Roug

Heat T



ghness
Transfer
Depart
Enhanc
r
L
tment of M
R
ced Mec
Li Xiao-wei, M
Jacqu
15
Mechanica
Stellenbo
13 M
Review
hanism
Meng Ji-an, L
ues du Pre
5063518
al and Me
osch Univ
May 2011
for Tur
Li Zhi-xin
eez
echatronic
versity
1
rbulent C
c Enginee
Convect
ring

tive

Ro

The rece
enhance
roughnes
This visc
fluid whe
maintain
The con
dimensio
Three se
dependin
Figure 1
being e,
the four t
Figure 1: T

Table 1: R
The frict
Reynolds
changing
is followe
reference
where af
indication
relation
maximum
as illustra
oughness e
ently publis
ment at the
ss to two or
cous sublaye
ere turbulent
the fluid in l
nclusion wa
onal roughne
ets of experi
ng on the te
shows the g
roughness w
tubes are giv
Two dimensio
Roughness dim
ion factors
s numbers
g the working
ed for the fo
e for the rat
fter the diff
n of the rate
to the smo
m ratio for a
ated in Figur
enhanced
hed article
e same pum
three times
er is in the vi
fluctuations
aminar moti
s establishe
ess tubes w
ments were
emperature
general form
width, w and
ven in Table
onal roughnes
mensions of th
and Nussel
(by changin
g fluid temp
ur different
tios of the f
ference in m
e of change
ooth tube c
specific Re
re 2, Li et al.
mechanism
by Li et a
ping power
that of the v
icinity of the
s are damped
ion.
ed by expe
ith dissimila
conducted
of the work
m of the two d
d roughness
e 1.
s tube (Li et a
he four tubes
t numbers w
ng the flow
erature spec
roughness t
friction facto
magnitude c
for the Nus
case and th
eynolds num
. (2011:1778
1
m for turbu
al. (2011) c
could be a
viscous subla
wall of the
d by viscous
erimentally
r roughness
with differen
ing fluid. Fo
dimensional
pitch is illus

al. 2011:1776)
(Li et al. 2011
were first m
wrate) for th
cified in Li e
tubes. The r
ors and Nus
can easily b
sselt number
herefore, on
mber. Plotting
8) a conclusi
ulent conv
concluded th
chieved by
ayer thickne
pipe where
s shear force
determining
s heights at
nt Prandtl nu
our tubes w
l roughness
strated by the
:1776)

measured in
he three diff
et al. (2011:1
results of the
sselt numbe
be observed
rs of the diff
ne could es
g these ratio
ion can be d
vective hea
hat maximu
increasing t
ess.
there is very
es becoming
g the heat
different Re
umbers for t
were used in
tube. The ro
e letter P. T
n a smooth
fferent Pran
1777)). The
e smooth tub
ers for the r
d. This is a
fferent rough
ssentially de
os to its Re
drawn, that f
at transfer
um heat tra
the height o
y thin layer o
g large enou
transfer in
eynolds num
the working
n the experim
oughness he
he dimensio
tube at diff
dtl numbers
same proce
be are used
roughness tu
also a signif
hness cases
etermine a
eynolds num
for tubes nu

ansfer
of the
of the
ugh to
n two
mbers.
fluid,
ment.
eight,
ons of
ferent
s (by
edure
d as a
ubes,
ficant
s with
local
mbers,
umber

1, 2 and
80000,30
number
quickly w
Figure 2: N
Using the
determin
that of th
170% mo
et al. 201
Figure 3: F
Li et al. (
the roug
been imp
with rega
3, there exi
0000 and 20
4, the Nuss
with the incre
Nusselt numb
e same meth
e the amou
he smooth tu
ore for numb
11:1779).
Friction factor
2011:1779)
hness heigh
proved and
ard to the us
ists a maxim
0000 for rou
selt number
ease of Reyn
er ratios at dif
hod, friction
nt of times
ube. The flo
ber 2, 360%
r ratios at diffe
furthermore
ht, at a set
enhanced
se of alternat
mum Nussel
ughness tub
r is initially
nolds numbe
fferent Reyno
factor ratios
by which th
w friction inc
for number
erent Reynold
e compared t
Reynolds n
by including
tive Reynold
2
t number ra
bes number
high, at low
er.

olds numbers (
s were also p
e friction fac
crements wa
3 and appro

ds numbers (L
the Nusselt
umber (Re
g an additio
ds numbers
atio at differe
1,2 and 3
wer Reynold
(Li et al. 2011:
plotted in the
ctor of the r
as found to
oximately 10
Li et al. 2011:17
number ratio
= 20000). T
nal discuss
that also res
ent Reynolds
respectively
ds numbers
:1778)
e same man
roughness tu
be 50% mo
0 times more
779)
os and frictio
This compa
ion and illus
sulted in a m
s numbers (
y) whilst for
s, but decre
nner (Figure
ubes differs
ore for numb
e for number
on factor rat
rison could
strations the
maximum Nu
(Re =
tube
eases
3) to
from
ber 1,
r 4 (Li
ios to
have
ereof,
usselt

number r
and Figu
observat
a greater

The pres
From the
factor inc
the pres
between
opposed
by using
evaluated
ratio to th
Figure 4:N
ratio, as is a
ure 5. Whe
ion can be m
r change in t
ssure drop re
e above equ
creases. Thi
sure drop. T
enhancing
to a decrea
g a Perform
d at the sam
he power of
Nusselt numbe
apparent in
en the rate
made, that a
the friction fa
elation is giv
uation, it is
is is an unde
Therefore, t
the heat tr
ase in the pre
ance Evalu
me pumping
a third.
er ratios for di
Figure 2. T
of variatio
an increasing
actor than in
ven by:
P
evident tha
esired outco
there exists
ransfer to a
essure drop,
ation Criter
power, by d
PEC =

ifferent rough

3
The two diffe
n of both f
g roughness
n the heat tra
=
I

p
I
2
2
at the pressu
ome, becaus
the necess
a certain de
, or vice vers
ion (PEC) i
ividing the N
= (
Nu
Nu
0
)(

