SADVIDYA COMPOSITE P.U.

COLLEGE, MYSURU
PREPARATORY EXAM FOR I PUC- Jan-2008
CHEMISTRY SCHEME
PART A

1. Which particles are responsible for the mass of an atom?
Proton and Neutron. ---(1M)
2. Name the main constituents of CNG.
butane and methane ---(1M)
3. What is the expected electronic configuration of Chromium?
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
OR [Ar]3d
5
4s
1
---(1M)
4. Name the metal associated with the ore malachite.
Copper ---(1M)
5. Name the region of Lyman series.
UV region ---(1M)
6. Write the structural formula of 2 methyl 2 butene.
CH
3
CH
3

| OR |
CH
3
C = CH CH
3
CH
3
CH = C CH
3
---(1M)
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
7. Name the element doped with silicon to get ntype of semiconductor.
Phosphorous. ---(1M)
8. Which quantum numbers are required to completely define an orbital and an electron in an
atom?
n,l and m for an orbital
n,l,m and s for an electron ( X 2) ---(1M)
9. Write the structure of monomer unit present in natural rubber.
CH
3

|
CH
2
= C CH = CH
2
2 Methyl -1,3 butadiene ---(1M)

1 2 3 4

10. Why water cannot be removed from rectified spirit by ordinary distillation technique ?
Rectified spirit is an azeotropic [constant boiling] mixture of 95.5% ethanol and 4.5%
water. Such a mixture can not be further concentrated by ordinary distillation technique.
----(1M)

PART B

11. State and illustrate Hunds rule with nitrogen as an example.
No electron pairing takes place in the p,d and f orbitals until each orbital of the
given set contains one electron or, electrons are not paired in the orbitals of
same energy until each of the orbital contains one electron. ---- (1M)
Illustration: For Nitrogen, atom number = 7
According Hunds rule, the seventh electron goes in to the 2P
7
orbital. The
electronic configuration of Nitrogen is
1s
2
2s
2
2px
1
2py
1
2pz
1
----(1M)



12. What is periodicity ? What is its cause ?
The occurrence of a repetitive sequence of similar elements is called periodicity.
Such a repetitive sequence of elements occurs in the PT at regular intervals of
8,18 or 32 elements. (When the elements are arranged in the increasing order
of their atomic number). ----(1M)
The cause for the periodicity in properties is due to the recurrence of similar
outer electronic configuration at certain intervals. Thus the properties like
ionisation potential, electron affinity, atomic and ionic radii, electronegativity etc,
show periodic behaviour. (these are the properties which are related to electronic
configuration). ----(1M)

13. Calculate the equivalent mass of potassium dichromate using oxidation number
method.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3

Total decrease in oxidation number of chromium = 12 6 = 6 ----(1M)
Equivalent mass of
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
=
involved atom the of number oxidation in the Decrease
ass Molecularm

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
= [2 x 39 + 2 x 52 + 7 x 16] = 294

6
294
= 49 ----(1M)

14. What is diagonal relationship? Name the pair of elements that are related to each
other diagonally.
Certain elements in the periodic table resemble the elements diagonally opposite
to them in the next group and period. This relationship is observed between the
elements of the second period and the element which is diagonally opposite to it
in the third period. ----(1M)
Lithium resembles magnesium, berylium resembles aluminium, boron resembles silicon
in their chemical properties. (any one pair) ----(1M)

15. Illustrate Friedel-Crafts reaction with an example.
Benzene reacts with alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
trichloride, alkyl benzene is obtained. This is called Friedel-Crafts reaction. (1M)
C
6
H
6
+ R - X
anhydrous AlCl
3
C
6
H
5
R + Hx
+ CH
3
Cl
anhydrous AlCl
3
CH
3

+ HCl
Benzene Chloromethane Methyle Benzene [Toluene] (1M)
16. What are fullerenes? Mention two applications.
They are new molecular allotropes of carbon. They are formed as Buckminster
fullerenes after the architect R. Buck minster. They are also referred to as bucky
balls. These isotopes were named fullerenes after the famous American architect
Buckminster Fuller who designed the structure of buildings at hexagonal and
pentagonal patterns. ----(1M)
Applications: i) As super conductors at low temperature of 10-40 K.
ii) As lubricants because of their spherical structure. ----(1M)
17. Give four differences between sigma bond and pi bond.

(2M)
18. Equal volume of two gases A and B diffuse through a porous pot in 20 & 10 seconds
respectively. If the molar mass of gas A is 80, what is the molar mass of gas B.

