Wind Power Report 2010

The Wind Power Report
Seventh Edition, 2010
ABS Energy Research 2010
The Wind Power Report

Seventh Edition, 2010
Introduction
This report provides an outline of the world wind energy industry and market, with market
surveys of each of 5 major markets and 21 intermediate markets, together with national
policies and support plans and incentives. Analysis of the manufacturing base, supply chain,
wind power developers and owners.Historical analysis from 1990 and forecasts of capacity
to 2012, with forecasts to 2020 for the major markets. National targets and incentives are
listed. Factors affecting wind power are outlined and crucial issues such as variability and
intermittency, dispatchability, capacity factors and capacity credits are discussed and assessed.
Outline of the report:*please see table of contents for further details
The development of wind energy: the market in 2009

The future of wind power, 2009 to 2012
Assessment of factors affecting wind power; terminology, issues and the operational experience of the most experienced wind power operators
National policies for renewable energy targets, support mechanisms, RPS policy
and feed-in tariffs
National wind power markets comprehensive surveys of the 5 market leaders, survey of the 21 intermediate wind power markets, brief profiles of 22 new entrants
Wind Industry Supply Chain- vertical integration, supply chain in the electrotechnical industry, raw material, lead times, turbine production capacity, components balance of plant, tire 1 and tier 2 rotor blades, gear boxes, bearings, cast
iron and forged components, towers, transformers
O&M issues and delays
The rare earths supply crisis
Weather forecasting
Energy storage
Development of wind turbine size
Wind Farm Developers and Owners
Manufacturing Base
Off-Shore Wind Power
Promising technologies
Page 2 of 6
Executive Summary
2009 was a record year for offshore wind investment, which ABS feels is unwarranted given
the major bottlenecks in the offshore supply chain a lack of offshore vessels and subsea
cabling. In the onshore sector there are no immediate supply chain bottlenecks. However,
the growing trend towards large scale turbines may be slowed somewhat in 2010 due to the
logistics of transporting large, bulky turbines and the high costs involved. Additionally, larger
turbines require the use of expensive carbon fibres and specialised plastics to replace cheap
glass fibre used in small scale turbines. Supplies of carbon fibres may hit a bottleneck by
2017.
With the sector entering the mature phase, there is a greater pressure towards the standardisation of components especially because of the sectors high operating and maintenance costs. To reduce high O&M costs many developers are opting to purchase gearless
rather than geared turbines. However, gearless turbines use neodymium, which hit the
headlines recently due to concerns that Chinas export policy for rare earth metals would
lead to near term supply shortages.
On the plus side, for European and American manufacturers, competition from manufacturers shipping products from India and China is unlikely to affect their dominance in local
markets. Due to the high costs of transporting turbines and towers, and uncertainty over
whether carbon emissions reductions will apply to the shipping sector, localised supply
chains will be the future of the sector. Complete supply chains have already formed in North
America, Europe and Asia.
Overall 2010 is expected to be a good year for the wind sector, especially in the China, the
USA and Eastern Europe.
Lack of access to financing and poor grid infrastructure still remains as the biggest barrier to
project development.
Page 3 of 6
ABS Intelligence: Market Highlights

2009
The Chinese and American markets performed well, along with some emerging markets notably Mexico, Canada, Chile, Poland and a few other Eastern European countries.
More mature markets of Japan and the EU experienced slow, and in some cases no growth
at all.
Repowering happened at a slower rate than anticipated because of height restrictions on
planning permission for some sites, and most turbines are not yet past the 15 year mark.
Offshore wind took off; however, no measures were in place to ease bottlenecks in the
supply chain mainly an anticipated shortage of all types of vessels (installation, O&M etc.)
and subsea cabling. No supply shortage is likely for onshore wind sector.
2010 and Beyond
Continued growth in the sector is expected with gearless turbines performing well particularly in the offshore sector, due to their lower operation and maintenance costs.
Several countries may experience slowed growth due to the removal of government incentives, stricter planning or approval regulations or an uncertain political climate Canada
(non-renewal of EcoEnergy), Greece, Spain (introduction of Registry) etc., with the anticipation of less generous subsidies in Italy and other European countries in the future.
Growth in Eastern Europe, South American and North African countries is expected but
concerns about grid capacity will mean that many targets for 2015 will not be met.
Key markets for growth include Finland, Morocco and Turkey.
Manufacturers will experience moderate growth. Several manufacturers have unused stock
from 2010 and will not actually manufacture that much new capacity. REpower may perform well with its 5 MW turbine along with Chinese companies producing large, certified
turbines.
Chinese manufacturers are likely to enter the export market in a big way because there has
been a shift from licensing technology with export restrictions to forming joint venture and
conducting in-house research.
This year may see some turbine manufacturers acquiring offshore suppliers (especially
cabling and vessel manufacturers), and developers acquiring more offshore companies to
ensure security of supply.
Page 4 of 6
More repowering is expected in Europe as there is a significant international market for

used turbines and limited on land sites with good wind resources.
Barriers to Development
Growth in demand for gearless turbines in 2015 and beyond will be hampered by shortage
of the rare earth metal neodymium. China may further restrict exports in the next year or
two because of domestic needs, and government initiatives worldwide to source local or
international supplies will not bridge the supply gap. It is estimated that it will take 15 years
before a decent US rare earth metal industry is in place.
A supply shortage of carbon fibres may hit the sector from 2017 onwards - carbon fibres are
used to reinforce the blades of large turbines.
But, by far, the biggest barrier to development is a poor grid infrastructure. In some Eastern
European countries the grid system cant cope with any more than 3 GW of installed capacity without significant investments in the infrastructure e.g. Poland (3GW maximum), Czech
Republic (1.2 GW) and Hungary (330 MW). This problem applies to most wind markets. Even
when the grid has sufficient capacity of installed projects, intermittency is a huge issue
despite denials by the wind industry. Last year there was almost a blackout in Texas because
of a sudden loss of wind. In Spain wind turbine had to be switched off due to over-supply in
the night at time of minimum demand and the spot price of electricity fell to zero.
With the exception of chemical storage of heat for the solar sector, few of the energy
storage technologies are close to commercialisation. Pumped hydro storage looks the most
promising, especially as there are over a hundred pumped storage facilities in operation in
China.
Turbine Size
The maximum turbine size in operation is 6.5 MW onshore and a 20 MW turbine has been
developed. Clipper is planning to manufacturer its 7.5 MW turbine in 2012, with both
Clipper and Sway developing a 10 MW prototype.
Although, very large turbines are unlikely to be commercially viable because they require
special reinforced materials, bespoke lifting vehicles and the logistics of transporting the
turbines will eventually hamper growth in turbine size.
ABS Intelligence Projects the Following
Slowed growth in developing megawatt turbines with efforts focused on streamlining
products- reducing the number of parts, increasing efficiency etc, because of the high
operation costs of gearboxes and turbine parts.
Page 5 of 6
More M&As to secure local supply chains for wind turbine manufacturers.
Expect growth in cold weather countries following the development of cold resilient turbines, Finland and Russia, for example.
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Page 6 of 6
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 41
Wind power development in 2009 ................................ ................................ .............. 41
Wind power development in 2010 ................................ ................................ .............. 42
Outlook to 2012 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 42
Offshore developments to 2012 ................................ ................................ .................. 43
Long term outlook: 2020. ................................ ................................ ............................ 43
Renewables subsidies................................ ................................ ................................ .. 44
Manufacturing base ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 44
Developers ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 45
Turbine technology ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 45
1
The development of wind energy: the market in 2010............................................... 47

1.1
Market value................................ ................................ ................................ .... 51
1.2
Regional Analysis ................................ ................................ ............................. 51

1.2.1
Europe ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 51
1.2.2
North America................................ ................................ .......................... 52
1.2.3
Latin America ................................ ................................ ........................... 53
1.2.4
Asia ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 53
1.2.5
Pacific................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 53
1.2.6
Africa and Middle East ................................ ................................ ............. 53
The future market for wind power; until 2012 ........................................................... 59
An assessment of factors affecting wind power ......................................................... 66

3.1
Terminology................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 66

3.1.1
Variations of demand................................ ................................ ............... 66
3.1.2
Base load................................ ................................ ................................ .. 67
3.1.3
Peak load ................................ ................................ ................................ . 67
3.1.4
Intermediate load ................................ ................................ .................... 68
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3.2
3.1.5
Intermittency and variability ................................ ................................ .... 68
3.1.6
Capacity factor ................................ ................................ ......................... 69
3.1.7
Loss of Load Probability (LOLP)................................ ................................ . 70
3.1.8
Capacity credit ................................ ................................ ......................... 70
3.1.9
Spinning reserve................................ ................................ ....................... 71
Issues for wind power................................ ................................ ...................... 72

3.2.1
Grid balancing ................................ ................................ .......................... 72
3.2.2
Grid extension................................ ................................ .......................... 73
3.2.3
Storage................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 73
3.2.4
Capacity credit ................................ ................................ ......................... 73
3.2.5
Mis-match of supply and demand ................................ ............................ 74
3.2.6
Load following................................ ................................ .......................... 74
3.2.7
Dispersion ................................ ................................ ................................ 74
3.2.8
Inadequacy of weather forecasting ................................ .......................... 74
3.2.9
Spinning reserve/back-up................................ ................................ ......... 74
3.2.10 Wake effects ................................ ................................ ............................ 74

