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Grados de los Adjetivos Los adjetivos tienen tres grados de comparacin. Grado positivo, grado comparativo, grado superlativo:
POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO
SUPERLATIVO
taller ms alto bigger ms grande more intelligent ms inteligente more expensive ms caro
the tallest el ms alto the biggest el ms grande the most intelligent el ms inteligente the most expensive el ms caro
Monoslabos small pequeo tall alto young joven old viejo new nuevo
Comparativo adj + er
smaller ms pequeo taller ms alto younger ms joven older ms viejo newer ms nuevo
the smallest el ms pequeo the tallest el ms alto the youngest el ms joven the oldest el ms viejo the newest el ms nuevo
the longest el ms largo the shortest el ms corto the biggest el ms grande the fattest el ms gordo
Adjetivos Largos expensive caro modern moderno beautiful hermoso elegant elegante interesting interesante dangerous peligroso
Comparativo more + adj more expensive ms caro more modern ms moderno more beautiful ms hermoso more elegant ms elegante more interesting ms interesante more dangerous ms peligroso
Superlativo the most + adj the most expensive el ms caro the most modern el ms moderno the most beautiful el ms hermoso the most elegant el ms elegante the most interesting el ms interesante the most dangerous el ms peligroso
Adjetivo o Adverbio good bueno well bien bad malo badly mal much mucho many muchos little poco far lejos far lejos
Comparativo better mejor better mejor worse peor worse peor more ms more ms less menos farther ms lejos further ms lejos
Superlativo the best el mejor the best de la mejor forma the worst el peor the worst de la peor forma the most la mayor parte the most la mayora the least el menos the farthest el ms lejano the furthest el ms lejano
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Recuerdas las cinco reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos en ingls? Vamos a revisarlas aqu:
REGLA 1 El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se forman agregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:
cold
>> colder
>> coldest
REGLA 2 Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican la consonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:
hot
>> hotter
>> hottest
REGLA 3 Los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recin entonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:
>> noisiest
REGLA 4 En el caso de adjetivos de dos o ms slabas (excepto aquellos terminados en -y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:
good >> better >> best bad >> worse >> worst far >> farther / further >> farthest / furthest
verbo eat talk listen read go look wear sit something. to somebody. to something. something. somewhere. at something. something. somewhere. Voy a comer algo. Vas a hablar con alguien. Va a escuchar algo. (l) Va a leer algo. (ella) Va a ir a algn sitio. Vamos a mirar algo. Vais a poneros algo. Van a sentarse en algn sitio.
Nota: Con el "going to" se utilizan tres verbos: la forma correspondiente del verbo "to be" como verbo auxilar, "going to" y la forma bsica del verbo (el infinitivo) como verbo principal. Nota: Las palabras "going to" se suelen pronunciar "gotta" (suena como la palabra "cara" en espaol). La estructura bsica del negativo del "going to":
suj I You He She It We You They aux am are is is is are are are not not not not not not not not not going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to verbo eat talk listen read go look wear sit something. to somebody. to something. something. somewhere. at something. something. somewhere. No voy a comer algo. No vas a hablar con alguien. No va a escuchar algo. (l) No va a leer algo. (ella) No va a ir a algn sitio. No vamos a mirar algo. No vais a poneros algo. No van a sentarse en algn sitio.
Nota: Contracciones: Se suele contraer "It is" con "it's", "it is not" con "it's not" o "it isn't", "you are" con "you're", "we are not" con "we're not" o "we aren't", "that is" con "that's", "that is not" con "that's not" o "that isn't", etc. (Nota: "I am not" solamente se contrae con "I'm not"). La estructura bsica del interrogativo del "going to": (anywhere = alguna o cualquier parte, anybody = cualquiera, alguien, anything = cualquier cosa, algo)
aux Am Are Is I you he suj going to going to going to going to verbo eat talk listen something? to somebody? to something? Voy a comer algo? Vas a hablar con alguien? Va a escuchar algo? (l)
Va a leer algo? (ella) Va a ir a algn sitio? Vamos a mirar algo? Vais a poneros algo? Van a sentarse en algn sitio?
Nota: La palabra "some" y "any" a veces significan lo mismo. La principal diferencia es que "some" se suele utilizar para afirmativas y "any" para negativas y interrogativas. Nota: Para hacer la pregunta en la forma interrogativa del "going to" simplemente se intercambia el verbo "to be" con el sujeto .