B
A
r
r
=
A
B
M
M
---(1M)
=
80 10 /
20 /
B
M
V
V
=
=
80 4
1
B
M
=
M
B
= 20. ---(1M)

19. Calculate the RMS velocity of Hydrogen at STP.
P = 1013 kpa
V = 22.4 dm
3
C =
M
PV 3
or C =
M
RT 3
can be used. R= 8.314J/K/mt ---(1M)
M = 2 X 10
-3
m T= 273, M=2

=
kg
m s kgm
3
3 3 2 1
10 2
10 4 . 22 ) 101300 3 (

= 1845 ms
-1
---(1M)

20. Name as per IUPAC : i) H C C CH
2
CH = CH
2

ii) CH
3
CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH
3

| |
CHO CH
3

i) H C C CH
2
CH = CH
2
Pent 1 ene 4 yne
Always named as a derivative of alkyne ie. ene comes before yne. ---(1M)
ii) CH
3
CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH
3

| | 2 ethyl 3 Methyl - pentanal
CHO CH
3
---(1M)


Sl
No.
Sigma Bond t Bond
1 Formed by the overlapping of
orbitals along the axis. ie. end-
end overlap.
Formed by the overlapping of
orbitals on sideways. ie. sideways
overlapping.
2 Stronger due to effective overlap. Weak due to less efficient overlap.
3 It involves overlap of s-s, s-p or
p-p orbitals.
It involves the overlap of p-
orbitals only.
4 The bond may be present
between atoms either alone or
along with pi bond.
The bond is always present
between the two atoms along with
a sigma bond.
21. 0.75 g. of organic compound containing nitrogen, on kjeldalisation and further
neutralisation required 30 cm
3
of 0.25 N H
2
SO
4
. Calculate the percentage of
nitrogen.
% of nitrogen =
substance organic of mass
used acid the of normality used acid of volume 4 . 1
---(1M)
=
75 . 0
25 . 0 30 4 . 1
= 14 % ---(1M)

22. Give the mathematical form of
i) Freundlich adsorption isotherm
x/m o p
1/n
or x/m = k p
1/n
where x is the mass of gas absorbed, m is the mass
of adsorbent, p is the equilibrium pressure, k & n are constants.
[this is an empirical relation]. ---(1M)

ii) relation between K
p
and K
c
.
K
p
= K
c
(RT) n A where n A = n
2
-n
1

n
2
= total number of mole of gaseous products

n
1
= total number of mole of gaseous reactants. ---(1M)

PART-C
I
23. a) Define dipole moment.
It is the product of electric charge and the distance between the positive and
negative centres of a polar molecule.
d e = or d q = ---(1M)
[ It is a vector quantity having both direction and magnitude].

b) Name the metallurgical operation in the extraction of Zinc from zinc blend.
How is it extracted using vertical retort process?
Pyrometallurgy ---( M)
Extraction involves (i) concentration of ore by froth flotation, (ii) roasting to
convert ZnS to ZnO. 2 ZnS + 3O
2
2 ZnO + 2 SO
2
(iii) reduction or
smelting by heating with coke.
ZnO + C
1673 K
heat
Zn + CO ---(1M)
This is done by vertical retort process as follows.


charging door


Waste Gases
----------
Condensor

Burnt Gases
---------- --------
---------- ---------

Heating Jacket

Producer gas sphelter

Tapping ole

Raosted Ore + Coke + air


Residue
The roasted ore mixed with coke is heated and zinc vapours are removed
through an outlet at the top. Vapours are solidified by passing through
condensers. The crude solid zinc is known as spelter(98%).
It is purified by fractional distillation to remove impurities like Lead, Iron,
Cadmium, Arsenic and Antimony. It is refined by electrolytic refining process.
( Figure 1, Details-1, Purification-) ---- (2 M)

