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Criteria of Judgement
for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines in material combination steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/ electroplated layer steel/aluminium alloy
We wish to support the work of our customers with this information brochure which is based upon our years of experience. It is a non-binding general indication and does not free from a check on the applicability of the plain bearings by a specialist. The following information is to assist the experienced service engineer in judging the reusability of engine plain bearings with normal wear behaviour. In case of abnormal wear behaviour or in case of serious plain bearing damages it is absolutely necessary to consult the engine manufacturer, if necessary in cooperation with a plain bearing specialist. To prevent abnormal wear behaviour the following instructions should be strictly observed.
The regular maintenance of lubricating oil, carried out carefully according to the guidelines given by the engine manufacturers, is essential for the reliability of the engine plain bearings. In general the following items have to be observed: 1. Separation temperature 90 95 C at a load of approximately 20 % of nominal load of the separator. 2. If the oil becomes increasingly dirty, indicated by more frequent cleaning intervals of the automatic filter, the cause must be traced. 3. Regular checks of all filter elements for faultless condition. All the sieve elements must be free of any kind of damages. The often held opinion that damage to an individual sieve is harmless is not correct, as the sieve elements are working parallel. 4. Filter cleaning must be done carefully in order to avoid dirty oil getting into the clean oil side while taking out the filter elements. By all means the oil content in the filter housing must be drained off before taking out the filter elements according to the manufacturers instruction. 5. The installation of an additional safety sieve filter in the oil circuit just before the oil enters the engine has proven to be useful in helping to avoid damages in case of failures of the main filters. Please ask engine manufacturers for advice.
CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines
Material: Steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/electroplated layer Cast coated trimetal plain bearings of the material combination steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/electroplated layer have proved well effective for main and connecting rod bearings of medium-speed internal combustion engines from low up to high degrees of bearing load. In particular the material specifications steel C10 (or comparable)/cast coated lead bronze G-CuPb22Sn/ nickel dam with electroplated running layers are applied. PbSn10Cu2 for normal demands corresponding to Z-BHW 40 SnSb7 for increased demands on corrosion resistance corresponding to Z-BHW 87 PbSn14Cu8 for increased demands on corrosion resistance combined with increased demands on fatigue resistance corresponding to Z-BHW XX
Trimetal bearings made from steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/electroplated running layer are protected against corrosive attacks during transport and storage by an overall Sn-flash or an overall PbSn-flash. This flash must not be removed, when assembling the bearing or when putting it into service.
CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/electroplated layer
Figure 1
Figure 2
Both the bearing shells show a faultless and non-objectionable running picture. The contact reflection of the shaft is well marked in the center area. The electroplated running layer is completely preserved. There are no signs of corrosive attack. The foreign body score, as visible in Fig. 2, has no significant influence on the operational reliability of the bearing; the shells can be re-used.
Figure 3
A) Dark area: remains of electroplated running layer. This running picture shows a normal state of wear. There is no corrosive attack. The few scores caused by foreign particles are of no consequence. The electroplated running layer is only preserved in about 70 % of the contact area of the shell. The bearing shell is only conditionally fit for use because of its limited running-in properties.
CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/lead bronze/nickel dam/electroplated layer
Figure 4
The running picture shows normal wear after about 39.000 hours. The bearing shell must be replaced. The following zones are visible:
A) B) C) D)
Bearing metal exposed by wear (normal process) Nickel dam zone normally worn Diffusion zone. Darker colouring due to tin migration No sign of wear on electroplated running layer
Figure 5
Figure 6
In this state of wear the bearing shell may be further used. The following zones are visible: A) Nickel dam visible in a small area B) Bearing metal lead bronze locally exposed by edge wear C) Electroplated running layer is dark due to tin migration. Slight corrosive attack in the diffusion zone of the shell on Fig. 5. D) No sign of wear on electroplated running layer.
Figure 7
The electroplated running layer is almost completely worn out by corrosion and mechanical wear. Large areas of the nickel dam are visible. The nickel dam does not show any transitional phase in the wear pattern of the bearing shell, as in Fig. 4 and 6: The shell must be replaced because it has no running-in capability.
Figure 8
This picture also shows a large area where the electroplated running layer is worn out by corrosion and mechanical wear. The nickel dam is exposed. This shell must also be replaced because it has no running-in capability.
CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/aluminium alloy without a third layer Roll-bonded bimetal plain bearings of the material combination steel/aluminium alloy have proved well effective for the main and connecting rod bearings of medium-speed internal combustion engines from low up to medium degrees of bearing load. In particular the material specification steel C10/aluminium alloy AlSn20 corresponding to Z-BHW 74 is applied.
The high-grade aluminium bonding layer, shown in the basic sketch, is necessary to obtain a safe compound of steel and aluminium alloy. Bimetal bearings made from steel/aluminium alloy are all around protected against corrosive attacks during transport and storage by a special slushing oil, which has to be removed by appropriate means before assembling the bearing shell.
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CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/aluminium alloy without a third layer
Figure 1
The contact reflection is developed uniformly, covering the whole bearing width. It is well experienced that the dirt score no. , caused by a foreign particle within the lubricating oil, has no considerable effect on the further operating reliability of the plain bearing. This bearing shell may be reused.
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Figure 2
Figure 3
Detail of Figure No. 2
The contact reflection is developed uniformly, covering the whole bearing width. This bearing shell may be reused.
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CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/aluminium alloy without a third layer
Figure 4
Figure 5
Detail of Figure No. 4
The contact reflection is developed uniformly, covering the whole bearing width. The radially extended scores are caused by minute solid matter particles included in the lubricating oil. In case the depth of these scores is neither measurable nor tangible, the bearing shell may be re-used. In case the depth of these scores reaches or exceeds the dimension of the lubricating film thickness, the bearing shell has to be replaced.
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Figure 6
The contact reflection shows highly loaded areas at the bearing edges with traces of corrosion within the running layer made from an aluminium alloy. This bearing shell is not reusable. The cause of this plain bearing damage has to be determined and eliminated.
Figure 7
The contact reflection shows a large damaged area with different degrees of seizure. This bearing shell is not reusable. The cause of this plain bearing damage has to be determined and eliminated.
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CRITERIA OF JUDGEMENT for main and connecting-rod plain bearings in medium-speed internal combustion engines Material: Steel/aluminium alloy without a third layer
Figure 8
This bearing shell shows cracked-off bearing metal due to fatigue of the aluminium alloy running layer. Some pieces of cracked-off bearing metal are still visible in the fatigue area. The surface structure at the bottom of the cracked-off area indicates good bonding of the aluminium alloy to the steel-back. This bearing shell is not reusable.
Figure 9
This bearing shell shows cracked-off bearing metal due to fatigue of the aluminium alloy running layer. The surface structure at the bottom of the cracked-off area indicates good bonding of the aluminium alloy to the steel back. This bearing shell is not reusable.
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ZOLLERN BHW Gleitlager GmbH + Co. KG Alte Leipziger Strae 117118 D-38124 Braunschweig Phone +49-531-26 05-0 Fax +49-531-26 05-300 service@zollern-bhw.de www.zollern-bhw.com
We supply:
Plain Bearings for large-sized Diesel engines, compressors and other industrial applications made of compound bearing metals.
Bushings
Tilting Pad Journal- and Thrust Plain Bearings Pads for Tilting Pad Journal- and Thrust Bearings
Diameter ranges of plain bearings made by ZOLLERN BHW Gleitlager GmbH + Co. KG Plain Bearings Type Bearing shells Bushings Thrust washers Tilting pad thrust bearings Tilting pad journal bearings Thrust pads for tilting pad bearings Repair work Housing plain bearings
1)
Outside Diameter for Materials in mm: Steel/Babbitt Steel/Aluminium 801600 80800 801600 1001600 100500 701600 50 5001) 20 6002) 1501600 90 3001)
Shaft diameter
2)
Edge length
We supply also: Machine elements made of compound materials steel/lead bronze or steel/babbitt: spherical shells, planetary wheel pins castings of CuPbSn-, CuSn- and CuCr-alloys
This brochure provides an introduction to some of our products. lt does not include any instructions or directions for use of our products in specific applications, nor is it intended to represent that our products are appropriate for any specific use or application. Prior to using any of our products, proper investigation, including application-specific tests, should be conducted by the potential purchaser/user. Our products are subject to constant technical alterations and developments, and thus the statements contained in this brochure are always subject to modification without prior or subsequent notice. Only provisions, specifications, drawings, data and statements expressly set forth in contracts between ZOLLERN BHW Gleitlager GmbH + Co. KG and our customers shall be binding on ZOLLERN BHW Gleitlager GmbH + Co. KG All rights reserved. ZOLLERN BHW Gleitlager GmbH + Co. KG 2001 TKB 0401 1.0 E-7