3.3
The operational experiences of wind power ................................ .................... 75

3.3.1
E.On Netz Wind Report, 2004................................ ................................ ... 75
3.3.2
Grid balancing ................................ ................................ .......................... 80
3.3.3
Grid balancing congestion ................................ ................................ ........ 80
3.3.4
E.On Netz Wind Report, 2005................................ ................................ ... 81
3.3.5
E.On conclusions about wind power................................ ......................... 81
3.3.6
Western Denmark 2005 ................................ ................................ ........... 82
3.3.7
ESB report in Ireland 2004................................ ................................ ........ 83
3.3.8
USA experience ................................ ................................ ........................ 83
3.3.9
Spain ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 84
3.3.10 ENTSO-E ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 85

3.3.11 Reduction in carbon emissions................................ ................................ . 86
3.3.12 EU legislation, April 2009................................ ................................ .......... 86
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3.3.13 Building consent times ................................ ................................ ............. 92

3.4
THE WAY FORWARD ................................ ................................ ........................ 93

3.4.1
3.1. Investing in the future competitiveness of the EU wind energy

industry................................ ................................ ................................ .. 93
3.4.2
3.2. Adopting a more strategic, coordinated approach to offshore

developments ................................ ................................ ........................ 96
3.4.3
3.3. Maximising the environmental benefits of offshore wind.................. 97
3.4.4
3.4. Integrating large-scale offshore wind in the grid of the future........... 98
3.4.5
Copenhagen................................ ................................ ............................. 99
3.4.6
Targets ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 99
3.4.7
The Flexible Mechanisms ................................ ................................ ....... 100
3.4.8
Technology transfer ................................ ................................ ............... 101
National policies for renewable energy.................................................................... 102

4.1
Renewable energy targets ................................ ................................ ............. 102
4.2
Support mechanisms for renewables ................................ ............................. 103
4.3
The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States ................................ ............ 131
4.4
Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS................................ ............................ 133
4.5
Europe the EU Renewable Energy Directive ................................ ................ 133
4.6
Investor confidence, price, and policy cost................................ ..................... 133
4.7
Effectiveness................................ ................................ ................................ .. 134
4.8
Innovation and technology diversity ................................ .............................. 134
4.9
Ownership structure ................................ ................................ ...................... 134
4.10
Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 134
4.11
Feed-in tariffs in the United States................................ ................................ . 135
National wind power markets and support plans: Major markets ........................... 137
5.1
United States ................................ ................................ ................................ . 137

5.1.1
The start of wind power ................................ ................................ ......... 138
5.1.2
Market size and forecast ................................ ................................ ........ 139
5.1.3
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 154
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5.1.4
Intermittency ................................ ................................ ......................... 158
5.1.5
Grid Infrastructure ................................ ................................ ................. 158
5.1.6
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 159
5.1.7
Ownership of facilities................................ ................................ ............ 167
5.1.8
The US small wind market................................ ................................ ...... 170
5.1.9
Low speed wind technology ................................ ................................ ... 170
5.1.10 Cost of wind energy generation................................ .............................. 172

5.1.11 Technology development in the USA................................ ...................... 173
5.1.11.1
Making longer, stronger blades ................................ ................ 174
5.1.11.2
Designing taller towers ................................ ............................. 174
5.1.11.3
Building multi-megawatt turbines................................ ............. 175
5.1.12 Understanding turbulent wind patterns ................................ ................. 175

5.1.13 R&D ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 176
5.1.14 Government support................................ ................................ .............. 176
5.1.15 Production tax credits ................................ ................................ ............ 177
5.1.16 Investment tax credits................................ ................................ ............ 177
5.1.17 Property tax reductions................................ ................................ .......... 178
5.1.18 Accelerated depreciation ................................ ................................ ....... 178
5.1.19 Direct production incentives ................................ ................................ .. 178
5.1.20 Direct investment incentives (grants)................................ ..................... 178
5.1.21 Government subsidised loans ................................ ................................ 178
5.1.22 "Standard offer contracts" for small and distributed projects................. 179
5.1.23 Net metering or net billing ................................ ................................ ..... 179
5.1.24 Site prospecting, review and permitting................................ ................. 179
5.1.25 Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)................................ ....................... 179
5.1.26 Auctioned contracts ................................ ................................ ............... 179
5.1.27 Green marketing/pricing ................................ ................................ ........ 179
5.1.28 State mandates ................................ ................................ ...................... 180
5.1.29 The Utility Wind Integration Group ................................ ........................ 180
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5.1.30 UWIG members as of 14th April 2010 ................................ ..................... 180

5.1.31 Bills in Congress ................................ ................................ ..................... 183
5.2
China ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 186

5.2.1
Installed wind capacity................................ ................................ ........... 186
5.2.2
Future targets ................................ ................................ ........................ 188
5.2.3
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 188
5.2.4
Barriers to growth ................................ ................................ .................. 190
5.2.5
Present Status of Development................................ .............................. 191
5.2.6
Future development................................ ................................ ............... 192
5.2.7
Offshore wind power ................................ ................................ ............. 192
5.2.8
Renewable Energy Law 2006................................ ................................ .. 196
5.2.9
Chinese government wind development support................................ ... 197
5.2.10 Wind power concessions................................ ................................ ........ 197

5.2.11 Non-Concession tenders ................................ ................................ ........ 198
5.2.12 2008 amendment................................ ................................ ................... 198
5.2.13 2009 amendment................................ ................................ ................... 199
5.2.14 Feed-in tariffs................................ ................................ ......................... 200
5.2.15 Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 200
5.2.16 Financing................................ ................................ ................................ 201
5.2.17 Foreign assistance ................................ ................................ .................. 201
5.2.18 Chinese manufacturing capability................................ ........................... 205
5.2.19 Medium and large wind turbines................................ ............................ 205
5.2.20 Chinese wind turbine companies................................ ............................ 206
5.2.20.1
Xinjiang Goldwind Co................................ ................................ 208
5.2.20.2
Sinovel Wind Co................................. ................................ ....... 209
5.2.20.3
Dongfang Electric Group ................................ ........................... 210
5.2.20.4
Other Chinese wind companies ................................ ................ 211
5.2.21 Micro and small wind turbines ................................ ............................... 211

5.2.22 Bearings ................................ ................................ ................................ . 212
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5.2.23 Blades ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 212

5.2.24 Gearboxes................................ ................................ .............................. 213
5.3
Germany................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 213

5.3.1
5.3.2
Market share in Germany................................ ................................ ....... 215
5.3.3
Repowering trend ................................ ................................ .................. 215
5.3.4
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 217
5.3.5
Wind turbine size ................................ ................................ ................... 225
5.3.6
Regional distribution of wind turbines................................ .................... 227
5.3.7
Wind power and the German TSOs ................................ ........................ 231
5.3.8
Grid infracture................................ ................................ ........................ 233
5.3.9
Government support and R&D in Germany ................................ ............ 233
5.3.10 Stromeinspeisungsgesetz - Electricity Feed Law (EFL)............................. 234

5.3.11 Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz / EEG).... 234
5.3.12 Investment assistance ................................ ................................ ............ 236
5.3.13 Planning privileges ................................ ................................ ................. 236
5.3.14 250 Megawatt Programme................................ ................................ ..... 236
5.3.15 REISI - A new and further-reaching Information System based on ISEE
and WISY................................ ................................ .............................. 236
5.3.16 Technology area wind energy................................ ................................ . 236
5.3.17 Product information................................ ................................ ............... 236
5.3.18 Development of wind energy use in Germany................................ ........ 237
5.3.19 Operational results................................ ................................ ................. 237
5.3.20 External conditions of operation ................................ ............................ 237
5.3.21 Download of measured data ................................ ................................ .. 237
5.3.22 El Dorado ................................ ................................ ............................... 238
5.3.23 Regional incentives ................................ ................................ ................ 238
5.3.24 Research and Development (R&D) ................................ ......................... 238
5.3.25 Manufacturing Base ................................ ................................ ............... 238
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5.4
5.5
Spain................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 240

5.4.1
Future targets for wind power in Spain ................................ .................. 241
5.4.2
Onshore resources ................................ ................................ ................. 242
5.4.3
Offshore resources................................ ................................ ................. 245
5.4.4
Intermittancy ................................ ................................ ......................... 246
5.4.5
Manufacturing industry................................ ................................ .......... 248
5.4.6
Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 253
5.4.7
Wind turbine size ................................ ................................ ................... 255
5.4.8
Government support in Spain................................ ................................ . 255

5.4.8.1
R&D technology development ................................ .................. 255
5.4.8.2
Guaranteed market price................................ .......................... 256
5.4.8.3
Fixed tariff option ................................ ................................ ..... 257
5.4.8.4
Register ................................ ................................ .................... 257
5.4.8.5
Research projects ................................ ................................ ..... 257
India ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 258

5.5.1
5.5.2
Future targets ................................ ................................ ........................ 262
5.5.3
Wind energy resources in India ................................ .............................. 262
5.5.4
Cost................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 264
5.5.5
R&D Technology development in India................................ ................... 265

5.5.5.1
5.5.6
The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) ..................... 265
Government support................................ ................................ .............. 265

5.5.6.1
2009 developments ................................ ................................ .. 265
5.5.6.2
2010 developments ................................ ................................ .. 266
5.5.6.3
Renewable Portfolio Standard ................................ .................. 266
5.5.6.4
Grid infrastructure investment ................................ ................. 266
5.5.6.5
Proposed schemes................................ ................................ .... 266
5.5.6.6
MNES - Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.............. 267
5.5.6.7
IREDA - Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd ..... 267
Page 9 of 695
5.5.7
5.5.6.8
Financial incentives and manufacturer benefits........................ 269
5.5.6.9
State incentives ................................ ................................ ........ 269
Manufacturing base ................................ ................................ ............... 270

5.5.7.1
5.5.8
5.5.9
6
Suzlon................................ ................................ ....................... 275
Small wind turbine markets................................ ................................ .... 278