24. a) A neutral atom has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Find the atomic number,
mass number and number of electrons present in it.
Atomic number = number of Proton = 92 -----( M)
Mass number = number of protons + number of Neutrons = 92 + 146 = 238.
-----( M)
Since atom is neutral, the number of electrons = number of protons = 92.
-----( M)
b) Explain leaching with reference to bauxite ore concentration.
It is a chemical method for the concentration of ores. The ore is treated with a
suitable reagent ( acid or base) such that the ore is soluble in it but not the
impurities. This chemical reaction is called leaching or chemical
separation. ------(1M)
Bauxite ore is leached with 45% NaOH solution when Al
2
O
3
passes in to
solution in the form of NaAlO
2
and impurities settle down, which are removed
by filtration.
Al
2
O
3
, 2H
2
O + 2NaOH
heat
2 NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
O
The solution is diluted with water and the precipitate of Aluminium hydroxide
is heated strongly to get pure aluminate.
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O Al (OH)
3
+ NaOH
2 Al(OH)
3

heat
Al
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O ------(1M)

c) A piece of copper weighs 0.635 g. How many atoms does it contain?
Gram atomic mass of copper = 63.5 g
No. of gram atoms in 0.635g = 0.635/63.5 = 0.01 -----( M)
No. of copper atoms in one gram atom = 6.022 X 10
23
atoms
Number of copper atoms in 0.01 g atom
= 6.022 X 10
23
X 0.01
= 6.022 X 10
21
------(1M)

25. a) Calculate the wavelength of a spectral line when the electron in the hydrogen
atom undergoes a transition from the energy level n = 4 to energy level n = 2
using Rydberg formula.

1
= R
H

(

2
2
2
1
1 1
n n
R
H
= 109678 cm
-1
, n
1
=2,n
2
=4 -----( M)

1
= 109678
(

16
1
4
1
= 109678 X
16
3
cm
-1
------(1M)
=
109678 3
16

= 4.86 X 10
-5
cm = 486 X 10
-7
cm = 486 nm. ------(1 M)
b) How do the following properties vary in periodic table.
i) ionisation energy: Down a group, the ionisation energy decreases
[Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs] and it is due to gradual increase in the distance
between the nucleus and the outer most electron. Across a period, from
left to right, ionisation energy generally increases & this is due to decrease
in the distance between nucleus and the outer most electron. ------(1M)

ii) electron affinity: It decreases down a group because the atomic size
increases. It increases across a period from left to the right since the atomic
size decreases and the nuclear charge increases. ------(1M)

26. a) Name the element on the basis of electronic configuration
i) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Neon
ii) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
Chlorine
iii) [Ar]3d
10
4S
1
Copper
iv) [He] 2s
2
2p
5
Florine ------(2M)

b) Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur in sodium thio sulphate.
Let the oxidation state of S be x Na
2
S
2
O
3
2 (Na) + 2 (S) + 3 (O) = 0
2 (+1) + 2(x) + 3(-2) = 0
2 + 2x 6 = 0
x = 2. ------(2M)

c) Explain the action of water on anyone alkali metal.
It is highly exothermic reaction. React quickly with water to produce
Hydrogen gas and the metal hydroxide.
2 Li + 2 H
2
O 2 LiOH + H
2
reacts steadily
2 Na + 2 H
2
O 2 NaOH + H
2
reacts violently
2 K+ 2 H
2
O 2 KOH + H
2
reacts violently
any one example --- (1M)

27. a) Diamond is an insulator and Graphite is a conductor. Give reason.
Since all the valence electrons of carbon atoms in diamond are involved in
bond formation, there are no free electrons available. Hence a poor
conductor of electricity. ie. it is an insulator. -----( M)
Due to the pressure of free electron on each carbon atom in graphite, the
mobility of t electrons accounts for electrical conductivity. ie. it is a good
conductor of electricity. -----( M)

b) Explain alumino thermite process.
Highly electropositive metals like Aluminium, can be used to reduce
certain oxides like Cr
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
. It is carried out by heating the metallic
oxide with Aluminium powder. This is also known as Thermite process.
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2 Al
heat
2 Cr + Al
2
O
3

Fe
2
O
3
+ 2 Al
heat
2 Fe + Al
2
O
3
( 1M + 1M) = (2M)
c) Illustrate intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors with suitable examples.
Materials whose electrical conduction can be increased by increasing the
temperature alone are referred to as intrinsic semiconductors.
Example: silicon and germanium. ( M + M) = (1M)
Materials where electrical conductances are increased by adding a small
amount of other elements are referred to as extrinsic semiconductors.
Example: phosphorous to pure silicon or germanium, or boron with silicon.
( M + M) = (1M)

II
28. a) State Markownikoffs rule. How is it applied to the addition of hydrogen
bromide to propene?
When a hydrogen halide adds to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom
(+ve part) attaches to the carbon atom containing greater number of
hydrogen atoms and the halogen atom (-ve part) attaches the carbon atom
involved in the double bond that holds least number of hydrogen atoms. (1M)
CH
3
CH = CH
2
+ H Br CH
3
CH -- CH
3

|
Br
The above addition reaction takes place in 3 steps.
i) H Br H
+
+ Br

ii) The electrophile H
+
attacks propene to form carbo cation.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
(a)
CH
3
CH = CH
2
+ H
+

CH
3
CH CH
3
(b) ------(1M)
(b) which is a secondary carbo cation is more stable than (a) the primary
carbo cation, hence (b) is formed more readily.
iii) The neucleplure Br

attacks carbo cation (b) to form 2 bromo propane.

