Basic Design Considerations elevator structure Figuring out the is a balancing act of sorts.

. As you add more floors to a building, you increase the building's occupancy. When you have more people, you obviously need more elevators or the lobby will fill up with people waiting in line. But elevator shafts take up a lot of room, so you lose floor space for every elevator you add. To make more room for people, you have to add more floors. Deciding on the right number of floors and elevators is one of the most important parts of designing a building. Building safety is also a major consideration in design. Fire resistant materials application. Architects also pay careful attention to the comfort of the building's occupants. The Empire State Building, for example, was designed so its occupants would always be within 30 feet (ft) of a window. The Commerz bank building in Frankfurt, Germany has tranquil indoor garden areas built opposite the building's office areas, in a climbing spiral structure. A building is only successful when the architects have focused not only on structural stability, but also usability and occupant satisfaction. Wind Resistance: In addition to the vertical force of gravity, skyscrapers also have to deal with the horizontal force of wind. Most skyscrapers can easily move several feet in either direction, like a swaying tree, without damaging their structural integrity. The main problem with this horizontal movement is how it affects the people inside. If the building moves a substantial horizontal distance, the occupants will definitely feel it. The most basic method for controlling horizontal sway is to simply tighten up the structure. For taller skyscrapers, tighter connections don't really do the trick. To keep these buildings from swaying heavily, engineers have to construct especially strong cores through the center of the building. In the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers from that era, the area around the central elevator shafts is fortified by a sturdy steel truss, braced with diagonal beams. Most recent buildings have one or more concrete cores built into the center of the building. -Making buildings more rigid also braces them against earthquake damage. Basically, the entire building moves with the horizontal vibrations of the earth, so the steel skeleton isn't twisted and strained. While this helps protect the structure of the skyscraper skyscraper, it can be pretty rough on the occupants, and it can also cause a lot of damage to loose furniture and equipment. Several companies are developing new technology that will counteract the horizontal movement to dampen the force of vibration. Some buildings already use advanced wind-compensating dampers. The Citicorp Center in New York, for example, uses a tuned mass damper. In this complex system, oil hydraulic systems push a 400-ton concrete weight back and forth on one of the top floors, shifting the weight of the entire building from side to side. A sophisticated computer system carefully monitors how the wind is shifting the building and moves the weight accordingly. Some similar systems shift the building's weight based on the movement of giant pendulums. As technology advanced, the outer buildings were no longer required to carry all the load, thus the concept of curtain wall came into being. Which was then draped on a structural skeleton Foundations systems for these tall buildings were, in turn, improved using technology used by bridge builders. Not only there ability to carry large loads, but also there techniques of investigating the soil conditions of the area. Piled foundations deep columns pressed within the earth, of wither reinforced concrete or steel. Sand piling- closely spaced holes made using piles, which were then removed, then back filled with sand . Piling method is important due to there ability to carry load into the ground by friction along there sides, or as columns channeling loads down to hard bed rock. A slurry wall or the diaphragm, a deep concrete wall structure cast within a trench, capable of carrying great loads, or being excavated out to become a retaining wall. Grillage foundations for shorter structures- Criss-cross mat of steel beams, massively incased in concrete. Building planning considerations The organization of office buildings consist of these three component: Core: contains most mechanical, electrical, elevator, and service functions Side: exterior wall Floor plate: Determines the lease able area. Core Location There are three common core Configurations Center: At the center of floor plate.

 Side: at the edge of floor plate also known as Perimeter. Multiple: several cores arranged at logical intervals across the floor plate. Flexibility in the location of core area provides great variety in building form. Side cores allow great daylight to reach the workspaces and allow creative site organization. Mechanical floor dedicated to mechanical and electronics equipment most buildings have mechanical rooms, typically in the basement, tall buildings require dedicated floors throughout the structure for this purpose As a rule of thumb, skyscrapers require a mechanical floor for every 10 tenant floors (10%) Besides structural support and elevator management, the primary purpose of mechanical floors is heating ventilation and air conditioning, and other services. They contain electrical generators, chiller plants, water pumps, and so on. Mechanical floors also contain communication and control systems that service the building Most mechanical floors require external vents or louvers for ventilation and heat rejection along most or all of their perimeter, precluding the use of glass windows The resulting visible "dark bands" can disrupt the overall faade design especially if it is fully glassclad. Different architectural styles approach this challenge in different ways. The mechanical rooms are placed at the bottom and at the top of the building. Escalators Escalators are widely used to transport people over a relatively short vertical distance. A single escalator has the same capacity as large as a large bank of elevators. There is little need for direction signs Escalators are also useful for handling large pedestrian traffic flow Elevators Elevators are called on to serve different functions according the size and their nature of the building and their location in it. Location of elevators depend on the access point of entrance and lay out of upper floors. The elevator group can be selected on bases of: Capacity to handle the passengers as they arrive, a percentage of the total building population that can be handled in the peak 5 minute period Frequency to provide an available car for arriving passengers without excessive waiting. Car size to handle the largest items to be carried. Speed or time of total trip. There are five main elevator designs used in buildings 1) The first way is the normal elevator shaft design where all the elevators in the building access all the floors. This way is best in the shorter buildings. (usually under 50 floors) 2) The second way is where a building has more than one lobby, 2, 3 or perhaps 4. The bottom floor lobby has express elevators that go to the other lobbies. In these lobbies there are elevators to the floors in that section of the building. This way is most efficient with extremely tall buildings (60 floors and taller) 3) The third method is where all the elevators meet at the bottom floor and certain ones go to certain floors. There might be an elevator which only goes to the floors of 49-70. This isn't as efficient as method 2 in the extremely tall buildings. This method would work best in a 40 to 70 floor building. 4) The fourth method involves a double deck elevator that skips to main sky lobbies. The double decked elevator would be able to hold very many people. The two floors they load and unload on can be connected by escaladers to even out the traffic. This would work best in high traffic, extremely tall buildings. 5) The fifth method isn't very popular and is most likely not going to be seen in the future. This method is were there is more than one car per shaft. One car is put to service a certain area of floors while the other gets the other floors. To prevent crashes, they can only go in the same direction, and there must be a constant monitoring system keep things in line. Emergency staircase keep the staircases as the safe evacuation routes and that we should avoid the staircases from becoming a chimney in case of fire for preventing the chimney effect we should just have big windows on every floor of the staircases.