0
)
ness heights
erent compa
figures is t
s height from
ansfer enhan
ure drop wi
se more ene
sity for a ce
gree (by in
sa. Li et al. (
in which he
Nusselt num
)
1
3

at Re = 20,000
arisons are g
aken into a
m 0.37mm to
ncement.
ll increase w
ergy is requ
ertain trade-
creasing the
(2011) appro
eat transfer
ber ratio by
0 (Li et al. 201
given in Fig
account, a
o 0.68mm, y
when the fr
ired to overc
-off to be m
e roughness
oached this
enhanceme
the friction f
1:1778)
ure 4
clear
yields
riction
come
made,
s) as
issue
ent is
factor

Figure 5: F
The PEC
comparis
the exep
from thes
Undoubte
conclusio
This mea
an increa
below. T
of the he
Figure 6: P
With turb
thickness
transfer w
is smalle
produce
times the
pressure
sublayer
substant
Roughn
easily un
undergra
is used,
more suf

The met
paramou
reached,
Friction factor
C is plotted
son, the opt
tion of tube
se measurem
edly, the m
on that the P
ans that the
ase of the P
his occuranc
eat conductio
PEC variance
bulent flow,
s of the hea
will not be en
er than the v
an optimal
e viscous su
e drop. When
thickness,
ially.
ess Enhanc
nderstandab
aduate heat t
for example
fficiently.
thods of the
unt way in w
is appare
r ratios for diff
against the
imum Reyno
number 4, w
ments.
most importa
PEC does n
re is an opt
Prandtl numb
ce can be a
on layer.
with roughne
the Prandt
at conductio
nhanced and
viscous subla
performanc
blayer thickn
n the roughn
heat transfe
ced Mechan
ble style, w
transfer clas
e, viscous s
e authors, b
hich to appr
ent from th
ferent roughn
Reynolds n
olds numbe
which had a
ant figure c
not neccess
timum rough
ber also enh
scribed to th
ss height for d
tl number is
on layer is s
d the pressu
ayer thickne
ce when the
ness. This e
ness height
er is hardly
nism for Tur
which makes
ss, although
sublayer an
by which th
roach the re
eir work. T
4
ess heights a
number at d
rs are found
small optim
contained in
arily increas
hness height
hances heat
he fact that t

different Pr at
s always gr
smaller than
ure drop will
ess. Li et al.
e roughness
enhances he
is approxim
enhanced f
rbulent Con
s it accessi
it is my con
nd the heat
ey reached
levant probl
This means
at Re = 20,000
different Pra
d for the diff
um Reynold
n the article
se with roug
t for a set R
t transfer, w
the Prandtl n
t Re = 20,000 (
reater than
n the viscou
not increase
(2011) conc
height is e
eat transfer w
ately five tim
further and t
nvective Hea
ible and co
tention that
t conduction
d their findin
em and the
s that any
(Li et al. 2011
andtl numbe
ferent rough
ds number a
e is Figure
ghness heig
Reynolds nu
ich is illustra
number affe
(Li et al. 2011:
unity. This
us sublayer.
e when the r
cluded that
equal to app
without a not
mes greater
the pressure
at Transfer
omprehendib
some of the
n layer sho
ngs are, in
ultimate co
person wit
:1779)
ers and from
hness tubes,
and was excl
6, in which
ht, was reac
umber. More
ated in the f
ects the thick
1780)
entails tha
Therefore,
roughness h
roughness t
proximately
ticeable effe
than the vis
e drop incre
is written
ble, even fo
e terminology
uld be expla
my opinion
nclusion wh
th an acad
m this
, with
luded
h the
ched.
eover,
figure
kness
at the
heat
height
tubes
three
ect on
scous
eases
in an
or an
y that
ained
n, the
ich is
demic
5

background, knowledge or experience in the field of heat transfer who may assess the data
which that Li et al. (2011) procured, would come to make the exact same conclusion.
Although this work builds upon the work of Nikuradse (1950) and there exist various similar
articles, such as that of Ceylan & Kelbaliyev (2003). This article is useful for the satisfaction of
an enquiry regarding the optimum roughness height for utilization in practical applications to
increase the heat transfer without losing too much pressure head, for example, in a car radiator
design or an industrial heat exchanger. Therefore, this article makes a valuable contribution to
the field of heat transfer.


6

References

Ceylan Kadim & Kelbaliyev Gudret, The roughness effects on friction and heat transfer in the
fully developed turbulent flow in pipes, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 557570
Li Xiao-wei, Meng Ji-an, Li Zhi-xin, Roughness enhanced mechanism for turbulent convective
heat transfer, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 17751781
Nikuradse, J., 1950, Law of Flow in Rough Pipes,Technical memorandum 1292, National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics; Translation of Stromungsgesetze in rauhen Rohren, VDI-
Forschungsheft 361. Beilage zu Forschung auf dem Gebiete des Ingenie urwesens Ausgabe
B Band 4,July/August 1933.