CH
3
CH = CH
3
+ Br
-
CH
3
CH -- CH
3

| ------(1M)
Br

b) What is the composition of Ziegler-Natta catalyst?
A mixture of tri ethyl aluminium and titanium tetra chloride.
( C
2
H
5
)
3
Al & TiCl
4
------(1M)
( No fraction of marks)

c) What is fermentation?
It is a slow anaerobic ( absence of air) decomposition of higher organic
compounds into simpler compounds with the help of enzymes
(bio catalysts). ------(1M)





29. a) An organic compound contains 54.5% carbon, 9.1 % hydrogen and the rest is
oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula if the molecular mass of the organic
compound is 88, assign the correct molecular formula.
C : H : O % of C = 54.5 %
% of H = 9.1 % ----( M)

16
4 . 36
:
1
1 . 9
:
12
5 . 54
% of oxygen = 36.4 %
4.5417 9.1 2.275
Empirical formula = C
2
H
4
O

275 . 2
5417 . 4

275 . 2
1 . 9

275 . 2
275 . 2
E.f. mass = 24 + 4 + 16 = 44
2 4 1 ----(1) Mol mass = n x E. f. mass
88 = n x 44
n = 2
Molecular formula = (e.f)
n
= (C
2
H
4
O)
2
= C
4
H
8
O
2
------(1 M)

b) How ethoxy ethane is obtained from halo alkanes? Explain with chemical
equation.
Either by Williamsons synthesis or by the action of dry silver oxide.
When alkyl halide is heated with sodium alkoxide, ether is obtained.
C
2
H
5
OH + Na C
2
H
5
ONa + (H)
C
2
H
5
ONa + Br C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5
O C
2
H
5
+ NaBr (1M +1M) = (2M)
OR
When an alkyl halide is heated with dry Ag
2
O, ether is obtained.
2 C
2
H
5
Br + Ag
2
O C
2
H
5
O C
2
H
5
+ 2 AgBr (1M +1M) = (2M)

30. a) How ethyne is converted to westron. Explain with equation.
Ethyne undergoes addition reaction with chlorine in the presence of inert solvent
CCl
4
, the addition is completed in two steps to form the final product, westron.
[ 1,1,2,2 tetra chloro ethane].
Cl Cl
| |
H C C H + Cl
2
CCl

H C = C H
Cl

CCl
H C C H
| | | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl (1M +1M) = (2M)

b) How benzene is isolated from coal tar?
Fractional distillation of coal tar, the first fraction light oil fraction collected up
to 440 K contains benzene, toluene and xylenes. ----( M)
The fraction is treated with dil H
2
SO
4
to remove basic impurities. Then with
NaOH to remove acidic impurities. Then it is washed with water and subjected
to fractional distillation to get 90% benzol. It is further distilled and the fraction
appearing in the temperature range of 3553 to 355K is benzene. ------(1 M)



c) What is the action of acidified potassium permanganate solution on primary
alcohol?
Initially oxidized to aldehydes and then to acids having the same number of
carbon atoms as in alcohols.
R CH
2
OH
(O)

H 0
R CHO
(O)

R COOH
CH
3
CH
2
OH
(O)

H 0
CH
3
CHO
(O)

CH
3
COOH ---- (1M)

III
31. a) State Hess law. Illustrate the law by taking an example of CO
2
formation from
carbon and oxygen.
The enthalpy change that occurs in a chemical reaction is always constant
and independent of the time taken and the intermediate steps involved. (1M)
Carbon burns in oxygen to form CO
2
. This reaction can be done in a single
step or in two steps.
Single step: C
(s)
+ O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
AH
1
= - 393.5 KJ/Q KJ -----(1M)
Two step reaction: C
(s)
+ O
2(g)
CO
(g)
AH
2
= - 110.5 KJ
CO
(g)
+ + O
2(g)
CO
2(g)
AH
3
= - 283.0 KJ -----(1M)
According to Hess law AH
1
= AH
2
+ AH
3

