 substrate and the resistive component. representing the radiated power, is reduced from 62.42 R to 53.2 R. The optimum feed location for minimum inputVSWR is found to be on the diagonal

In this case (Fig. 2(a)), thetwoorthogonalmodesof resonance are diagonal modes which would individually yield linear polarization along the directions of the two diagonals. Chopping of the two corners makes the resonant frequency of the mode alongthisdiagonal to be higher than that for the mode along theunchopped diagonal. Thefrequency of operationandthe feed point are chosen such that two the modes are excited in phase quadrature. A . Optinzunl Configuration
Theperipheryofthetruncated-cornersantenna (Fig.2(a)) is divided into32ports whichinclude fourc-portsat each of the truncated corners. An additional port is considered to represent the feed point. Thus, there are 25 p-ports and four d-ports for each of the 0-segments. The desegnentation method is used to evaluate the Z-matrix of the multiport planar model. The antenna characterisrics evaluated are as discussed in Section 11. It hasbeen foundthatforthe chosendimensions (2.73 cm X 2.73 cm) of the square patch, 1/8 and in thick polystyrene substrate ( E , = 2.52), the best value of axial ratio (= 0.12 dB) is obtained at 3.175 GHz when b/a = 0.04578 where b is the amount of truncation in cm and a is the length of sides of the square patch. The theoretical values of the resonant frequencies of thetwoorthogonalmodes, whichcan be excited independentally by locating the feed point at the corners, are 3.1340 GHz and 3.212 GHz, respectively. The frequency for the best circular polarization (axial ratio equal to 0.12 dB) 3.1750 GHz. is

952

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNASAND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1983

TABLE I
PERFORMANCE O F DIAGONAL FED NEARLY SQUARE PATCH ANTENNAS
ANTENNA I ANTENNA I I

I.

Parameters
1.

Thickness,

1/8", 2.52 2.66

1 .0526

1/16", 2.49 2.80 1.0296

2. Width ' a ' (cm) 3.

Length width to ratio (b/a)

Experimental Theoretical Experimental I I , Theoretical Performance

1r a t i o . Best a x i a l

(dB)
fc

0.5

0.45

0.17 3.122 3.210 20.00 (1.12%) 116'

0.25 3.116

2. Center frequency

(GHZ)3.1658 3.1030 3.1664 3.101 3.203

3.035 3.175 3.169 4. f cInput 1.55 a t 1.33 VSWR 1.72 1.73 ax l 34.80 33.70 5. Bandwidth (MHz)i a f o r r a t i o c 6 dB (0.670%) (0.632%) (1.086%) 6. Beamwidth f o r 3 dB d i f f e r e n c e between l E e140" IE I l and 110"
orthogonal modes (GHz)

of 3. Resonant frequencies 3.032

21.20

140"

1.75

=
v)

>

l.M

1.25
2

c
3080
-0

1.00 3120 Frequency (HHz) Fig, 4. Theoretical experimental and results axial for ratio input and VSWR for a diagonal fed antennaon 1 / 8 in thick substrate (ey = 2.52).

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5-

Fig. 6.

1,

r;,=

Feed Locotlon (Y/o) Variations of input VSWR and axial ratio with feed location for tmncated-corners square antenna(thickness = 1/8 in, E~ = 2.52, fiequencp = 3.175 GHz).

90' Plone

----

Theory Experiment

o-

The axial ratio improves to 0.02 dB whentheoperatingfrequency is changed to 3 .I758 GHz forfeedatthelocation of minimum input VSM7R. For another antenna designed on 1/16 in thick substrate ( E , = 2.51), the minimum input VSWRis found t o be 1.6 and occurs at feed location (x/a,y/a) = (0.5, 0.3204). The input VSWR thus improves when the thickness is reduced. Details of these two antennas are summarized in Table 11.
C Bandwidth and Radiation Pattern

90"

OdB
Fig. 5 .