5.5.8.1
Wind Energy Producers Association (WINPRO) ......................... 278
5.5.8.2
Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) ....... 278
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 279
National wind power markets and support plans; Intermediate countries Europe ...................................................................................................................... 281
6.1
6.2
Austria ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 281

6.1.1
National renewable energy targets ................................ ........................ 284
6.1.2
Future developments ................................ ................................ ............. 285
6.1.3
Market shares in Austria ................................ ................................ ........ 285
6.1.4
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 285
6.1.5
Wind Developers................................ ................................ .................... 286
Denmark................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 286

6.2.1
6.2.2
Geographical dispersion of wind turbines in Denmark............................ 289
6.2.3
Production of electricity from wind turbines ................................ .......... 290
6.2.4
Wind turbine size and repowering................................ .......................... 291
6.2.5
Offshore projects ................................ ................................ ................... 294
6.2.6
Future targets in Denmark ................................ ................................ ..... 296
6.2.7
Interface with other renewables ................................ ............................ 296
6.2.8
Wind power ownership................................ ................................ .......... 297
6.2.9
The energy policy role of power companies ................................ ........... 298
6.2.10 Power companies' ownership of wind power ................................ ......... 298

6.2.11 Pricing for wind power ................................ ................................ ........... 298
6.2.12 Grid connection, grid reinforcement ................................ ...................... 299
Page 10 of 695
6.2.13 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 299

6.2.14 Wind generation structure ................................ ................................ ..... 299
6.2.15 R&D technology development in Denmark................................ ............. 300
6.2.15.1
The role of Risoe National Laboratory and others ..................... 300
6.2.15.2
The role of power companies in R&D................................ ........ 300
6.2.15.3
New concepts ................................ ................................ ........... 300
6.2.15.4
Government support ................................ ................................ 301
6.2.15.5
Funding Levels ................................ ................................ .......... 301
6.2.15.6
Ministry of Environment and Energys Energy Research

Programme (EFP)................................ ................................ ...... 301
6.2.15.7
Ministry of Environment and Energys Programme for

Development, Demonstration and Information on Renewable
Energy (UVE)................................ ................................ ............. 301
6.2.15.8
Priorities ................................ ................................ ................... 302
6.2.15.9
Legislation ................................ ................................ ................ 302
6.2.15.10 Windmill Law................................ ................................ ............ 302

6.2.15.11 Energy 21................................ ................................ .................. 302
6.2.15.12 Danish Energy Agency................................ ............................... 302
6.2.15.13 Electricity reform ................................ ................................ ...... 303
6.2.15.14 Export assistance ................................ ................................ ...... 303
6.2.15.15 Renewable Energy Island ................................ .......................... 303
6.2.15.16 Promotion of local initiatives ................................ .................... 303
6.2.16 Danish manufacturing base................................ ................................ .... 303
6.2.17 The Danish Wind Industry Association Members................................ .... 307
6.2.17.1
Blades................................ ................................ ....................... 307
6.2.17.2
Composites................................ ................................ ............... 308
6.2.17.3
Consulting and analysis................................ ............................. 309
6.2.17.4
Fans, cooling solutions and environmental control ................... 313
6.2.17.5
Electrical systems................................ ................................ ...... 313
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6.2.17.6
Energy companies................................ ................................ ..... 317
6.2.17.7
Engineering consultancy ................................ ........................... 317
6.2.17.8
Fall protection systems ................................ ............................. 318
6.2.17.9
Foundations................................ ................................ .............. 319
6.2.17.10 Generators ................................ ................................ ............... 319

6.2.17.11 Gearboxes ................................ ................................ ................ 319
6.2.17.12 Heat exchangers ................................ ................................ ....... 319
6.2.17.13 Hydraulics................................ ................................ ................. 320
6.2.17.14 Investments................................ ................................ .............. 321
6.2.17.15 Lighting systems ................................ ................................ ....... 321
6.2.17.16 Mechanical components................................ ........................... 322
6.2.17.17 Metal processing ................................ ................................ ...... 324
6.2.17.18 Nacelles ................................ ................................ .................... 326
6.2.17.19 Offshore ................................ ................................ ................... 327
6.2.17.20 Oil system and lubrication ................................ ........................ 329
6.2.17.21 Operation and maintenance ................................ ..................... 330
6.2.17.22 Other associations ................................ ................................ .... 330
6.2.17.23 Plastic processing................................ ................................ ...... 331
6.2.17.24 Project development ................................ ................................ 331
6.2.17.25 Service................................ ................................ ...................... 332
6.2.17.26 Servicelifts ................................ ................................ ................ 333
6.2.17.27 Software ................................ ................................ ................... 334
6.2.17.28 Surface treatment................................ ................................ ..... 334
6.2.17.29 Towers................................ ................................ ...................... 335
6.2.17.30 Training ................................ ................................ .................... 336
6.2.17.31 Transport and handling................................ ............................. 337
6.2.17.32 Wind turbines................................ ................................ ........... 339
6.3
France................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 339

6.3.1
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6.4
6.5
6.6
6.3.2
Barriers to development ................................ ................................ ........ 341
6.3.3
6.3.4
Size of turbines................................ ................................ ....................... 342
6.3.5
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 348
6.3.6
Domestic Production................................ ................................ .............. 348

6.3.6.1
Vergnet................................ ................................ ..................... 348
6.3.6.2
Other turbine manufacturers................................ .................... 348
6.3.7
Components and services................................ ................................ ....... 348
6.3.8
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 349
Greece ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 349

6.4.1
Government Support ................................ ................................ ............. 350
6.4.2
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 352
6.4.3
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 353
6.4.4
6.4.5
Size of wind turbines ................................ ................................ .............. 354
6.4.6
Manufacturing capability ................................ ................................ ....... 354
6.4.7
Wind farm operators and developers................................ ..................... 356
6.4.8
Research and Development................................ ................................ .... 360
Ireland ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 361

6.5.1
Regional development ................................ ................................ ........... 361
6.5.2
Offshore developments................................ ................................ .......... 362
6.5.3
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 365
6.5.4
6.5.5
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 367
6.5.6
Wind variability ................................ ................................ ...................... 368
6.5.7
Operators................................ ................................ ............................... 370
Italy................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 371

6.6.1
Government policy................................ ................................ ................. 372
6.6.2
Regional plans................................ ................................ ........................ 373
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6.6.3
Wind farms ................................ ................................ ............................ 374
6.6.4
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 375
6.6.5
Legal commitment to renewable energy ................................ ................ 375
6.6.6
Wind problems................................ ................................ ....................... 376
6.6.7
Italian manufacturers................................ ................................ ............. 377
6.6.8
Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 379
6.7
Netherlands ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 379

6.7.1
Offshore developments in the Netherlands................................ ............ 380
6.7.2
Regional distribution of wind farms................................ ........................ 382
6.7.3
National renewable energy targets ................................ ........................ 386
6.7.4
Repowering................................ ................................ ............................ 386
6.7.5
Government policies, financial incentives and market stimulation ......... 386
6.7.6
Developments in 2009 ................................ ................................ ........... 387
6.7.7
Developments in 2010 ................................ ................................ ........... 388
6.7.8
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 388
6.7.9
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 389
6.8
Norway ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 389

6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
Wind power companies ................................ ................................ ......... 393
6.9
Poland ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 393

6.9.1
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 396
6.9.2
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 396
6.9.3
6.9.4
Government initiatives................................ ................................ ........... 399
6.9.5
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 399
6.9.6
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 399
6.10
Portugal ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 400
6.10.1 Renewables target ................................ ................................ ................. 401
Page 14 of 695
6.10.2 Geographical distribution of wind capacity................................ ............. 401

6.10.3 Offshore wind power ................................ ................................ ............. 406
6.10.5 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 407
6.10.6 Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 408
6.11
Sweden................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 410

6.11.3 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 413
6.11.4 Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 414
6.12
Turkey................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 414
6.12.1 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 415

6.12.2 Onshore capacity ................................ ................................ ................... 416
6.12.3 Offshore wind ................................ ................................ ........................ 419
6.12.4 Grid infrastructure ................................ ................................ ................. 419
6.12.5 Future developments ................................ ................................ ............. 419
6.12.6 Barriers to development ................................ ................................ ........ 419
6.12.8 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 420
6.12.9 Manufacturing base ................................ ................................ ............... 421
6.13
United Kingdom................................ ................................ ............................. 422
6.13.1 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 422

6.13.3 Round 1................................ ................................ ................................ .. 431
6.13.4 Round 2................................ ................................ ................................ .. 432
6.13.5 Round 3................................ ................................ ................................ .. 434
6.13.6 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 440
6.13.8 Future targets ................................ ................................ ........................ 441
Page 15 of 695

6.13.10 Election ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 444
6.13.11 Grid extension................................ ................................ ........................ 445
6.13.12 Manufacturing Base ................................ ................................ ............... 446
6.13.12.1 Manufacturers of wind turbines >50kw ................................ .... 446
6.13.12.2 Turbine Components ................................ ................................ 446
6.13.13 Small System Suppliers................................ ................................ ........... 447
7
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries

Asia Pacific................................................................................................................ 448
7.1
Australia ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 448

7.1.1
Wind power by state................................ ................................ .............. 449
7.1.2
7.1.3
Government initiatives................................ ................................ ........... 451
7.1.4
State initiatives ................................ ................................ ...................... 452
7.1.5
Retail initiatives................................ ................................ ...................... 453
7.1.6
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 455
7.1.7
Certified Wind Farms Australia (CWFA) ................................ .................. 456
7.1.8
Recent developments................................ ................................ ............. 456
7.1.9
7.1.10 Manufacturing base ................................ ................................ ............... 456