Experimentally it is found to be so. Thus the law is illustrated.
AH
1
= - 110.5 + (- 283.0) = - 393.5 KJ -----(1M)
Q

= Q
1
+ Q
2

b) State two faulty assumptions of the Kinetic molecular theory which are the
causes for deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour.
i) The actual volume of the molecules is negligible as compared to the total
volume of the gas.
ii) The molecules of a gas do not attract one another and move independently
of each other. (1M +1M) = (2M)

32. a) One mole of nitrogen mixed with three moles of hydrogen in a 4 litre
container. If 0.25 percent of nitrogen is converted to ammonia according to the
equation
N
2 (g)
+ 3 H
2 (g)
2 NH
3 (g)

calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction in concentration units.
Initial mole of Nitrogen = 1
moles of N
2
converted to ammonia =
100
25 . 0 1
= 0.0025
According to the given equation 1 mole of N
2
combines with 3 moles of H
2
to
form 2 moles of NH
3
.
0.0025 moles of nitrogen will combine with 0.0025 X 3 = 0.0075 moles of
H
2
to form 0.0025 X 2 = 0.005 moles of ammonia. ----(1M)
No of Moles N
2
H
2
NH
3
Initial 1 3 0
At Equilibrium (1 0.0025) (3 0.0075) 0.005
[N
2
] =
4
0025 . 0 1
= 0.25 [H
2
] =
4
0075 . 0 3
= 0.75
[NH
3
] =
4
005 . 0
= 1.25X 10
-3
-----(1M)
K =
3
2 2
2
3
] ][ [
] [
H N
NH
=
( )
( )( )
3
2
3
75 . 0 25 . 0
10 25 . 1

= 1.48 X 10
-5
. -----(1M)

b) What is the effect of change of pressure
i) When the reaction proceeds with a decrease in the number of moles.
The pressure of the system decreases with the advancement of forward
reaction. ie. more products can be formed by increasing the pressure of
the system. Reduction in pressure leads to reverse reaction. -----(1M)

ii) When the reaction proceeds with no change in the number of moles.
There is no effect of increasing or decreasing the pressure on a system
which involves no change in number of moles. -----(1M)

33. a) i) Give any four characteristics of a catalyst.
1) A catalyst does not start a reaction.
2) Only a small amount of catalyst is sufficient to catalyse a particular reaction.
3) A catalyst remains unchanged in mass as well as in chemical characteristics
at the end of the reaction.
4) A catalyst is specific in its action.
5) A catalyst does not alter the position of equilibrium of a reversible reaction.
6) The efficiency of the catalyst is maximum at a particular temperature.
(Any 4 X ) (2M)

ii) Give an example of positive and negative catalysis.
Positive Catalyst: Example: MnO
2
in the decomposition of KClO
3
acts as a
positive catalyst. ----( M)
Negative catalyst: In the decomposition of H
2
O
2
in to water and oxygen can
be prevented by adding a small amount of acetanilide or glycerol.
Acetanilide or glycerol acts as negative catalyst. ----( M)
b) Give any four distinctions between physical and chemical adsorption.
Sl No. Physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorption
1
Caused by intermolecular vander
walls forces
Caused by chemical bonds
2
Depends on the nature of the gas,
easily liquefiable gas are readily
adsorbed
Only gases which can form a
chemical bond with the surface
are adsorbed
3 Heat of adsorption is small Heat of adsorption is large
4 Reversible Irreversible
5
Occurs readily at lower
temperature
Occurs readily at high
temperature
6
A multi molecular layer develops
on the surface
Only a unimolecular develops
(Any 4 X ) (2M)
34. a) 1.11 g of chloride of a metal dissolved in water, was treated with excess of
silver nitrate solution. recipitated silver chloride is dried and weighed to
2.87g. Calculate the equivalent mass of the metal.
[ equivalent mass of chlorine = 35.5].

