Robotics

Robotics

Presented By R. Mani Krishnan (ICE) Sriram Polytechnic College

Robotics

Contents
Definition..............................................................................................................3 Laws Of Robotics..................................................................................................3 Types Of Robots...................................................................................................3 History Of Robotics...............................................................................................6 Key Components..................................................................................................7 Applications..........................................................................................................9 Characteristics Of Robot....................................................................................10 Visualization.......................................................................................................11 Future.................................................................................................................12 Advantages And Disadvantages.........................................................................13 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

DEFINITION A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.
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Robotics LAWS OF ROBOTICS Asimov proposed three Laws of Robotics and later added the zeroth law. Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law. Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law. Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law. TYPES OF ROBOTS TYPE 1 Manipulator In robotics a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct contact. The applications were originally for dealing with radioactive or bio hazardous materials, using robotic arms, or they were used in inaccessible places. In more recent developments they have been used in applications such as robotically-assisted surgery and in space. It is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of segments, usually sliding or jointed, which grasp and move objects with a number of degrees of freedom.

TYPE 2 Legged Robot Legged robots are a type of mobile robot. They are somewhat a recent innovation in robotics. However, many or all bipedal models are not practical seeing as they are cumbersome and slow. Most successful

Robotics legged robots have 4 or 6 legs for further stability. This legs-over-wheels approach lends itself for use in all-terrain purposes seeing as legs are more effective in an uneven environment than wheels.

Wheeled Robot A differential wheeled robot is a mobile robot whose movement is based on two separately driven wheels placed on either side of the robot body. It can thus change its direction by varying the relative rate of rotation of its wheels and hence does not require an additional steering motion. To balance the robot, additional wheels or casters may be added. If both the wheels are driven in the same direction and speed, the robot will go in a straight line. Otherwise, depending on the speed of rotation and its direction, the centre of rotation may fall anywhere in the line joining the two wheels. Since the direction of the robot is dependent on the rate and direction of rotation of the two driven wheels, these quantities should be sensed and controlled precisely. This usually creates some problem. If both wheels are turned with equal speed in opposite directions, as it is clear from the diagram shown, the robot will rotate about the central point of the axis. A differentially steered robot is similar to the differential gears used in automobiles in that both the wheels can have different rates of rotations, but unlike the differential gearing system,a differentially steered system will have both the wheels powered. Differential wheeled robots are used extensively in robotics, since their motion is easy to program and can be well controlled. Virtually all consumer robots on the market today use differential steering primarily for its low cost and simplicity.

2-wheeled robots
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Robotics Two wheeled robots are harder to balance than other types because they must keeping moving to maintain upright. The center of gravity of the robot body is kept below the axle, usually this is accomplished by mounting the batteries below the body. They can have their wheels parallel to each other, these vehicles are called dicycles, or one wheel in front of the other, tandemly placed wheels. Two wheeled robots must keep moving to remain upright and they can do this by driving in the direction the robot is falling. To balance, the base of the robot must stay with under its center of gravity. For a robot that has the left and right wheels, it needs at least two sensors. A tilt sensor that is used to determine tilt angle and wheel encoders which keep track of the position of the platform of the robot.

Type 3 Autonomous robots are robots that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Many kinds of robots have some degree of autonomy. Different robots can be autonomous in different ways. A high degree of autonomy is particularly desirable in fields such as space exploration, cleaning floors, mowing lawns, and waste water treatment. Some modern factory robots are "autonomous" within the strict confines of their direct environment. It may not be that every degree of freedom exists in their surrounding environment, but the factory robot's workplace is challenging and can often contain chaotic, unpredicted variables. The exact orientation and position of the next object of work and (in the more advanced factories) even the type of object and the required task must be determined. This can vary unpredictably (at least from the robot's point of view). One important area of robotics research is to enable the robot to cope with its environment whether this be on land, underwater, in the air, underground, or in space. A fully autonomous robot has the ability to gain information about the environment Work for an extended period without human intervention An autonomous robot may also learn or gain new capabilities like adjusting strategies for accomplishing its task(s) or adapting to changing surroundings. Autonomous robots still require regular maintenance, as do other machines. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Robotics

HISTORY OF ROBOTICS The first industrial robot: UNIMATE 1954: The first programmable robot is designed by GeorgeDevol, who coins the term Universal Automation. He later shortens this to Unimation, which becomes the name of the first robot company (1962) 1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science departments 2003: NASAs Mars Exploration Rovers will launch toward Mars in search of answers about the history of water on Mars

KEY COMPONENTS Sensors

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Human senses - sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell provide us vital information to function and survive. Robot sensors - measure robot configuration/condition and its environment and send such information to robot controller as electronic signals (e.g., arm position, presence of toxic gas). Robots often need information that is beyond 5 human senses (e.g., ability to: see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation, measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see) Vision Sensors

Force Sensors

Parts fitting and insertion Robots can do precise fitting and insertion of machine parts by using force sensor. A robot can insert parts that have the phases after matching their phases in addition to simply inserting them. It can automate high skill jobs. Controller Provide necessary intelligence to control the manipulator/mobile robot. Process the sensory information and compute the control commands for the actuators to carry out specified tasks.

Robotics Storage Hardware Storage devices - Memory to store the control program and the state of the robot system obtained from the sensors.

Computation Hardware Computational engine that computes the control commands

BASIC Stamp 2 Module Interface Hardware Interface units - Hardware to interface digital controller with the external world (sensors and actuators)

Analog to Digital converter APPLICATIONS Industrial Applications

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Robotics

Material handling Material transfer Machine loading and or unloading Spot welding Continuous arc welding Spray coating Assembly Inspection

The above picture shows the Material Handling Manipulator. Robots in Space NASA Space Station

Robots in Medical

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Robots at Home

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROBOT A robot must have the following essential characteristics: Mobility: It possesses some form of mobility. Programmability: implying computational or symbol- manipulative capabilities that a designer can combine as desired (a robot is a computer). It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it operates automatically. Sensors: on or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device

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Robotics Mechanical capability: enabling it to act on its environment rather than merely function as a data processing or computational device (a robot is a machine); and Flexibility: it can operate using a range of programs and manipulates and transport materials in a variety of ways. VISUALIZATION

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Robotics

FUTURE In future the robot are like: Artificial Intelligence - It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs

Autonomous robots Autonomous robots are robots that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Many kinds of robots have some degree of autonomy. Different robots can be autonomous in different ways. A high degree of autonomy is particularly desirable in fields such as space exploration, cleaning floors, mowing lawns, and waste water treatment.

Humanoids A humanoid robot is an autonomous robot, because it can adapt to changes in its environment or itself and continue to reach its goal. This is the main difference between humanoid and other kinds of robots. In this context, some of the capacities of a humanoid robot may include, among others: Self-maintenance (i.e. recharging itself) avoiding harmful situations to people, property, and itself safe interacting with human beings and the ecosystem.

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Robotics

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Advantages Faster processing (Note automation is not always faster than a human operator). You can send them to very dangerous places. Increased repeatability. Establish safer working environments. Ability to perform work continuously unaffected by human constraints.

Disadvantages Single / one off sample assessments are expensive. Many laboratory techniques have not yet been developed for robotic automation. Difficult to automate in instances where visual analysis / recognition / comparison is required. Analysis is limited by available sensory inputs. Increases job shortages. It needs a supply of power. It costs money to make or buy a robot.

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