7.1.11 Developers ................................ ................................ ............................. 456
7.1.12 Finance ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 457
7.2
Japan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 457

7.2.1
Environmental and renewables policy................................ .................... 459
7.2.2
Technical issues................................ ................................ ...................... 459
7.2.3
Future target for wind power ................................ ................................ . 460
7.2.4
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 460
7.2.5
Government programmes ................................ ................................ ...... 461
7.2.6
Local authorities................................ ................................ ..................... 461
Page 16 of 695
7.2.7
7.2.8
Manufacturers market shares ................................ ............................... 462
7.2.9
Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 462
7.2.10 Wind farm developments................................ ................................ ....... 463

7.2.11 R&D ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 463
7.2.12 Wind Farm Operators................................ ................................ ............. 463
7.3
Korea, ROK................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 465

7.3.1
Future targets ................................ ................................ ........................ 467
7.3.2
7.3.3
Local authorities................................ ................................ ..................... 468
7.3.4
R&D ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 468
7.3.5
Constraints to development................................ ................................ ... 468
7.3.6
Offshore wind ................................ ................................ ........................ 469
7.3.7
7.3.8
Ship builders ................................ ................................ .......................... 470
7.3.9
7.3.8.1
Hyundai ................................ ................................ .................... 470
7.3.8.2
Samsung ................................ ................................ ................... 471
7.3.8.3
Daewoo ................................ ................................ .................... 472
7.3.8.4
STX ................................ ................................ ........................... 472
Component manufacturers ................................ ................................ .... 473
7.3.10 Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 473

7.4
Taiwan ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 474

7.4.1
Onshore developments ................................ ................................ .......... 475
7.4.2
Offshore developments................................ ................................ .......... 476
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 476
7.4.6
7.4.7
Page 17 of 695
7.4.8
8
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries

Africa ........................................................................................................................ 478
8.1
8.2
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 477
Egypt ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 478

8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 480
Morocco ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 481

8.2.1
Wind farms ................................ ................................ ............................ 482
8.2.2
8.2.3
The Mediterranean Solar Plan................................ ................................ 486
8.2.4
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 487
8.2.5
Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 488
8.2.6
Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 489
8.2.7
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries Americas ................................................................................................................... 490
9.1
9.2
Brazil................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 490

9.1.1
Future wind developments ................................ ................................ .... 490
9.1.2
Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 491
9.1.3
Government promotion of renewables ................................ .................. 494
9.1.4
Government promotion of local manufacturers ................................ ..... 494
9.1.5
Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 495
9.1.6
9.1.7
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 495
9.1.8
Wind developers ................................ ................................ .................... 496
Canada................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 497

9.2.1
9.2.2
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 507
Page 18 of 695
9.2.3
R&D in Canada ................................ ................................ ....................... 509
9.2.4
Federal and Provincial government production incentive....................... 509
9.2.5
Proposed incentives ................................ ................................ ............... 509
9.2.6
Provincial incentives................................ ................................ ............... 509
9.2.7
Grid infrastructure ................................ ................................ ................. 511
9.2.8
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 511
9.2.9
Financials ................................ ................................ ............................... 513
9.2.10 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 514

10 Up and coming countries - Europe............................................................................ 516
10.1
Belgium................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 516
10.1.1 Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 516

10.2
Bulgaria................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 516

10.2.2 Government incentives ................................ ................................ .......... 517
10.2.4 Financing................................ ................................ ................................ 518
10.3
Czech Republic................................ ................................ ............................... 518

10.3.4 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 520
10.3.5 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 522
10.4
Estonia................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 523

10.5
Finland................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 525
10.5.1 Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ . 529

Page 19 of 695
10.5.4 R&D ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 530

10.5.5 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 530
10.5.6 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 531
10.6
Hungary ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 531

10.6.2 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 532
10.7
Latvia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 533
10.8
Lithuania................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 533

10.9
Romania ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 536

10.9.3 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 538
10.9.4 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 538
10.10 Russia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 538
10.11 Ukraine ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 538
10.11.4 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 540
11 Up and coming countries Asia Pacific ....................................................................... 541
11.1
New Zealand................................ ................................ ................................ .. 541
11.1.1 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 541

11.1.4 Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 545
11.1.5 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 545
11.1.6 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 546
Page 20 of 695
11.2
Vietnam ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 548
12 Up and coming countries - Africa.............................................................................. 549

12.1
Cape Verde ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 549
12.2
Ethiopia ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 549
12.3
Kenya................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 550

12.3.2 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 551
12.4
Senegal ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 552
12.5
South Africa ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 553

12.6
Tunisia ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 554
12.7
Other countries................................ ................................ .............................. 554
13 Up and coming countries - Americas ........................................................................ 556

13.1
Argentina................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 557

13.1.2 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 557
13.1.3 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 557
13.2
Chile ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 557

13.2.2 Recent developments................................ ................................ ............. 558
13.2.4 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 559
13.2.5 Developers................................ ................................ ............................. 559
13.3
Mexico................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 559
13.3.1 Wind resources ................................ ................................ ...................... 560

Page 21 of 695
13.3.4 Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ....................... 561

14 Up and coming countries - Middle East .................................................................... 562
15 Wind industry supply chain ...................................................................................... 563
15.1
The wind industry supply chain................................ ................................ ...... 563
15.2
Vertical integration ................................ ................................ ........................ 564
15.3
Background to the supply chain in the electro-technical industry .................. 566
15.4
Raw materials ................................ ................................ ................................ 567
15.5
Lead times ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 572
15.6
Wind turbine production capacity................................ ................................ .. 572
15.7
Components - Balance of plant, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capacity ............................. 573
15.8
Rotor blades ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 574
15.9
Gear boxes................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 575
15.10 Bearings................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 575

15.11 Cast iron and forged components ................................ ................................ .. 576
15.12 Towers................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 576
15.13 Transformers ................................ ................................ ................................ . 576
15.14 Local supply chains ................................ ................................ ........................ 577
16 Rare Earth Metals ..................................................................................................... 578
17 Operation and maintenance..................................................................................... 583
18 Weather forecasting technologies............................................................................ 588
19 Energy storage .......................................................................................................... 595
19.1
Mechanical Storage ................................ ................................ ....................... 596
19.2
Electrochemical storage................................ ................................ ................. 597
19.3
Electromagnetic storage ................................ ................................ ................ 598
19.4
Coupling to new energies................................ ................................ ............... 599
19.5
Developments................................ ................................ ................................ 599
Page 22 of 695
20 Wind farm developers and owners........................................................................... 600

21 Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy compared with other forms of
energy....................................................................................................................... 613
22 Manufacturing base.................................................................................................. 617
22.1
The top nine wind turbine companies................................ ............................ 621
22.1.1 Vestas ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 621

22.1.2 GE Energy................................ ................................ ............................... 629
22.1.3 Sinovel ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 630
22.1.4 Enercon................................ ................................ ................................ .. 631
22.1.5 Goldwind................................ ................................ ................................ 632
22.1.6 Gamesa Corporacin Tecnolgica ................................ .......................... 632
22.1.7 Dongfang ................................ ................................ ............................... 634
22.1.8 Suzlon ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 634
22.1.9 Siemens Power Generation ................................ ................................ .... 637
22.1.10 Other manufacturers................................ ................................ .............. 639
22.1.10.1 REpower Systems AG................................ ................................ 639
22.1.10.2 Mitsubishi................................ ................................ ................. 640
22.1.10.3 Nordex................................ ................................ ...................... 641
23 Offshore wind power................................................................................................ 643
23.1
Investments ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 646
23.2
Distance from shore................................ ................................ ....................... 647
23.3
Manufacturers ................................ ................................ ............................... 647
23.4
Developers................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 649
23.5
Supply chain................................ ................................ ................................ ... 651
23.6
Future developments................................ ................................ ..................... 657
23.7
The benefits................................ ................................ ................................ ... 657
23.7.1 Higher wind speeds................................ ................................ ................ 657

23.7.2 More stable winds................................ ................................ .................. 658
Page 23 of 695
23.7.3 Huge offshore wind resources................................ ................................ 658

23.7.4 Low surface roughness: cheaper turbines ................................ .............. 658
23.7.5 Lower turbulence: longer lifetime ................................ .......................... 659
23.7.6 Shipping and transport................................ ................................ ........... 659
23.7.7 Closer to demand centres ................................ ................................ ...... 659
23.7.8 NIMBY................................ ................................ ................................ .... 659
23.8
The challenges ................................ ................................ ............................... 659
23.8.1 Costs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 659

23.8.2 Foundations ................................ ................................ ........................... 663
23.8.3 Installation vessels ................................ ................................ ................. 667
23.8.4 Operation and maintenance................................ ................................ ... 668
23.8.5 Port facilities ................................ ................................ .......................... 669
23.8.6 Subsea cabling................................ ................................ ........................ 670
23.8.7 Maritime spacial planning ................................ ................................ ...... 670
23.8.8 Technical expertise................................ ................................ ................. 670
23.8.9 A European Offshore Grid ................................ ................................ ...... 671
23.9
Project Financing ................................ ................................ ........................... 674
24 Repowering............................................................................................................... 675
24.1
Market for old turbines................................ ................................ .................. 677
24.2
Recycling turbines................................ ................................ .......................... 680
25 Forecasting a new technology - Experience Curves and Progress Ratios (PR)........... 681
26 Development of wind turbine size............................................................................ 684
26.1
Onshore ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 684
26.2
Offshore................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 688
27 Promising Technologies ............................................................................................ 692