AgCl of Mass
chloride metal of Mass
=
Chlorine of mass Eq. silver of mass Eq.
Chlorine of mass Eq. metal of mass Eq.
+
+
--(1M)

87 . 2
11 . 1
=
) 5 . 35 108 (
5 . 35 metal of mass Eq.
+
+
------(1M)
metal of mass Eq. =
(

5 . 143
87 . 2
11 . 1
- 35.5
=
(

87 . 2
285 . 159
- 35.5
= 55.5 35.5 = 20 ----(1M)

b) i) How many gram molecules are present in 4.9 g of sulphuric acid?
Molecular mass of H
2
SO
4
= 98 amu [gram molecule 1 mole]
Gram molecular mass = 98 g
98 g of H
2
SO
4
= 1 gram molecule -----( M)
4.9 g of H
2
SO
4
=
98
1 9 . 4
= 0.05 gram molecule. ----( M)

ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen at NTP liberated by 0.1 mole of potassium
chlorate.
2 KClO
3
A
2 KCl + 3O
2
( 3 mol X 22.4 dm
3
)
2 Moles of KClO
3
liberate O
2
at NTP = 67.2 dm
3
----( M)
0.1 mole of KClO
3
evolve O
2
at NTP =
2
2 . 67 1 . 0
= 3.36 dm
3
--- ( M)

PART-D
D
1

35. a) Find the AH
0
for the reaction
C
6
H
12 (l)
+ 9O
2 (g)
6CO
2 (g)
+ 6 H
2
O
(l)

Given AH
0
f of C
6
H
12 (l)
---- -152.6 K J mol
-1

AH
0
f of CO
2 (g)
---- -393.5 K J mol
-1

AH
0
f of H
2
O
(l)
---- -285.8 K J mol
-1

i) 6 C
(graphite)
+ 6 H
2(g)
C
6
H
12(l)
AH = - 152.6 KJ mol
-

ii) C
graphite
+ O
2 (g)
6CO
2 (g)
AH = - 393.5 KJ mol
-

iii) H
2(g)
+ O
2 (g)
H
2
O
(l)
AH = - 285.8 KJ mol
-

Reverse (i) and multiply (ii) & (iii) by 6
C
6
H
12
6 C

+ 6 H
2
AH = + 152.6
6 C

+ 6 O
2
6CO
2
AH = -2361
6 H
2
+ 3 O
2
6 H
2
O AH = -1714.8
C
6
H
12 (l)
+ 9O
2 (g)
6CO
2 (g)
+ 6 H
2
O
(l)
AH
0
= - 3923.2
AH
0
= - 3923.2 KJ mol
-
(1 + 2) = (3M)
b) Give reason
i) The cation is smaller than the neutral atom.
Cations are +vely charged ions and are formed when a neutral atom
loses one or more electrons. As a result, the effective nuclear charge
increases and the remaining electrons are more strongly attracted to the
nucleus. This causes a decrease in size ie. the size of the positive ion or
cation shrinks and therefore smaller than the neutral atom. ----(1M)

ii) The anion is larger than the neutral atom.
Anion is a vely charged ion, formed when one or more electrons are
added to the valence shell of the neutral atom. This reduces the effective
nuclear charge and causes the electron cloud to expand. Therefore the
size of the negative ion or anion increases and hence larger than the
neutral atom. -----(1M)

c) Explain the anomalous properties of water on the basis of hydrogen bonds.
Anomalous properties include unusual high boiling point of water, floating
of ice in water, a maximum density of water at 4
0
C and the unusual high
surface tension of water. They all due to the hydrogen bonding which
exists in water. Due to hydrogen bonding, large number of water
molecules associate forming (H
2
O)
n
clusters. Energy is needed to separate
associated molecules of water & this accounts for the high B.P.
The density of ice is less than that of liquid water. In ice each oxygen atom
is tetrahedrally surrounded by four hydrogen atoms giving a honeycomb
like structure for ice. This structure has vacant space and accounts for the
lowering of density of ice. When ice melts, some of the hydrogen bonds
begin to break and the cage like structure begins to collapse to give a
much more compact structure for water and water becomes denser than ice
at 0
0
C. Thus ice floats over water.
Liquid water expands when it is cooled from 4
0
C to 0
0
C. This anomalous
behaviour is due to hydrogen bonding in water. When water at 0
0
C is
warmed, more & more hydrogen bonds break & the molecules continue
to come closer & closer causing gradual increase in density. This process
continues up to 4
0
C. Above 4
0
C the expansion exceeds the contraction
caused by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Hence there is a maximum
density of water at 4
0
C.
The unusual high ST of water is also due to the hydrogen bonding. In the
absence of hydrogen bonding, water would never rise through the
capillary tubes in the roots and stems of the plants. ( Any 2 ---- 1 M)