-10 -20 -30 -M -20 -10 CB d Radiationpatternfordiagonalfedantenna;thickness E ~ 2.52, frequency = 3.103 GHz. =

= 1 / 8 in,

B. Feed Point Location Variations of the axial ratioandtheinput VSWR withthe feed location, on the line joining the midpoints of two opposite sides,are illustrated inFig. 6. The input VSWR improves from 5.8 for feed location at (x/a,y/a) = (0.5, 0.0) to 2.26 for feed at (x/a, ria) = (0.5. 0.326) and increases again for feed y/a > 0.326 on the line x/a = 0.5. At the location of thefeed where the input VSWR is minimum the axial ratio is 0.36 dB at 3.175 GHz.

The calculated and measured values ofaxial ratio and input VSWR for one of the truncated-corners square antennas (e, = 2.52). substratethickness is 1/8 in) are shown in Fig. 7. The theoreticalandexperimental values ofbandwidth defined for an axial ratio less than 6 dB are 26.4 MHz (0.831 percent) and 29.4 MHz (0.925percent). The corresponding values forthe antenna on the 1/16 in thick substrate (e, = 2.51) are found to be 14.0 MHz (0.44 percent)and14.4 MHz (0.4535percent). The reduction in the substrate thickness to half reduces the theoretical axial ratio bandwidth by 4 7 percent and the measured value by nearly 51 percent. The radiationpatterns,atcenter frequencies, have been evaluated and verified experimentally. These are shown in Fig. 8.

SHARMA AND GUPTA: CIRCULARLY POLARIZED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS TABLE I1 PERFORMANCE O F CORNERS CHOPPED SQUARE PATCH ANTENYAS
I. Parameters

953

ANTENNA I
gr

ANTENNA I I

I.
2.

Thickness,

1 /a",

2.52

1/16",
0.0573

2.51

Dimensions axa cm2 T r u n c a t i o n b/a

2.73 x 2.73 0.04578 ETxheeorrmteicntta l l Exhpeori ie tiena la T p r m cal e

2.86 x 2.86

3.
I I.
3.1753

Performance

I.
2.

Center frequency 3.1756

fc (GHZ) 3.1750

3.1758 3.1370 3.1340 3.2155 3.2340 0.02 26.4 (0.831 2.26 3.1325 3.2125

Resonant f r e q u e n c i e3.1343 sf o orthogonal modes (GHz) 3.2298 A x i ar a t i o t e n t e r l ac frequency (dB) a Bandwidth (MHz) f o r x i a l r a t i o < 6 dB c I n p u t VSWR a t e n t e r frequency 2.26 B e a r w i d t h o r 3 dB f d i f f e r e n c e between IE,I and l E J

3.
4. 5. 6.

0.0

0.12

0.15 14.4 (0.45354)

2)

29.4 (0.925%)

14.0
(0.44%) 1.6

1.8

1290

152"

129'

138"

X ,

2,52

90'

90'

1
3170

y c k n e s s 1/8*,

= 2.52

-Theory
Eweriment
I

OdB -10 -20 -30 -20 -10 OdB Fig. 8. Radiationpatternfortruncated-cornerssquareantenna;(thickness = 1/8 in, er = 2.52, frequency = 3.176 GHz).

1' 3160

Fig. 7.

Frequency (MHz) Theoretical experimental and results for axial and ratio VSWR for truncated-corners square antenna.

input

V. SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA WITH A DIAGONAL SLOT For a square patch antenna with a diagonal slot(Fig. 2(c)) also, thetwoorthogonalmodesare diagonal modes.The difference in the resonant frequencies is caused by the rectangular slot which disturbs mode one more the than other. deThe segmentationmethod is used to evaluate the2-matrix of the multiport planar model as explained in Section 11-C. The outer periphery has been divided into 24 portswhich constitutep-ports. The number of q-ports needed (and hence that of e-ports anddports also) is 27. Equation (4) is used to evaluate the 2-matrix of the multiport model.
A . Optimum Configuration