27.1
Direct drive turbines ................................ ................................ ...................... 692
27.2
Blade de-icing ................................ ................................ ................................ 693
27.3
Hydraulic transmissions ................................ ................................ ................. 693
Page 24 of 695
27.4
Technologies for operation and maintenance ................................ ................ 694
28 Community Power Ownership Model ...................................................................... 695
Page 25 of 695
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Global wind power installed capacity, GW 1990-2014 ................................ ... 47
Figure 2.
Development of installed capacity from 2000, MW, top five countries.......... 48
Figure 3.
Development of installed capacity from 2000, MW, next five countries ........ 49
Figure 4.
Forecast of global wind energy development to 2012, MW........................... 60
Figure 5.
Base, Intermediate and Peak Load by time of Day................................ ......... 68
Figure 6.
Capacity factors by month for wind power for Denmark, Sweden,

Germany, Netherlands ................................ ................................ .................. 70
Figure 7.
The contribution of wind power to covering peak load in 2003 ..................... 76
Figure 8.
Fluctuations in wind power feed-in ................................ ............................... 77
Figure 9.
Rapid decrease in wind power feed-in................................ ........................... 78
Figure 10.
Wind below forecast ................................ ................................ .................... 79
Figure 11.
Wind continues to blow longer than forecast................................ ................ 80
Figure 12.
Wind capacity that needs to be installed per year in a high scenario, MW .... 90
Figure 13.
Capacity for low and high scenarios for both onshore and offshore wind
in the EU, MW................................ ................................ ............................... 91
Figure 14.
Annual installations in the EU, 2010-2014 ................................ ..................... 92
Figure 15.
Average building consent time in the EU, months ................................ ......... 93
Figure 16.
Wind Energy Investments in the EU, 2000-2030 ................................ ............ 95
Figure 17.
Capital costs of onshore and offshore wind in the EU, /kW ......................... 96
Figure 18.
National renewable energy policies in EU countries ................................ .... 106
Figure 19.
US States with Renewable and Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards,

end 2009 ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 132
Figure 20.
Percentage of new capacity additions in the USA ................................ ........ 140
Figure 21.
Growth in wind power capacity in the United States, MW, 2000-2020........ 141
Figure 22.
Objectives of wind power development in the United States to 2010 ......... 142
Figure 23.
Installed capacity in the United States, by state, MW, end 2009.................. 143
Figure 24.
Estimates of Windy 1 Land Area and Wind Energy Potential by State for
Areas >= 30% Capacity Factor at 80m, February 4, 2010, MW ..................... 144
Page 26 of 695
Figure 25.
Projects under construction ................................ ................................ ........ 151
Figure 26.
Potential market: wind project development to meet the 20% by 2030

wind target................................ ................................ ................................ .. 153
Figure 27.
Scenario of new manufacturing employment to meet the 20% by 2030

wind target................................ ................................ ................................ .. 154
Figure 28.
Onshore and offshore wind resources in the United States ......................... 155
Figure 29.
Wind resources in the Great Lakes ................................ ............................. 156
Figure 30.
US transmission scenario (new transmission in red) ................................ .... 158
Figure 31.
Manufacturers market share in the United States, MW, 2009..................... 160
Figure 32.
Manufacturers market share of projects under construction in the United

States, MW, end 2009 ................................ ................................ ................. 161
Figure 33.
Market share of installations in the United States, by MW, 2005 - 2009...... 164
Figure 34.
Turbine manufacturer locations, current or announced for 2010 ................ 165
Figure 35.
Breakdown of companies in the wind power supply chain in each state...... 166
Figure 36.
Major owners of wind facilties in the United States, end 2009 .................... 169
Figure 37.
Wind resources in the United States ................................ ........................... 171
Figure 38.
Cost of wind energy 1980 to 2008, $/MWh ................................ ................. 173
Figure 39.
Advanced tower design ................................ ................................ .............. 175
Figure 40.
The growth of wind power capacity in China, MW 2000-2020..................... 187
Figure 41.
Chinese wind potential by region ................................ ............................... 189
Figure 42.
Potential output of 1.5 MW wind turbines in China, % of maximum

output over time ................................ ................................ ......................... 190
Figure 43.
DC-grid under construction around Guangzhou................................ ........... 191
Figure 44.
Offshore wind potential ................................ ................................ .............. 193
Figure 45.
Offshore wind projects in the pipeline................................ ......................... 196
Figure 46.
Capacity shares of manufacturers in China, 2009, %................................ .... 208
Figure 47.
Growth of the wind power market in Germany, MW, 2000-2020 ................ 214
Figure 48.
Objectives for wind power development in Germany to 2010 MW ............. 215
Figure 49.
German North Sea and Baltic Sea development status, Q1 2010................. 223
Page 27 of 695
Figure 50.
Annual onshore and offshore build and repowering in Germany, MW,

1993 to 2030 ................................ ................................ ............................... 224
Figure 51.
Cumulative installed capacity, onshore and offshore in Germany, MW

1993 to 2030 ................................ ................................ ............................... 224
Figure 52.
Trend in wind turbine sizes in Germany, 1997-2009 ................................ .... 225
Figure 53.
Installed wind capacity in German states, end 2009 ................................ .... 228
Figure 54.
Capacity by region, Germany, MW, 2009 ................................ .................... 229
Figure 55.
Number of turbines by region, Germany, 2009................................ ............ 229
Figure 56.
Map of regional distribution of wind turbines in Germany, by turbine

capacity................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 230
Figure 57.
Map of regional distribution of wind turbines in Germany, by turbine

capacity, 2007 ................................ ................................ ............................. 231
Figure 58.
Manufacturers shares in Germany, end 2009, % ................................ ........ 239
Figure 59.
The growth of the wind power market in Spain, MW, 2000-2020................ 241
Figure 60.
Objectives for wind power development to 2010................................ ........ 242
Figure 61.
Installed wind power capacity in Spain, 2009 ................................ .............. 244
Figure 62.
Aerial view of a mountain wind farm in Spain................................ .............. 245
Figure 63.
Monthly electricity supply from wind, 2003-2009 ................................ ....... 247
Figure 64.
Manufacturers shares in Spain, end 2009................................ ................... 248
Figure 65.
Wind turbine size in Spain, MW, 1995 to 2008 ................................ ............ 255
Figure 66.
The growth of wind power capacity in India, MW, 2000 - 2020 ................... 259
Figure 67.
Map of installed wind power in India by state, 2009................................ .... 261
Figure 68.
Wind resources of India................................ ................................ .............. 263
Figure 69.
Market share of manufacturers in India, March 2009, MW ......................... 277
Figure 70.
The top 10 Independent Power Producers in March 2009........................... 280
Figure 71.
Installed wind power capacity in Austria, MW, 1990-2012 .......................... 281
Figure 72.
Regional distribution of installed wind capacity in Austria, 2009, MW......... 282
Figure 73.
Market shares of wind turbine manufacturers in Austria, 2009................... 285
Figure 74.
Growth of the wind power market in Denmark, MW, 1990-2012 ................ 288
Figure 75.
Location of wind and CHP plants in Denmark, 2009................................ ..... 290
Page 28 of 695
Figure 76.
Capacity and production of wind powered electricity in Denmark, 1977 to

2007................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 291
Figure 77.
Number of wind turbines and capacity in Denmark (MW), 1977 to 2007 .... 292
Figure 78.
Location of offshore wind farms in Denmark................................ ............... 294
Figure 79.
New installed capacity in Demark, 2000-2009, MW................................ ..... 295
Figure 80.
Total installed capacity in Denmark, 1999-2009, MW................................ .. 295
Figure 81.
Generation of electricity from biomass in Denmark, GWh, 1980 to 2007 .... 297
Figure 82.
Turnover of Danish wind industry manufacturers in DKK billion, 1999

2009................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 304
Figure 83.
Danish exports by country of destination, 2005 and 2006 ........................... 305
Figure 84.
Average turbine size in Denmark, 1999-2009, kW ................................ ....... 306
Figure 85.
Forecasted sales of turbines, 2006 - 2012................................ .................... 306
Figure 86.
Installed wind power capacity in France, MW, 1990-2012........................... 340
Figure 87.
Installed wind capacity in France................................ ................................ . 347
Figure 88.
Installed wind power capacity in Greece, MW, 1990-2012 .......................... 350
Figure 89.
Distribution of wind plants in Greece by region, 2006 ................................ . 352
Figure 90.
Wind resources in Greece................................ ................................ ........... 353
Figure 91.
Market shares of wind turbine manufacturers in Greece, 2006 ................... 355
Figure 92.
Breakdown of market shares for turbine manufacturers for new capacity,

2009................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 356
Figure 93.
Wind developers market share of new installed capacity, 2009.................. 360
Figure 94.
Installed wind power capacity in Ireland, MW, 1990-2012 .......................... 361
Figure 95.
Distribution of Wind Capacity in Ireland, February 2010.............................. 362
Figure 96.
Location of planned windfarms in Ireland................................ .................... 364
Figure 97.
Manufacturers market shares, Ireland, MW, 2008 ................................ ..... 366
Figure 98.
Installed wind power capacity in Italy, MW, 1990-2012............................... 372
Figure 99.
Wind power capacity by region in Italy, 2009 ................................ .............. 374
Figure 100.
Market share of installed wind turbines manufacturers in Italy 2008, MW.. 377
Figure 101.
Market share of installed wind turbines manufactureres in Italy 2009,

MW................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 378
Page 29 of 695
Figure 102.
Installed wind power capacity in Netherlands, 1990-2012, MW .................. 380
Figure 103.
Wind plants in the Netherlands, Q1 2010................................ .................... 384
Figure 104.
Market share of installed wind turbines in Netherlands as of 14th April