d) i) Explain Lucas reagent test for alcohols.
A mixture of HCl + unhydrous ZnCl
2
[Lucas reagent] + Alcohol at lab
temperature and this test is based on reactivity of alcohol towards HCl.
R OH + HCl
Unhydrous ZnCl2
R Cl + H
2
O
The product is alkyl halide accompanied by white turbidity or
cloudiness. The time taken for the appearance of turbidity decides the
type of alcohol.
Experiment Primary alcohol
Secondary
alcohol
tertiary alcohol
Alcohol + Lucas
reagent at room
temperature
No turbidity at
room
temperature.
Turbidity
appears only on
heating
Turbidity
appears after 5
10 minutes
Turbidity
appears
immediately
(1 + 1) = (2M)

ii) Give two uses of polystyrene.
1) Used in making hot drinking cups, toys, household articles.
2) In the manufacture of lining material for refrigerators & T.V. cabinets.
3) In making combs, brush handles, wall tiles, bottle caps etc,.
( Any 2 ) ( X 2 ) (1M)

36. a) 0.95 g of volatile compound displaces 330 cm
3
of air collected over water in
Victor-Meyers experiment at 27
0
C and 100 kpa pressure. Calculate the
molecular mass of the compound.
[ Given P
0
= 101.3 kpa. Aquesition tension at 27
0
C = 3.5 kpa].
I Step: To reduce the volume to NTP.
V
0
=
T P
T v f P

0
0
) (
---( M)
M =
) 27 273 ( 3 . 101
273 330 ) 5 . 3 100 (
+

= 286 cm
3
--- (1 M)
II Step: To find the molecular mass.

286
95 . 0 22400
= 74.4 ---(1M)

b) i) List any four general characteristics of a homologous series.
1) Each member of the series can be represented by a general formula.
2) They posses the same functional group and hence exhibit similar
chemical properties.
3) Successive members of the series differ by a CH
2
group.
4) They can be prepared by similar methods.
5) The physical properties of the members, such as mp, bp & density show
a regular gradation with increase in molecular mass. (Any 4 X ) (2M)

ii) Write the IUPAC names of two functional isomers with the same molecular
formula C
3
H
6
O.
Propane 2 one CH
3
COCH
3
( a Ketone)
Propane 1 al CH
3
CH
2
CHO

( an aldehyde) ( X 2) (1M)



c) i) What is lattice energy? Name the two factors on which lattice energy
depends upon.
The energy released when one mole of crystalline solid is formed by
combination of oppositely charged ions. It is denoted by U.
OR
It is the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystal is formed by
the close packing of gaseous cations and anions.
Na
+
(g)
+ Cl

(g)
NaCl
(g)
+ Lattice energy U. --- (1M)
Factors on which U depends
1) size of the ions 2) charge on the ions ( X 2 ) (1M)

ii) How flame test is done to detect alkali metal salts?
The chlorides of alkalimetals when heated on a platinum wire import
characteristic colour to the flame of Bunsen burner due to difference in
the ionisation energies.
The different flame colouration of alkalimetal ions are due to the difference
in the excitation of electrons present in the alkali metal ions.
Make a paste of the salt with conc. HCl, dip the loop of platinum wire and
heat over non luminous Bunsen flame. Observe the colouration to the
flame.
Li Na k Rb Cs
Crimson Red Golden Yellow Pale Violet(lilac) Violet Blue
( 1 + 1 ) (2M)

D
2

37. Write the principle and calculation part of
i) equivalent mass of copper by oxide method.
A known mass of pure copper is converted by indirect method to cupric oxide.
Mass of CuO is determined. Mass of copper that combines with 8g of oxygen
is calculated. It is the equivalent mass of copper.
Equivalent mass of copper =

copper of mass known a with combined has t oxygen tha of mass
8 copper of mass


Calculation: Mass of china dish + watch glass + stirrer = m
1
g
Mass of china dish + watch glass + stirrer + copper turnings = m
2
g
Mass of china dish + watch glass + stirrer + CuO = m
3
g
Mass of copper = ( m
2
- m
1
)g
Mass of CuO = ( m
3
- m
1
)g
Eq. mass of copper =
oxygen of mass
8 copper of mass
=
) (
8 ) (
2 3
1 2
m m
m m

Eq. mass of copper = _ _ _ _ _ _ ( 1 + 1) ----- (2M)



ii) molecular mass of oxygen by aspirator method.
Oxygen is prepared by heating KClO
3
with MnO
2