resonantfrequencies of thetwoorthogonalmodes are 3.060 GHz and 3.210 GHz. The respective theoretical values are 3.063 GHz and3.212 GHz. As before the operating frequency for circular polarization lies in between the two values. The variation of axial ratio and input VSWR with feed location on the line joiningthemidpointsoftwoopposite sides (x/a = 0.5) is shownin Fig. 9. The optimum feed location is found to be at (x/a, y/a) = (0.5, 0.1636)whereinput VSWR is 2.3 and axial ratio equals 0.2 dB. Fory/a > 0.1636 on the line x/a = 0.5, theinput VSWR improves furtherbut axial ratio starts degrading.

B. Bandwidth and Radiation Pattern

The axial ratioandinput VSWR as functions of frequency areplotted in Fig. 10. Input VSWR and axial ratio have been calculated for two feed locations. The theoretical values of axial ratiobandwidthsare same forthetwofeedlocations. VSWR variations i thetwo casesare shown in Fig. 10.Experiments n have been conductedforfeedlocationat @/a, y/a) = (0.5. 0.064). The theoreticalandexperimental values ofbandwidths (for axial ratio to be less than 6 dB) are 35.5 (1.134 percent) and 38.0 MHz (1.214percent), respectively. The variation in input VSWR over thisfrequency range is small as compared tothe variations in axial ratio values. Thetheoreticalandexperimental radiation patterns are illustrated in Fig. 11. Table 111 summarizes the performance of this antenna.

The thickness and dielectric constant the of substrate are 1/8 in and 2.52, respectively. The outer dimensions of the square are 2.602 cm X 2.602 cm. The optimum dimensions of the slot are 2.89 cm X 0.47cm. These yield an axial ratioof0.198 dB at3.130 GHz. Thetwoorthogonally spaced modes of the antennastructure can be excitedindependently by feeding at 2(c)) respectively. The measured values of points 1 and 2 (Fig.

954
4

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6 , NOVEhlBER 1983

3
CL

B w

0.1

0.2 Feed Locotlon(Y/a)

0.3

0.4

Fig. 9. Variations of input VSWR andaxialratiowith feed locations for square antenna with a diagonal slot (thickness = 1 / 8 in, E~ = 2.52, frequency = 3.130 GHz).

Theory

3140 3160 3180 Freauency (MHz) Fig. 10. Theoretical and experimental results for square antenna with a diagonal slot (thickness= 1/8 in, el. = 2.52, frequency = 3.130 GHz).

0.0 I 3100

3120

,@=90' Plane

---- Experiment

Fig. 11. Radiation pattern for a square antenna a with diagonal slot (thickness = 1/8 in, sr = 2.52, frequency = 3.130 GHz). TABLE I11 PERFORMANCE O F SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA WITH A DIAGONAL SLOT
~ ~ ~~

Experimental

Theoretical

I.
2.

t e n t e r frequency f c (GHZ) Resonance frequency orthogonal of Axial atio t r a modes ( G H d

3.130

3.130 3.063 3.212 0.198

3.060 3.210
0.2

3 .
4. 5.

fc

Bandwidth f o r x i a l a t i o e s s h a n a r l t Input VSWR alocation feed t chosen Beanwidth f o r 3 dB d i f f e r e n c e and IE between IE, 124"

6 dB

35.5
2.9

MHz

(1.134%)

38.0 MHz (1.214%) 2.9

6.

116"

Substrate thickness = 1 / 8 in, c y = 2.52. Dimensions of square patch = 2.602 X 2.602 em. Dimensions of the slot = 2.89 X 0.47 em.