2010, MW ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 389
Figure 105.
Projected installed wind power capacity in Norway, MW, 1990-2012 ......... 390
Figure 106.
Percentage electricity generated from wind power, end Q1 2010............... 394
Figure 107.
Offshore wind farm connection vision until 2030 ................................ ..... 397
Figure 108.
Offshore wind farm connection - vision until 2050 ................................ ...... 397
Figure 109.
Installed wind power capacity in Portugal, MW, 1990-2012 ........................ 400
Figure 110.
Regional distribution of wind installations in Portugal in 2009, MW............ 402
Figure 111.
Breakdown of capacity of wind farms in 2009, MW................................ ..... 406
Figure 112.
Market share of installed wind turbines manufacturers in Portugal, 2009,

%................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 408
Figure 113.
Market share of wind developers in Portugal, 2009................................ ..... 409
Figure 114.
Installed wind power capacity in Sweden, MW, 1990-2012 ......................... 410
Figure 115.
Installed wind power capacity in Turkey, MW, 1990-2012........................... 415
Figure 116.
Wind resources in Turkey ................................ ................................ ........... 416
Figure 117.
Regional distribution of 1 November 2007 wind farm applications.............. 419
Figure 118.
Manufacturers market share in Turkey, 2009, MW ................................ .... 421
Figure 119.
Growth in wind power capacity in the United Kingdom, MW, 1990-2012.... 423
Figure 120.
Round 1 offshore wind farms in the UK ................................ ....................... 431
Figure 121.
Figure 122.
Figure 123.
Breakdown of offshore Round 3 capacity awarded, MW ............................. 435
Figure 124.
Round 3 annual build out profile for the 32 GW awarded ........................... 436
Figure 125.
Cumulative installed UK small wind capacity (MW) ................................ ..... 447
Figure 126.
Installed wind power capacity in Australia, MW, 1990-2012 ....................... 448
Figure 127.
Installed wind power in the Australian States, MW ................................ ..... 450
Figure 128.
Wind speeds at select locations in Australia ................................ ................ 455
Page 30 of 695
Figure 129.
Market share of the top 6 wind farm owners by capacity in Australia,

2009, MW ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 457
Figure 130.
Installed wind power capacity in Japan, MW, 1990-2012 ............................ 458
Figure 131.
Manufacturers % market shares, Japan 2007 ................................ ............. 462
Figure 132.
Installed wind power capacity in Korea, MW, 1990-2012 ............................ 466
Figure 133.
Location of offshore winds ................................ ................................ .......... 469
Figure 134.
Installed wind power capacity in Taiwan, MW, 1990-2012 .......................... 474
Figure 135.
Installed wind power capacity in Egypt, MW, 1990-2012............................. 478
Figure 136.
Wind resources in Egypt ................................ ................................ ............. 481
Figure 137.
Installed wind power capacity in Morocco, MW, 1990-2012 ....................... 482
Figure 138.
Wind resources in Morocco................................ ................................ ........ 485
Figure 139.
The Mediterranean solar plan ................................ ................................ .... 487
Figure 140.
Market share turbine manufacturers in Morocco, 2009, MW...................... 488
Figure 141.
Market share of developers in Morocco, 2009, MW................................ .... 489
Figure 142.
The growth of wind power capacity in Brazil, MW, 2004-2012 .................... 490
Figure 143.
Map of wind resources in Brazil ................................ ................................ . 492
Figure 144.
Map of installed energy capacity and energy reserves in Canada, 2008....... 498
Figure 145.
The growth of wind power capacity in Canada, MW, 1990-2012 ................. 499
Figure 146.
Wind energy installed capacity in Canadian provinces, Q1 2010.................. 500
Figure 147.
Wind capacity approved or under construction in Canada, MW .................. 507
Figure 148.
Map of mean wind speed at 50 metres above ground in Canada ................ 508
Figure 149.
Market share of manufacturers in Canada, April 2010, MW ........................ 512
Figure 150.
Market share of developers in Canada in April 2010, MW ........................... 514
Figure 151.
Map of wind resources at 80 metres in Bulgaria................................ .......... 517
Figure 152.
Installed wind projects in the Czech Republic, Q1 2010 ............................... 519
Figure 153.
Manufacturers market share in the Czech Republic, end 2009 .................... 521
Figure 154.
Average turbine size of new installed capacity in the Czech Republic, kW ... 522
Figure 155.
Top ten developers in the Czech Republic, MW................................ ........... 523
Figure 156.
Map of wind resources in Estonia................................ ............................... 524
Page 31 of 695
Figure 157.
Location of wind farms in Finland................................ ............................... 526
Figure 158.
Wind atlas of Finland................................ ................................ .................. 527
Figure 159.
Manufacturers market share in Finland, end 2009 ................................ ...... 530
Figure 160.
Developers market share in Finland, end 2009................................ ............ 531
Figure 161.
Map of wind resources in Hungary................................ ............................. 532
Figure 162.
Map of wind resources in Latvia................................ ................................ . 533
Figure 163.
Average wind turbine size in Lithuania, kW ................................ ................. 534
Figure 164.
Average capacity factor in Lithuania, % ................................ ....................... 535
Figure 165.
Map of wind resources in Lithuania ................................ ........................... 536
Figure 166.
Map of wind resources in Romania ................................ ............................ 537
Figure 167.
Map of wind resources in the Ukraine................................ ......................... 539
Figure 168.
Location of operating projects and projects under construction in New

Zealand, Q1 2010 ................................ ................................ ........................ 542
Figure 169.
Existing and publically discussed wind farms ................................ ............... 544
Figure 170.
Market share of manufacturers in New Zealand, end 2009 ......................... 546
Figure 171.
Market share of developers in New Zealand, end 2009 ............................... 546
Figure 172.
Electricity generator Trust Fund is major relailer in New Zealand ................ 547
Figure 173.
Annual mean wind speeds in Kenya at a height of 50 metres ...................... 552
Figure 174.
Map of wind resources in South Africa ................................ ........................ 553
Figure 175.
Total installed and added capacity, 2009................................ ..................... 556
Figure 176.
Turbine parts ................................ ................................ .............................. 566
Figure 177.
Steel and copper prices compared to the 2008 peak, % .............................. 569
Figure 178.
Supply and demand of curves for carbon fibers................................ ........... 570
Figure 179.
Predicted demand for carbon fiber................................ .............................. 571
Figure 180.
How much neodymium will the offshore sector need?................................ 579
Figure 181.
Prices of 99% Neodymium Oxide, US$/kg on an FOB China basis................. 580
Figure 182.
Lifecycle breakdown of wind energy investment project costs, %................ 583
Figure 183.
Frequency of "failure rate" with increasing operational age ........................ 584
Figure 184.
Downtime per component failure, days ................................ ...................... 585
Page 32 of 695
Figure 185.
Weak point analysis for wind turbine subassemblies including failure

causes ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 586
Figure 186.
Salt structures and existing gas storage site in Europe................................ . 597
Figure 187.
Top wind energy developers in the world, MW 2006 - 2008........................ 600
Figure 188.
Top wind energy developers in the world, MW 2009 ................................ .. 601
Figure 189.
Investment costs, $/MW ................................ ................................ ............ 612
Figure 190.
Estimated investment costs, /kW................................ ............................. 613
Figure 191.
Estimated operation and maintenance costs, /kW/annum........................ 614
Figure 192.
Levelised Cost of Electricity, cents/kWh................................ .................... 614
Figure 193.
Value of global turbine market, billions, 2005 2009 ............................... 618
Figure 194.
Global market share of wind turbine manufacturers 2005 2008, % .......... 619
Figure 195.
Global market share of the top ten wind turbine manufacturers, 2009,% ... 620
Figure 196.
Submitted wind patent applications, 2009 ................................ .................. 621
Figure 197.
Vestas revenue 2001 to 2009 millions ................................ ...................... 622
Figure 198.
Vestas, distribution of revenue, 2009................................ .......................... 623
Figure 199.
MW sold by Gamesa in 2008 and 2009................................ ....................... 633
Figure 200.
Suzlon sales in MW, 2009 ................................ ................................ ........... 635
Figure 201.
Forecast Suzlon sales 2009 2013................................ .............................. 636
Figure 202.
Offshore wind installations by country MW, 2009................................ ....... 643
Figure 203.
Locations of offshore wind farms in the EU, Q1 2010 ................................ .. 644
Figure 204.
Market share of offshore turbine manufacturers, %................................ .... 649
Figure 205.
Market share EU offshore developers, end 2009, and % ............................. 650
Figure 206.
Buyers for the offshore wind supply chain................................ .................. 657
Figure 207.
Investment in wind farms, million per MW, 2009 prices ........................... 660
Figure 208.
ETP BLUE Map scenario projections for the development of onshore and
offshore wind investment costs ($ million/MW)................................ .......... 662
Figure 209.
Offshore wind foundation structures ................................ ......................... 664
Figure 210.
Floating turbines................................ ................................ ......................... 665
Figure 211.
Offshore operating conditions................................ ................................ .... 669
Page 33 of 695
Figure 212.
Plans for an offshore grid in the North Sea and the Mediterranean............. 673
Figure 213.
Repowering of the Bassens Windfarm in Lower Saxony, Germany .............. 675
Figure 214.
Estimates new annual EU wind energy capacity, 2000-2030........................ 677
Figure 215.
Price of used turbines compared to the price when new, % ........................ 678
Figure 216.
Increase in turbine size, world average, 1997-2009 (kW)............................. 684
Figure 217.
Average turbine size top 5 countries, MW................................ ................... 686
Figure 218.
Average turbine size key European countries, MW................................ ...... 686
Figure 219.
American states with 2 MW + turbines................................ ........................ 687
Figure 220.
Expected market increase to meet demand for larger turbines ................... 688
Figure 221.
Average wind turbine size for new offshore capacity additions, MW........... 689
Figure 222.
Average wind turbine size for new offshore capacity additions in Europe,
MW................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 689
Figure 223.
Timeline of future developments in offshore turbine size ........................... 690
Figure 224.
Growth in size of wind turbines since 1980 ................................ ................. 691
Figure 225.
Siemens 3.6 MW gearless turbine A and Siemens geared turbine B ............ 693
Page 34 of 695
List of Tables
Table 1.
The 1 GW Club in 2009................................ ................................ .................. 50
Table 2.
Installed wind generating capacity, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005-2010, MW ........ 54
Table 3.
National forecasts of wind energy development 2007 to 2012...................... 61
Table 4.
Growth hot spots 2009 2012................................ ................................ ...... 65
Table 5.
Typical capacity factors for different generating technologies....................... 69
Table 6.
National targets under 2009 EU renewable legislation ................................ .. 87
Table 7.
Renewable installed capacity projections ................................ ...................... 89
Table 8.
Summary of the Copenhagen Accord ................................ ............................ 99
Table 9.
Wind CDM projects, March 2010................................ ................................ 100
Table 10.
Renewables targets and support schemes of European countries ............... 107
Table 11.
Non-European countries with renewable energy targets and plans............. 120
Table 12.
State RPS resource tiers................................ ................................ .............. 136
Table 13.
Wind projects completed in the United States, 2009, >5MW ...................... 145
Table 14.
Wind projects under construction in United States, as of December 2009 .. 149
Table 15.
The ten largest wind farms operating in the United States, Q1 2010 ........... 152
Table 16.
Offshore Exploration Leases for Wind Energy Production............................ 155
Table 17.
States with offshore targets ................................ ................................ ........ 157
Table 18.
Major owners of wind facilties in the United States, end 2009 .................... 168
Table 19.
Sales of small wind turbines in the United States, units, 2008 ..................... 170
Table 20.
US Bills in Congress ................................ ................................ ..................... 184
Table 21.
Commercial production of turbines for domestic market ............................ 195
Table 22.
Offshore wind projects in the pipeline................................ ......................... 195
Table 23.
Feed-in tariffs in China ................................ ................................ ................ 200
Table 24.
Approved wind projects ................................ ................................ .............. 202
Table 25.
Decomissioned turbines ................................ ................................ .............. 216
Table 26.
Offshore installations operating, under construction and planned in

