MATHEMATICS 10C

UNITS: P1-2 Operations with Polynomials

Prepared by the Mathematics Department Bishop Carroll High School

Feb, 2011

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MATHEMATICS 10C

Operations with Polynomial Expressions

INFORMATION
Title: Prerequisite: Materials Required:
Operations with Polynomial Expressions Grade 9 level exponents (Whole number exponents) Foundations and Pre-Calculus Mathematics 10, Math XL for School

Evaluation: INTRODUCTION

Test will follow Units P1 2.

The knowledge of polynomials will allow you to use algebra to solve many types of real world problems. How do I maximize profit in my small business? What would be the best way to fence my ranch? What quantity of stocks do I need to buy at the present lower rate to lower my overall break-even point? Of course, to solve these types of problems we must start at a much more basic level.

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OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this unit a student will be able to: 1. Define polynomials and demonstrate an understanding of the components of the definition they relate to the simplification, expansion and factoring of polynomials.

2. Demonstrate an understanding of the algebraic method of simplifying polynomial expressions (limited to monomials, binomials and trinomials) using the operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication.

If you have any questions or difficulties, please ask for assistance in the Math Resource Centre.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Carefully read through this learning guide and complete all exercises and activities. Please be sure to get help whenever you need it. Each learning activity may contain text book references and alternative activities to help you master the outcomes.

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The following icons will flag different types of learning activities:

Icon

Explanation of Icon
Refer to your textbook
The two icons to the right will further indicate animations, or dynamic activities available in the web based ebook.

HAND OUT: This activity requires a hand out. It is available on D2L or in the Math Resource Centre

Go to D2L to find the content or activity. NOTEBOOK OR WORKBOOOK: Do the exercises in your workbook or notebook. LEARNING STRATEGIES TIPS: Throughout the learning guide, useful learning strategies and study skills tips are provided that can be applied to all subject areas to help you become an efficient, effective learner. Log in to Math XL and do the Homework and/or quiz. Remember these are for practice only and are not included in your mark. LINK: Follow the internet links. New links may have been added since the printing of this learning guide. Always check on D2L for the latest learning guide to see if there are new links. In a Nutshell Online Seminar: Videos of each concept in the unit are on D2L under content.

Mathematics Glossary: An excellent resource for help or clarification at any time during this learning guide. Many of the definitions are animated and interactive. If you do not see the word under your grade level, try Grades 7-9. You can also find this glossary on the Learn Alberta website using the hyperlink, Mathematics Glossary.

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I.

PREREQUISITE SKILLS

Review of the Language of Algebra and Polynomial Definition

In previous math courses you studied some of the concepts and operations with polynomials. Before we begin to learn more in this unit lets review.

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses symbols to represent unknown numbers or quantities.

Examples: 1. The value of an unknown number of dimes, x, is 10x. 2. The number of boys, y, and girls, x, in a class of 30 students is y + x = 30. 3. The area, A, of a rectangle of length, l, and width, w, is A = lw.

A term is an expression formed from the product of numbers and/or variables. 10x 3

Example

has 2 terms: 10x and -3

10 is a numerical coefficient, x is the variable and -3 is the constant term

II.

DEFINE A POLYNOMIAL

Memorizing the definition of a polynomial is not sufficient. We must understand each of the components of the definition. These components were discussed in part I. When you put the concepts of part I together you have the knowledge to form a definition for polynomials and a greater understanding of what polynomials are and how they work. In algebra unknown parts of a number are represented using variables. When we use variables, we are creating algebraic expressions Algebraic expressions are made up of different parts called terms

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Terms are formed from the product of numbers and/or variables and connected or separated by the operations of addition and/or subtraction.

Therefore a polynomial represents a number that has unknown parts. It is an algebraic expression made up by connecting terms using addition or subtraction. Each term is formed from the product of numbers and/or variables.

So, what does represents a number with unknown parts mean?