AND

SHARMA

955 VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS

[I41 K . C . GuptaandP.C.Sharma,Segmentationanddesegmentation techniques analysis for of planar microstrip antennas, in 1980 Antennas Propagar. Soc. lnr. Symp. Digest, pp. 19-22. [ 151 R. Chadha and K . C. Gupta. Segmentation method using impedance matricesforanalysis of planarmicrowavecircuits, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-29, pp. 71-74, Jan. 1981. [ 161 P. C. Sharma and K . C. Gupta. Desegmentation method for analysis of two-dimensional microwave circuits. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-29, pp. 109&1098, Oct. 1981. [ 171 H. Pues and A. VandeCapelle,Asimpleaccurateformulaforthe of a rectangular microstrip antenna. Int. radiation conductance Antennas Propagar. Soc. Svmp. Digest. pp. 23-26. June 1981 [ 181 K . C . Gupta et al., Computer Aided Design of Microwave Circuits. Dedham, MA: Artech House, Dec. 1981. pp. 256-258.

A technique employing impedance Greens functions for

segments with magnetic wall boundary is used for analysis and design of three types of single feed circularly polarized microstrip patch antennas. Thedimensionsof the three types of antennas are optimized obtaining for the best axial ratios. The input VSWR and axial ratio variations with feed locations are investigated in an attemptto achieve abetterinput VSWR without using an external impedance matching network. It has been observed that for the three types of antennas investigated,perfect matching with a 50 s1 feed line is not practical unlessan impedance matching network is used. Better input VSWR can be realized by using athinnersubstrate,butthe axial-ratio bandwidth is reduced by nearly 40 to 50 percent when the thickness ofthesubstrate is halved.Among thethreetypes of antennas reported, the square patch antenna with a diagonal slot has the largest axial ratiobandwidth, whereas theminimum VSWR is obtained with diagonal-fed nearly square patch antenna. The truncated-corners antenna exhibits the best axial ratio (0.02 dB) buthasthe leastaxial-ratio bandwidth.The input VSWR values of the same order as the square antenna with a diagonal slot. Thetheoreticalandexperimental results are foundto be in a reasonable agreement.

P. C. Sharma (S79-M82) was born in Bhensola,

I . 1947. He received the in electricalengineering from Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science Indore (University of Indore) in 1969 and 1972, respectively. and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology. Kanpur, India. in 1982. He worked with MilitaryCollege of Telecommunication Engineering India, Mhow. during 1971. In 1972 he joined S.G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, in the Department of Electrical Engineering. and is at present employed as Reader in the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering there. His fields of interest are systems engineering, networks. electromagnetics and microstrip antennas. Ujjain, India, on August

B.E. andM.E.degrees

REFERENCES
K. R. Carver and J . W. Mink, Microstrip antenna technology, I
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J. R. James et al.. Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design. Stevenage, UK: Peter Peregrinus, 1981. 1. J . Bahl and P. Bhartia. MicrostriD Antennas. Dedham. MA: Artech
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Kuldip C. Gupta (M62-SM74) born was in 1940.HereceivedtheB.E.andM.E.degrees in electrical communication engineering from the IndianInstitute of Science,Bangalore.India, in 1961 and 1962. respectively, and the Ph.D. degree of TechnologyandScience, fromBirlaInstitute Pilani, India, in 1969. He worked at Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India, from 1964 to 1965. the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute. Pilani, India,from1965 to 1968,andBirlaInstitute of Technology from 1968 to 1969. Since 1969 he has been with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and has been a On leavefromtheIndian ProfessorofElectricalEngineeringsince1975. InstituteofTechnology. he wasaVisitingProfessor at the University of Waterloo, Canada 1975 from to 1976. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1976, Technical University of Denmark from 1976 to 1977, and Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland.in Array Radar 1979. From 1971 to 1979hewasCoordinatorforthePhased Group of Advanced Centre for Electronic Systems at the Indian Institute of Technology. He is currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Colorado. Boulder. He has published four books: Microwave Integrared Circuits. WileyEasternandHalstedPress,1974, Microsrrip Liner Slotlines, and Artech House, 1979. Micronaves, Wiley Eastern, 1979 Halsted Press. 1980, and Computer-Aided Design ofMicrowave Circuits. Artech House, 1981. He holds one patent in microwaves areas. Dr. Gupta is a fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India.