Germany, Q1 2010 ................................ ................................ ...................... 218
Page 35 of 695
Table 27.
Shares of wind turbines by power group in the potential annual energy

yield, Germany, 1989 to 2008................................ ................................ ...... 226
Table 28.
Capacity of installed wind turbines................................ .............................. 227
Table 29.
Number of wind turbines and capacity of each German TSO, February

2010................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 232
Table 30.
Wind turbine capacity of major German distribution companies, February

2010, >100 MW................................ ................................ ........................... 232
Table 31.
National and autonomous-region targets for wind energy 2010 to 2019,

MW................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 242
Table 32.
Regional distribution of wind power capacity (MW), 2009 .......................... 243
Table 33.
Gamesa Elicas international portfolio of farm wind farms ........................ 249
Table 34.
Gamesa Elicas turbine units sold ................................ .............................. 250
Table 35.
ACCIONA Energys renewable energy portfolio ................................ ........... 251
Table 36.
Location of ACCIONA projects ................................ ................................ ..... 251
Table 37.
ACCIONA operating or completed wind turnkey projects ............................ 252
Table 38.
Spanish wind developers share, 2009................................ ......................... 254
Table 39.
Installed capacity of wind power by state, MW, 2003 - 2009 and

estimated potential................................ ................................ ..................... 260
Table 40.
Number of Approved Wind Farmable Sites by state, May 2009................... 264
Table 41.
Economics of a typical wind farm in India................................ .................... 264
Table 42.
Proposed wind farms in India ................................ ................................ ...... 267
Table 43.
Loan schemes offered by IREDA for development of wind power, 2009...... 268
Table 44.
Manufacturers approved by MNES, India, December 2009 ......................... 271
Table 45.
Presence of Power Producers in the wind industry................................ ...... 279
Table 46.
Wind parks in Austria > 10 MW (Accounting for 820 MW)........................... 283
Table 47.
Offshore installations operating, under construction and planned in

Denmark ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 293
Table 48.
Number, capacity and average size of turbines installed annually ............... 342
Table 49.
Windfarms in France > 15 MW, 2009 ................................ .......................... 343
Table 50.
Status of projects in the pipelin in Greece at the end of 2009...................... 350
Page 36 of 695
Table 51.
Wind energy developers in Greece, 2007 ................................ .................... 357
Table 52.
Major wind farms in Greece > 10 MW, end March 2010.............................. 358
Table 53.
Consortia with offshore licences to 2003................................ ..................... 363
Table 54.
Overall net cost benefit of 1,000 MW of additional offshore wind capacity. 365
Table 55.
Wind farms in Ireland, 2009 > 10 MW ................................ ......................... 369
Table 56.
Wind farms in Italy >20 MW................................ ................................ ....... 374
Table 57.
Offshore wind projects in operation, under construction and planned in

the Netherlands ................................ ................................ .......................... 381
Table 58.
Wind energy generation by province, April 2010................................ ......... 382
Table 59.
Wind farms in the Netherlands > 20 MW, end 2009................................ .... 385
Table 60.
Wind farms in Norway > 20 MW, 2009................................ ........................ 391
Table 61.
Operating wind farm > 20 MW, Q1 2010................................ ..................... 395
Table 62.
Projects under construction, end Q1 2010 ................................ .................. 396
Table 63.
Investments in the expansion of the grid system in Poland ......................... 398
Table 64.
Wind farms under construction in Portugal, end 2009 ................................ 403
Table 65.
Wind farms in Portugal > 20 MW ................................ ............................... 404
Table 66.
Planned wind projects >10 MW, January 2010 ................................ ............ 411
Table 67.
Offshore wind farms in operation, under construction and planned in

Sweden, end 2009................................ ................................ ....................... 412
Table 68.
Operational wind farms, Turkey, February 2010................................ .......... 417
Table 69.
Wind farms under construction, February 2010 ................................ .......... 418
Table 70.
Status of wind farm development in the UK, MW, April 2010...................... 424
Table 71.
UK wind farms in operation > 20 MW, 2009 ................................ ................ 425
Table 72.
New projects entering planning in the UK since the last report ................... 428
Table 73.
Contracts awarded for 9 exclusivity zones................................ ................... 435
Table 74.
Offshore wind farms UK, 2009................................ ................................ .... 436
Table 75.
Offshore wind farms planned in the UK, 2009 ................................ ............. 439
Table 76.
Offshore plans by political party................................ ................................ .. 444
Table 77.
New schemes in Australia in 2009 ................................ ............................... 449
Page 37 of 695
Table 78.
seven projets in the pipeline at the end of 2009................................ .......... 449
Table 79.
Wind farms in Australia that offset desalination plants ............................... 450
Table 80.
Utility feed-in tariffs for different states, 2010 ................................ ............ 453
Table 81.
Operational wind farms in South Korea, end 2009 ................................ ...... 466
Table 82.
Projects under development in South Korea, end 2009 ............................... 466
Table 83.
Supply chain for wind components in South Korea................................ ...... 473
Table 84.
Planned phase 3 projects in Taiwan................................ ............................. 475
Table 85.
Current installed capacity in operation, end 2009 ................................ ....... 483
Table 86.
Renewable energy projects in Morocco, status end 2009............................ 484
Table 87.
Wind farms in Brazil ................................ ................................ ................... 493
Table 88.
Wind farms in Canada > 10 MW, Q1 2010 ................................ ................... 501
Table 89.
Canadian Wind Energy Projects with a signed Power Purchase Agreement

and/or already under construction, as of April 2010................................ .... 504
Table 90.
Provincial initiatives in Canada, Q1 2010 ................................ ..................... 510
Table 91.
Small wind turbine manufacturers in Canada ................................ .............. 513
Table 92.
Planned capacity in the north east region of Bulgaria, end 2009 ................. 516
Table 93.
Projects added in 2009 in Czech Republic................................ .................... 519
Table 94.
Planned onshore projects, end 2009 ................................ ........................... 528
Table 95.
Planned offshore projects, end 2009................................ ........................... 529
Table 96.
Wind projects in operation in New Zealand, end Q1 2010........................... 541
Table 97.
Wind projects under construction and underdevelopment, end 2009......... 543
Table 98.
Wind projects in the appeals process ................................ .......................... 543
Table 99.
Projects in development stage in Kenya ................................ ...................... 550
Table 100.
Projects in development in other countries in Africa ................................ ... 555
Table 101.
Wind projects in operation in Chile, end 2009................................ ............. 558
Table 102.
Wind projects in operation in Mexico, end 2009 ................................ ......... 560
Table 103.
Wind projects under construction in Mexico, end 2009............................... 560
Table 104.
Major wind turbine manufacturers and their main suppliers....................... 565
Table 105.
Rough estimate of material cost without work per MW .............................. 568
Page 38 of 695
Table 106.
Requirements for rare earth metals ................................ ............................ 578
Table 107.
Companies outside of China involved in rare earth metal exploration......... 581
Table 108.
Development stage of rare earth metal companies................................ ..... 582
Table 109.
Extreme changes in output (ramp rates) ................................ ..................... 588
Table 110.
Overview of Operational and Commercial Wind Power Forecasting