You may not have realised it, but you have been using polynomials in your math and science courses for a long time. You may know them as formulas. Lets look at some examples. Example 1: At the beginning of this learning guide the word algebra was defined as Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses symbols to represent unknown numbers or quantities. One of the examples shown was:

The area, A, of a rectangle of length, l, and width, w, is A = lw. The area is found by replacing the dimensions for length and width into this polynomial. You can use this process to calculate the area of every rectangle in the world. The answer you get will be a number. That number is the area of the rectangle. Therefore , lw represents the number that is the area of any rectangle. Example 2: Algebra is the basis for all of the formulas you have been using in math

and science. Look at page 57 in your text. It shows a figure made up of a hemisphere on top of a cylinder. In this example a formula for calculating the surface area of the object was developed. This formula works for all objects of this type. SA = 2r2 + r2 + 2rh The right side of this formula is a polynomial which allows us to calculate a number. The number we calculate is the surface area of the object. Therefore 2r2 + r2 + 2rh is a polynomial that represents the number that is the surface area of the object.

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Lets build a polynomial for the following scenario.

Bobs cellphone company charges him $10 a month plus 45 cents per minute for each minute he goes over 30 minutes.

Let C = the monthly cost of his cellphone.

Let t = time in minutes

Using the variables, how would you calculate his monthly cost?

He pays $10 C= C= C= $10 $10 10+0.45(t-30)

+ + +

45 cents per minute for each minute over 30. 0.45(minutes used per month 30 minutes)

0.45(t-30)

The right side of this formula is the polynomial $10+0.45(t-30). It represents the calculations Bob must use to calculate his cost. When he knows how many minutes he has used he can calculate his cost. (for now he uses the variable t to represent the unknown time) When he does this calculation he will get a number. That number is the cost of his cellphone for the month.

Therefore the polynomial $10+0.45(t-30) represents the number that is his cellphone bill.

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The definition for polynomials is not in your textbook. You may have already looked up the definition in the Mathematics Glossary. This definition may appear a bit different than the one you just developed. It is not. The mathematics glossary also provides an applet and examples of algebraic expressions that are polynomials and examples of algebraic expressions that are not polynomials.

All of these are useful, however, determining what is not a polynomial is not part P1You will study this concept in more detail in R1-3 and your grade 11 math course. You will also see it mentioned in some of the online review lessons you are given a link to. It is not difficult do not let this deter you from doing those lessons.

For this unit it is important that you remember that:

All algebraic expressions are not polynomials All terms in polynomials are formed using the product of numbers and/or variables

If you wish to explore the definition and why some algebraic expressions are not polynomials click here.

Please note: The review section of this learning guide is not in your textbook. Therefore it is important that you follow the links to see additional examples and get practice. Please see a teacher in the math area to get help with the review activities before moving on to the new material.

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III. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS Polynomials can be classified in two ways. According to the number of terms they contain, or according to their degree. Read the following examples to see how to this is done, then do the practice exercise.

NAMING POLYNOMIALS BY THE NUMBER OF TERMS THEY CONTAIN

1 term is a monomial 2 terms is a binomial 3 terms is a trinomial example 3x example 5x 2 example 2x2 x + 1 example 7x3 5x2 x + 1

4 or more terms is a polynomial

NAMING POLYNOMIALS BY DEGREE

The degree of a term is equal to the exponent of the variable if there is only 1 variable and it is the sum of the exponents if there is more than 1 variable. Example 4x5 is degree 5 7x2y is degree 3 (2 + 1 = 3)

The degree of a polynomial is equal to the degree of the term with the highest degree. 8x2y 5xy + 3 3 2 0

Example degree of each term

has 3 terms

The degree of the polynomial is 3. Hippo Campus Follow the link to do a review lesson and get practice on like terms and the degree of a polynomial by completing lesson 1 and by selecting homework under the lesson title. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites

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Try the Practice exercise below. Make sure you check your answers before moving on.