2 KClO
3 A
MnO2

2 KCl + 3O
2

The volume of a known mass of oxygen is measured under laboratory
conditions. This volume is reduced to NTP using gas equation. Mass of
22,400 cm
3
of oxygen at STP is calculated. It is the gram molecular mass of
oxygen.
Calculation:
Mass of hard glass test tube + KClO
3
+ MnO
2
and fittings (before heating)m
1
g
Mass of hard glass test tube + KClO
3
+ MnO
2
and fittings
(after heating & cooling)m
2
g
Mass of oxygen evolved = (m
1
m
2
) g
Lab temperature = t
0
C = (t + 273)K -- T
Atmospheric pressure = P
kpa

Aqueous tension at the lab temperature = f
kpa

Pressure of dry gas = (p-f) kpa.
Volume of water displaced = Volume of oxygen evolved = Vcm
3

V
0
=
T P
VT f p
0
0
) (
P
0
= 101.3 Kpa
= _ _ _ _ _ _ V
0
cm
3

Mass of 22400 cm
3
of oxygen at STP
=
0
2 1
22400 ) (
V
m m

Molecular mass of oxygen =
(

0
2 1
22400 ) (
V
m m

Result : Molecular mass of oxygen = _ _ _ _ _ _ -----(1 + 2)--- (3M)

38. Give one test to (Write the chemical equations for the tests)
i) confirm nitrate radical
Salt solution + freshly
prepared FeSO
4

solution. Add Conc.
H
2
SO
4
gently along
the side of the test
tube
A brown ring appears
at the junction of the
two layers

NO
3
-
confirmed

2KNO
3
+ 6 FeSO
4
+ 5 H
2
SO
4
3 Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2 KHSO
4
+ 4 H
2
O + 2 NO
FeSO
4
+ NO FeSO
4
. NO [Nitroso ferrous sulphate]
Browning (2M)









ii) distinguish saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Baeyers Test Saturated Compound

Un Saturated
Compound
2 drops of a liquid or a
pinch of a solid in a
solvent like acetone &
alkaline KMnO
4

solution is added in
drops, shaken well
Pink colour is not
discharged
Pink colour is
discharged
| |
C = C + H
2
O + (O) - C C
| |
OH OH
OR

Test with Bromine From baeyers reagent

di of colourness
Organic in CCl
4
+
bromine in CCl
4
is
added in drops, shaken
well
The orange colour of
bromine is not
discharged
The orange colour of
bromine is discharged

R CH = CH
2
+ Br
2

CCl
R CH CH
2

| |
Br Br
( Any one test) ---(1M)

iii) confirm sulphate radical.

Water extract of salt in
a test tube + BaCl
2

solution
White precipitate
insoluble in HCl

SO
4
- -
Confirmed
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2 NaCl
OR

Water extract of salt in
a test tube + Acetic
acid + lead acetate
solution
White precipitate

SO
4
- -
Na
2
SO
4
+ Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
PbSO
4
+ 2 CH
3
COONa -----(2M)

White



39. Describe an experiment to determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of strong acid
and strong base.
Principle: HCl reacts with NaOH
NaOH
(aq)
+ HCl
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)


It is exothermic. The heat liberated during the neutralisation of a known volume
of HCl of known strength with equivalent volume of NaOH of the same strength
is determined experimentally. From this enthalpy of neutralisation is calculated.

Procedure: 50 cm
3
of 1 N HCl is taken in a polythene bottle fitted with a thermo
meter and a stirrer. 50 cm
3
of 1 N NaOH is taken in another beaker. Both the
solutions are kept in a water bath for 15 minutes to attain room temperature.
When both the solutions attain the same temperature NaOH solution is quickly
added to HCl solution. The bottle is immediately stoppered and stirred well. The
maximum temperature of the mixture ie. the rise in temperature is recorded.

Calculations:
Mass of solution = volume of solution = 100 g = 100 X 10
-3
kg
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/g / K = 4200 J / Kg/ K
Initial temperature of alkali = C t
0
1
= ( t
1
+273) K T
1

Initial temperature of acid = C t
0
2
= ( t
2
+273) K T
2

Average initial temperature =
(

+
2
2 1
T T
K
Maximum temperature of the mixture = C t
0
3
= ( t
3
+273) K T
3

Increase in temperature ie. ATK =
(

2
2 1
3
T T
T K
Heat liberated when 50 cm
3
of acid is neutralised
= Mass of solution X specific heat of H
2
O X rise in temperature
= 100 X 10
-3
X 4200 X ATK =u
The amount of heat liberated when 1000 cm
3
of HCl is neutralised
= [ uX20] K J q
-1


( Principle + Procedure + Calculation) ( 1+ 2 + 2) ---(5M)


_________*****_________