La estructura bsica de las respuestas cortas del "going to" (e iguales a las del verbo "to be"): Af. Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes, I am. you are. he is. she is. it is. we are. you are. they are. Neg. No, No, No, No, No, No, No, No, I'm not. you aren't. (you're not) he isn't. (he's not) she isn't. (she's not) it isn't. (it's not) we aren't. (we're not) you aren't. (you're not) they aren't. (they're not)
What (qu) Who (quin) Which (Cul) When (Cundo) Why (Por qu)
o o o
Preguntas sin palabra de pregunta Estas preguntas se responden con yes o no (si o no) Preguntas con un verbo auxiliar Para interrogacin el orden es: verbo+sujeto+complementos Preguntas sin verbo auxiliar En el Past Simple y en el Present Simple, se utiliza Do/Does (Present Simple) y Did (Past Simple), para formular preguntas. Present Continuous Forma To be + verb + -ing (present participle) Postitivo y negativo I He She It We You They Pregunta What am i He What is She it We What are You they Respuesta corta Yes, I am No, Im not wearing? wearing? wearing? m (am) s (is) isnt working
working
re (are) arent
working
Yes, he is No, he isnt Yes, they are No, they arent Nota: No se usan contracciones en las respuestas cortas Uso
o o
Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora. Para expresar una actividad que est pasando ahora, pero no en el momento Para expresar un futuro planeado y muy ajustado Present Simple
de hablar.
o
Forma Sujeto + verbo + complementos Positivo y negativo I We You They He She It Pregunta I Where do We You They He Where does She It Uso
o o
live
near here
lives
near hear
live?
lives ?
Para expresar un hecho que es verdad por un perodo largo de tiempo Have/have got
Positivo I We You They He She It Negativo I We You They He She It Pregunta I Do We You They He Does She It I Have We You They got a car? have a car? have a car? Doesnt have Hasnt got Dont have Havent got any money Has s got Have ve got two sisters
two sisters
any money
He Has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have / Yes I do No, I havent / No, I dont Yes, he has / Yes he does No, he hasnt / No he doesnt Nota Se pueden usar contracciones con have got, pero con have no. Uso
got a car?
Have y have got significan lo mismo (haber / tener), pero have got es informal. Expresan posesin
Se usa al hablar, pero no al escribir. Cuando have + sustantivo, significa una actividad o hbito, do/does/dont ... se usa y have got no. Nota En el Past Simple no se usa have got. Past Simple Forma Las formas del Past Simple son las mismas para todas las personas. Los verbos regulares se forman aadiendo ed al verbo en presente. Positivo I He/ She / It You We They Negativo Se ponde didnt , pero el verbo se deja en Present Simple. I She You Didnt (did not) arrive yesterday finished yesterday
Etc. Pregunta Se pone did al principio de la pregunta, y el verbo se deja en presente. She You When did They He Etc. Respuesta corta Yes, I did No, I didnt Uso
o o
arrive?
Para expresar una accin acabada en el pasado. Para expresar las acciones que siguen en una historia.
Nota Con el Past Simple, se suelen usar expresiones como: Last year, last month, yesterday, tomorrow, in 1945, five years ago... Past Continuous Forma Was/were (pasaso del verbo to be) + verbo + ing (present participle) Positivo y negativo I He She It We You They 3. Pregunta What was I He doing? Were Werent (were not) Was Wasnt (was not) working
working
She It We What were You They 4. Respuesta corta Yes, I was / No, I wasnt Yes, they were / No, they werent 5. Uso
o
doing?