Systems, November 2009................................ ................................ ............ 589
Table 111.
Energy storage technologies................................ ................................ ........ 595
Table 112.
Latest prices for energy storage in Great Britain and Germany.................... 595
Table 113.
Companies investigating the use of battery storage ................................ .... 598
Table 114.
Wind energy developers................................ ................................ .............. 602
Table 115.
Water footprint of different primary energy carriers................................ ... 615
Table 116.
Advantages and disadvantages of different types of renewable energy ...... 616
Table 117.
Global installed base of Vestas wind turbines by country, end 2009............ 623
Table 118.
Global installed base of Vestas wind turbines by size (output), end 2009 .... 626
Table 119.
Vestas facilities 2010 ................................ ................................ .................. 627
Table 120.
Siemens Power Generation sale of turbines ................................ ............. 637
Table 121.
Nordex sales of turbines ................................ ................................ ........... 641
Table 122.
Development of offshore and near shore in future key markets based on

planned activity to 2020, as of April 2010................................ .................... 645
Table 123.
Offshore projects funded by the European Economic Recovery Plan........... 646
Table 124.
Planned capacity in MW, end 2009 ................................ ............................ 651
Table 125.
EU companies with proven experience in offshore wind ............................. 652
Table 126.
Past and confirmed supply contracts for offshore wind farms ..................... 653
Table 127.
Known patent applications related to offshore wind, 2009 ......................... 655
Table 128.
Typical component costs of offshore wind turbines ................................ .... 661
Table 129.
Offshore vs. onshore costs ................................ ................................ .......... 661
Table 130.
Advantages and disadvantages of different offshore foundations ............... 666
Table 131.
EU manufacturers of offshore wind foundations ................................ ......... 667
Page 39 of 695
Table 132.
Selection of vessels and jack-up barges currently active in wind

installation with an operating depth of < 30m................................ ............. 667
Table 133.
Ports with deep water and reinforced quaysides for heavy wind turbines... 670
Table 134.
Advantages and disadvantages of repowering................................ ............. 676
Table 135.
Trading companies for used turbines ................................ .......................... 679
Table 136.
Recyclable components of a wind turbine ................................ ................... 680
Table 137.
Progress ratios for wind turbines ................................ ............................... 682
Table 138.
Technology characteristics of wind turbines................................ ................ 683
Page 40 of 695
The development of wind energy: the market in 2010
World wind energy installed capacity was 158 GW by the end of 2009, with 37 GW added
during the year, this represents a 31% increase on 2008 and is an even greater percentage
year on year increase than we saw between 2006 and 2007 (26%).
Last year was a better year than expected with an extra 12.5 GW installed compared to
estimates from the GWEC.
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GW 2.4
Figure 1.
2.7
3.1
3.8
4.9
9.7
13
17.5 24.3 31.1 39.2 47.5 59.1
74
93.8
121 158.5 199.9 243.9 292 346.5 409
Global wind power installed capacity, GW 1990-2014
Source; GWEC
It is estimated that it will reach 200 GW by the end of 2010. This would represent 26%
growth on 2009, the slowing in the market due to the global economic environment, continued uncertainty and the difficulty to raise capital.
The growth in 2009 was primarily associated with China, where a record 13.8 GW was
added more than doubling the capacity to 26 GW, and USA, where 10 GW was added,
increasing the capacity by 40% to 35 GW.
However, outside of these two countries, capacity growth within the remaining Top Ten
countries remained at 9%, so in order to maintain momentum we are beginning to see the
process of globalisation of the wind industry as more countries begin to make significant
investment, particularly in South America, North Africa and Eastern Europe. While the Top
Ten countries still accounted for approximately 87% of the global market in 2009 (the same
Page 47 of 695
Figure 43.
DC-grid under construction around Guangzhou
Source; Siemens
The far north of China experiences sub zeros temperatures, and therefore needs cold
resilient turbines.
5.2.5
Present Status of Development
There have been three stages in the development of grid-connected wind farms.
In the initial demonstration period (1986-1993), the main activity was to build small-scale
demonstration wind farms by utilising grants from foreign donor countries and loans.
Support from the government was mainly in terms of financial backing, such as investment
in wind farm projects or in the development of wind turbines.
In the industrialisation period (1994-2003), the former Ministry of Electric Power proposed a
wind power industrialisation programme, including the early stages of wind farm construction in 1993. The following year it was decided that the grid utility should facilitate the
connection of wind farms to the nearest grid and all the electricity generated by wind farms
should be purchased. The grid tariff would be calculated as the sum of power generation
costs, loan payments and a reasonable profit. The difference between the wind electricity
Page 191 of 695
Figure 90.
Wind resources in Greece
Source; CRES
6.4.3
Offshore
Greece has extensive offshore wind resources.

Several offshore projects are in the planning stages:
216 MW project off the coast of Thrace being developed by Copelouzos;
600 MW project off the coast of Thrace being developed by Terna;
Page 353 of 695
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
USA
707
723
720
880
880
1,190
1,190
1,440
1,440
1,600
1,650 1676.376 1,740
Germany
623
783
919
1,101
1,281
1,397
1,553
1,700
1,723
1,848
1,888
1,923
Spain
422
504
589
648
721
845
950
1,120
1,330
1,375
1,562
1,775
India
279
283
283
401
441
553
620
696
781
China
Figure 217.
2008
1363
2009
1,918
Average turbine size top 5 countries, MW

2,300
2,100
1,900
1,700
1,500
1,300
1,100
900
700
500
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
560
687
750
931
850
1,351
1,996
1,079
1,233
1,279
Denmark
2007
2008
Italy
776
802
918
1,198
1149
1534
1567
France
713
795
1,162
1,132
1,689
1,752
1,907
UK
843
1,678
1,691
1,688
2,119
2,017
2,124
Figure 218.
Average turbine size key European countries, MW
Source; Country reports
Page 686 of 695
capacity blades. Only one turbine manufacturer, Vestas, has submitted patents for composite materials for wind turbines so far.
Over the next seven years the market for 1.5 MW+ will increase to meet demand for larger
turbines. There will still be a market for small turbines, mainly from developing countries,
remote locations and for companies generating their own electricity needs. Forecast of
market share for different turbine sizes, %:
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2005
2006
2007
< 750kW
Figure 220.
26.2
2008
2009
2010
751kW-1,500kW
2011
2012
2013
1,501 kW-2,500 kW
2014
2015
2016
2017
> 2,500 kW
Expected market increase to meet demand for larger turbines
Offshore
Since the first offshore turbine was installed in 1992, offshore turbines have been increasing
in size both size and capacity at a faster rate than onshore turbines. Between 2001 and 2009
there was an in the average rating of new installed capacity in Europe. The largest turbines
in operation are the 5 MW Multibrid and 5 MW REpower turbines at the Alpha Ventus and
Hooksiel wind farms in Germany. REpower claims its 5 MW offshore turbine can operate at
6 MW.
Page 688 of 695
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Wind Power Report 2010

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The Wind Power Report

Seventh Edition, 2010

ABS Energy Research 2010

The Wind Power Report

The development of wind energy: the market in 2009

ABS Intelligence: Market Highlights

More repowering is expected in Europe as there is a significant international market for

Price of report - 2,150

The development of wind energy: the market in 2010............................................... 47

Market value................................ ................................ ................................ .... 51

Regional Analysis ................................ ................................ ............................. 51

Europe ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 51

North America................................ ................................ .......................... 52

Latin America ................................ ................................ ........................... 53

Asia ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 53

Pacific................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 53

Africa and Middle East ................................ ................................ ............. 53

The future market for wind power; until 2012 ........................................................... 59

An assessment of factors affecting wind power ......................................................... 66

Terminology................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 66

Variations of demand................................ ................................ ............... 66

Base load................................ ................................ ................................ .. 67

Peak load ................................ ................................ ................................ . 67

Intermediate load ................................ ................................ .................... 68

Intermittency and variability ................................ ................................ .... 68

Capacity factor ................................ ................................ ......................... 69

Loss of Load Probability (LOLP)................................ ................................ . 70

Capacity credit ................................ ................................ ......................... 70

Spinning reserve................................ ................................ ....................... 71

Issues for wind power................................ ................................ ...................... 72

Grid balancing ................................ ................................ .......................... 72

Grid extension................................ ................................ .......................... 73

Storage................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 73

Capacity credit ................................ ................................ ......................... 73

Mis-match of supply and demand ................................ ............................ 74

Load following................................ ................................ .......................... 74

Dispersion ................................ ................................ ................................ 74

Inadequacy of weather forecasting ................................ .......................... 74

Spinning reserve/back-up................................ ................................ ......... 74

3.2.10 Wake effects ................................ ................................ ............................ 74

The operational experiences of wind power ................................ .................... 75

E.On Netz Wind Report, 2004................................ ................................ ... 75

Grid balancing ................................ ................................ .......................... 80

Grid balancing congestion ................................ ................................ ........ 80

E.On Netz Wind Report, 2005................................ ................................ ... 81

E.On conclusions about wind power................................ ......................... 81

Western Denmark 2005 ................................ ................................ ........... 82

ESB report in Ireland 2004................................ ................................ ........ 83

USA experience ................................ ................................ ........................ 83

Spain ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 84

3.3.10 ENTSO-E ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 85

3.3.13 Building consent times ................................ ................................ ............. 92

THE WAY FORWARD ................................ ................................ ........................ 93

3.1. Investing in the future competitiveness of the EU wind energy

3.2. Adopting a more strategic, coordinated approach to offshore

3.3. Maximising the environmental benefits of offshore wind.................. 97

3.4. Integrating large-scale offshore wind in the grid of the future........... 98

Copenhagen................................ ................................ ............................. 99

Targets ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 99

The Flexible Mechanisms ................................ ................................ ....... 100

Technology transfer ................................ ................................ ............... 101

National policies for renewable energy.................................................................... 102

Renewable energy targets ................................ ................................ ............. 102