Cartilage & Epithelial Membranes (EXAM 2)

a.

Cartilage 1) Components common to all cartilages a) Perichondrium: Layer of connective tissue; covers surface of cartilage (Peri comes from: ORIGIN from greek Peri about, around.) b) Chondroblasts associated with perichondrium produce white or yellow fibers that are found in cartilage matrix: Chondroblasts divide by mitosis and differentiate into chondrocytes while making matrix c) Chondrocytes and lacunae mature cells (chondrocytes) located in spaces (lacunae) that are surrounded by matrix (Chondrin) d) Matrix (Chondrin): Semisolid mare of chondroitin or chondroitin sulfate + proteins = proteoglycans (1) Territorial matrix (capsule): Around the edge of a lacuna (2) Inter-territorial matrix between lacunae e) Fibers: Variable: collagenous or elastic: embedded in matrix 2) Growth of Cartilage a) Appositional: Mitosis of chondroblasts adds tissue mass at sides of the tissue b) Interstitial: Mitosis of chondrocytes in lacunae (2-3 cells in a group) 3) Types of Cartilage: Determined by types of fibers found in matrix a) Hyaline Cartilage: Most prevalent: contains FEW collagen fibers (1) Functions: forms external nasal cartilages (2) Functions: forms costal cartilages associated with ribs (3) Functions: forms rings of Trachea and rings of bronchi (4) Functions: forms articulating cartilage at moveable joints (5) Functions forms epiphyseal plate or epiphyseal disc in long bones (6) Functions: forms most of the fetal skeleton b) Fibrocartilage: contains high levels of collagenous fibers in matrix (1) Functions: forms pubic symphysis: connects pubic bones to each other (2) Functions: forms intervertbral discs

Cartilage & Epithelial Membranes (EXAM 2)

(3) Functions: forms menisci of knee joint c) Elastic cartilage: High levels of yellow (elastic) fibers in matrix (1) Functions: form the epiglottis: covers open of trachea when swallowing (2) Functions: forms structure associated with ear (1) Pinna (2) Wall of external Auditory meatus canal (3) Wall of eustachian tube 4) Special Feature: Cartilage DOES NOT contain blood vessels: therefore substances must exchange by diffusion between blood capillaries in perichondrium, and chondrocytes I. Epithelial Membranes: Line body cavities and passageways, cover internal organs form inner lining of: heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels A. Types 1. Mucous Membranes 2. Serous Membranes B. Mucous Membranes: Line body cavities that open to the exterior 1. Mouth (buccal or oral cavity) 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Inner lining of the following: a. Digestive b. Respiratory tract c. Excretory tract d. Reproductive tract 4. Composition a. Epithelium: found at a actual free surface: all types EXCEPT simple squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelia b. Goblet Cells (secrete mucus) or associated mucus glands in excretory system, urinary bladder has glands that secrete mucus c. Basement Membrane d. Loose Areolar Tissue e. Smooth of Skeletal Muscle lies under mucous membrane (NOT PART OF THE MEMBRANE) 5. Functions a. General: protection, absorption and secretion b. Specifically: depends on type of epithelium present and location in body 6. Continuities with Skin at body orifices a. Mouth b. Nostrils (External Nares) c. Urethral Meatus d. Anus

Cartilage & Epithelial Membranes (EXAM 2)

e. Vaginal Orifice C. Serous Membrane: Line closed body cavities (DO NOT open to the outside): cover organs within closed body cavities; Form the inner lining of heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels 3. Closed body cavities a. Thoracic Cavity: Located above diaphragm 1) Contents: Structures inside rib cage. Lungs mediastinum: space (between lungs) that contains: heart, major blood vessels, tracheas and esophagus b. Pericardial Cavity: contains heart 1) Membrane (Pericardium) around heart creates the space c. Abdominopelvic Cavity: below diaphragm and into pubic region: contains organs of digestive excretory and reproductive systems 2. Types a. Pleurae 1) Parietal Pleura: lines inner surface of thoracic cavity 2) Visceral Pleura: covers outer surface of lungs b. Pericardium: 1) Parietal: makes up pericardial sac that surround the heart 2) Visceral: covers outer surface of heart also called Epidcardium c. Peritoneum 1) Parietal Peritoneum: lines walls of abdominopelvic cavity: forms double-layer membranes called mesenteries: these connect some internal organs to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity (picture on slide 29)
mesentery |meznter; mes-|noun ( pl. -teries) Anatomya fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen. ORIGIN late Middle English : via medieval Latin from Greek mesenterion, from mesos middle + enteron intestine.

2) Visceral: covers most organs of abdominal-pelvic Cavity Except: Kidneys rectum, Ureters uterus, urinary bladder, ovaries, spleen, fallopian tubes, pancreas, duodenum (a) These organs are retroperitoneal because they lie between the muscular wall of the abdominolpelvic cavity and the parietal peritoneum
retro- |rtro| |rtr|combining form1 denoting action that is directed backward or is reciprocal : retrocede | retroject.2 denoting location behind : retrosternal | retrochoir.ORIGIN from Latin retro backward.

d. Inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Cartilage & Epithelial Membranes (EXAM 2)

3. Composition (serous Membranes) a. Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium or endothelium) depending on location in body b. Basement membrane c. Loose Areolar Tissue d. Muscular Layer: (Cardiac, skeletal or smooth muscle) NOT PART OF SEROUS MEMBRANE 4. Functions a. Protection 1) Friction: internal organs move over one another or come into contact with wall of cavity in which it is located a) Epithelium of Serous membranes release a serous (watery) Secretion: Secretion lubricates surfaces and reduces friction between organs and walls of cavities b. Absorption: Solutions that may be injected into peritoneal cavity or fluid secreted by serous membranes are absorbed by blood capillaries in Areolar tissue associated with peritoneal membranes c. Prevention of Atelectasis ( Collapsing of lungs) pleurae
atelectasis |atlektsis|noun Medicine partial or complete collapse of the lung. ORIGIN mid 19th cent.: from Greek atels imperfect + ektasis extension.

d. Formation of mesenteries e. Prevention of intravascular blood clotting 1) Endothelium of heart and blood vessels is very smooth: prevents blood clotting if these surfaces become disrupted for some reason ( Plaques in coronary arteries). Blood clots can form