6. Interrupted action I was doing my homework, when she arrived. When she arrived, I was doing my homework. Nota En las historias en Past Continuous, se usa para describir la escena y con el Past Simple se cuenta la accin. The Passive Forma Am/is/are (to be) Was/were (past to be) Has/have been Presente Positivo y negativo English is spoken all over the world (positivo) Coffe isnt grown in England (negativo) Pregunta Where is rice grown? 3. Pasado Positivo y negativo My car was stolen last night (negativo) He wasnt injuried in the accident (positivo) Pregunta +verb + ed (past participle) + verb +ed (past participle) + verb +ed (past participle)
How was the window broken? Present Perfect Positivo y negativo Ive been robbed (positivo) Diet Coke hansnt been made since 1987 (negativo) Pregunta Has my car been repaired? Respuestas cortas Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he was/ No, he wasnt Yes, it has/ No, it hasnt Nota The Passive con infinitivo (to be + verbo + ed), se utiliza despus de un verbo modal. Uso
o o
Otro camino de expresar la misma oracin, pero en pasiva. Elegimos una u otra dependiendo del inters. Gustos Positivo Negativo Adore Loathe Love Hate Really like Really dislike Quite like Dislike Like Dont like Conditionals Type 1: Possible If+ present+ ........+ future (will/wont) Ej: If it rains, Ill take my umbrella Type 2: Unlikely/Unreal If+ past simple+ ........+ conditional (would/could) Ej: If it rained, Ill take my umbrella Type 3: Impossible If+ past perfect + ........ + conditional perfect (would/could + have+ past participle) Ej:
If it had rained, Id have taken my umbrella Present Perfect Simple Forma: Have/Has + past participle (-ed ) Positivo y negativo: I We You They He She It Pregunta I Have We You They He Has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No,I havent Yes, she has/ No, she hasnt Uso
ve (have) havent
worked in a factory
s (has) hasnt
worked in a factory
Ever- Alguna vez Never- Nunca For+ perodo de tiempo Since+ comienzo de perodo de tiempo Yet-Ya (en pregunta y negativa) Already-Ya (en afirmativa) Just- Justo, acabo, accin realizada recientemente
Have you ever been to Ireland? I have never been to Ireland I have been in Ireland for nine years/ a long time I have been in Ireland since I was born/1945 Have you done your homework yet? I havent done my homework yet I have already done my homework I have just done my homework Going to Forma To be+ going + to + infinitivo Positivo y negativo m (am) m not s (is) isnt
going to work
going to work
re (are) arent
going to work
I He
going to arrive?
When
Is
She It We
going to arrive?
When
are
You they
going to arrive?
Respuesta corta Yes, they are/ No, they arent Yes, he is/ No, he isnt
Para expresar una intencin futura hecha antes del momento de hablar. Para algo que podemos ver o sentir y puede pasar en el futuro. What........like?
Forma What+ to be+ subject + like? Positivo Whats your teacher like? Uso
Nota How is your mother? Es para hablar de la salud, no de descripcin. Will Forma Will + infinitivo ( sin to) Positivo y negativo I She You They Etc. Pregunta He You When will They I Etc. Respuesta corta Yes, I will/ No, I wont Uso
ll (will) wont
arrive?
Forma Subject+ had + verb + past participle (-ed) Positivo y negativo I He She It We You They Pregunta I He She Had It We You They Respuesta corta Yes, it had/ No, it hadnt Uso
d (had) hadnt
left?
Se usa para expresar una accin en el pasado, que pas antes de otra accin en el pasado. Have to Forma Has/have + to + participio Positivo y negativo I We You They Have Dont have to work hard
He She It Pregunta
to work hard
I Do We You They He Does She It Respuesta corta Yes, I do/ No, I dont Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt Uso
Formas Can/could May/might Shall/should Will/would Must/mustnt Neednt Usos Must: rdenes, prohibicin en negativo Should: Consejos, sugerencias Might: Menos posible de 50% May: 50% posible Neednt: No necesario Necesidad: Must Prohibicin: Mustnt No necesario: neednt
Consejo: Should, shouldnt Permiso: Can, could, may Capacidad: Can, could Solicitar: Could, will, would Respuesta: Would, Shall 3. Caractersticas
Mismas formas en todas las personas No se usa el to (excepto para ought to) Para el negativo se aade not o nt, nunca dont o doesnt A may y might no se aade nt, sino not Para preguntas verbo antes del sujeto Will not=wont Past can=Could Should
Forma Should + infinitivo ( sin to) Positivo y negativo I He We They Etc. Pregunta I Should She They I Do you think He We They Respuesta corta Yes, you should/ No, you shouldnt Uso should see a doctor? see a doctor should do more exercises shouldnt tell lies
Para expresar lo que el que habla piensa est bien o es la mejor cosa para hacer. Expresa ligera obligacin o consejo. Shouldnt expresa un consejo negativo. Might
Forma Might + infinitivo (sin to) Sus formas son las mismas en todas las personas Positivo y negativo I He It We Etc. La contraccin mightnt es inusual. Pregunta Might.... you? es inusual. Se utiliza do you think....... + will.......? Do you think Respuesta corta He might/ It might Uso
go to the party
Comparativos y superlativos Forma Comparativo: +er (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone more delante del adj. Superlativo: + est (2 slabas o 1), ms se pone most delante del adj. Uso
Than va despus del comparativo. The para el superlativo As..... as (tan....como) Not as/ so.....as (no como) Expresiones de cantidad
Formas Some/any A few/ A little A lot of / Lots of Much / Many Uso Diferencias entre adjetivos contables o incontables:
Los sustantivos contables pueden ir en singular o en plural Los sustantivos incontables siempre van en singular
En los sustantivos contables se utiliza some + un sustantivo plural en las oraciones positivas y any + un sustantivo plural en la pregunta, y la negacin. En los incontables some va en positivo y any en pregunta o negativa Los contables con many en preguntas y negativas, en los incontables con much en preguntas y negativas. Los contables, y los incontables van con a lot of, o lots of en positivo. And, but, because And Expresa adicin (y) 2. But Para contrastar entre medio de dos ideas (pero) Because Introduce una razn por la primera parte de la frase (porque) A y The A: Se utiliza en singular en adjetivos contables referentes a una idea. The En singular y plural tanto en adjetivos contables como en incontables. Like doing and would like to do Like doing Expresa diversin Would like to do Expresa preferencia ahora u en otro momento. Present Perfect Continuous Forma Has/have + been + verb + ing Positivo y negativo
I We You They He She It Pregunta I How long have We You They He How long has She It Respuesta corta Yes, I have/ No, I havent Yes, he has/ No, he hasnt Uso
ve (have) havent
been working?
s (has) hasnt
been working?
been working?
been working?
Para expresar una actividad que continua en el presente Para referirse a una actividad con un resultado en el presente. Used to
Forma Used+ to + infinitive Positive and negative I She They Etc. Pregunta What did you used to do? Used to Didnt use to smoke like cooking
Para expresar un hbito pasado. Para expresar un estado pasado. La forma de pregunta no es muy corriente. Never se utiliza mucho No confundirlo con el verbo to use. Verbos irregulares
Nota A veces se pregunta en el Past Simple, y se responde con used to. Ej: I never used to watch TV
INFINITIVE Become Break Bring Build Buy Can Catch Come Cost Do Draw Dream
SIMPLE PAST Became Broke Brought Built Bought Could Caught Came Cost Did Drew Dreamed
PAST PARTICIPLE Become Broken Brought Built Bought Could Caught Come Cost Done Drawn Dreamt
TRANSLATION Convertirse Romper Traer Edificar Comprar Poder Tomar Venir Costar Hacer Dibujar Soar
Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Find Fly Forget Get Give Go Have Hear Hurt Know Lead Learn Leave Lend Lie Make Meet
Drank Drove Ate Fell Felt Found Flew Forgot Got Gave Went Had Heard Hurt Knew Led Learnt Left Lent Lay / Lied Made Met
Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Found Flown Forgotten Got Given Gone Had Heard Hurt Known Led Learnt Left Lent Lain/ Lied Made Met
Beber Conducir Comer Caer Sentir Encontrar Volar Olvidar Ponerse Dar Ir Haber o tener Oir Herir Saber Llevar Aprender Salir Prestar Mentir/ Estar tumbado Hacer Conocer
Pay Put Read Run Say See Sell Send Show Sing Sit Sleep Speak Spend Stand Swim Take Tell Think Wake up Wear Will Write
Paid Put Read Ran Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Sang Sat Slept Spoke Spent Stood Swam Took Told Thought Woke up Wore
Paid Put Read Run Said Saw Sold Sent Showed Sung Sat Slept Spoken Spent Stood Swum Token Told Thought Woken up Worn
Pagar Poner Leer Correr Decir Ver Vender Enviar Mostrar Cantar Sentarse Dormir Hablar Gastar Estar de pie Nadar Coger Contar Pensar Despertarse Vestir/ Llevar
Wrote
Written
Escribir
Win
Won
Won
Ganar