EXERCISE 1 (a) (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. x + 6 6a4 + 9a3 + 4 4m -5 10a3bc Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials, etc. State the degree of the polynomial. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 9abc 3ab + 4abc -12a4b 3x5 4x4 + 9x3 6x + 4 19 4xy 3xy2 +9x2 y4

EXERCISE 2 1. Identify the variable in the following polynomial expression. a. b. c.

2x 2 4x 1 3b 2 10b 14

Variable: a letter or symbol representing a quantity in a polynomial expression. Eg. The variable is x.

5q 2 9q 6

2.

Identify the coefficients in the following polynomial expressions. a. b. c.

8x 2 5x 20
4 x 2 12 x 7 2n 2 6n 13

Coefficient: the numerical factor of a term. Eg. The coefficients are 3 and -4 (note the negative is part of the coefficient).

3.

Identify the constant term in each of the following polynomial expressions. a. b. c.

5x 2 10 x 25 7n 2 9n 21 a 2 2a 8

Constant Term: a term that contains no variable. Eg. The constant is 6. (note the negative is part of the constant term).

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Solutions

EXERCISE 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(a) binomial (a) trinomial

(b) (b)

2 4 1 0 6

6. 7. 8.

(a) trinomial

(b)

4 6

(a) monomial (b)

(a) monomial (b) (a) monomial (b) (a) monomial (b)

(a) polynomial in 5 terms (b) 5

9. 10.

(a) monomial (b) (a) trinomial (b)

0 6

EXERCISE 2

1. a) the variable is x b) the variable is b c) the variable is q

2. a) 8, 5 b) -4, 12 c) -2, -6

3.

a) 25 b) -21 c) 8

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IV A

SIMPLIFYING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS Review

RULES FOR THE ORDER OF OPERATIONS The Order of Operations are the commandments of mathematics: they are always in

force and never, ever vary! Polynomials represent numbers. Therefore the Order of Operations applies to all of your work with polynomials and will make simplification easier!

Step1.

Do calculation within brackets.

Step 2. Then calculate powers. Step 3. Then do all division and multiplication in the order in which they appear from left to right. Step 4. Then do the addition and subtraction in the order in which they appear from left to right. Sometimes the acronym BEDMAS is used to help remember these rules: B - brackets E - exponents D - division M - multiplication A - addition S subtraction Example Calculate: 4 x 6 (2 + 2) = 4 x 6 (4 + 4) = 4 x 6 (8) = 16 x 6 (8) = 16 x 6 8 = 96 8 = 12

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LIKE TERMS Algebraic terms that have the same variables and the same exponents connected to those

variables are called like terms. Otherwise they are unlike terms. Example 5xy xy, -2xy and xy are like terms

the variables and their exponents, of each term is identical

3axy, 4xy, and 2xz are unlike terms. The variables in each term are different. 2x2y2, x2y, 3xy2 are unlike terms because even though the variables are the same, their exponents differ. C ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

To add terms in one or more polynomials requires that we have like terms. Like terms are terms with the same variables and the same exponents only numerical coefficients differ. To add or subtract like terms, you simply add or subtract the numerical coefficients. Example 1: 2xy + 4xy = (2 + 4)xy = 6xy Example 2: Simplify (3x + 2y) (2x 5y) = (3x + 2y) (2x 5y) Remember -(2x 5y) = -2x + 5y = 3x + 2y 2x + 5y = x + 7y Since x + 7y are unlike terms you cannot simplify further.

The negative sign outside of ( ) changes the sign of all terms in the ( )!

Solution:

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Sometimes you may find it easier to rearrange the expression so like terms are together. Rearranging the order does not change the value of the polynomial. Example 3: (3x 3) + (-x + 4) = 3x x 3 + 4 = 2x + 1 Example 4: (3x 4) (2x + 3) = 3x 4 + -2x + -3 = 3x 2x 4 3 =x7 Careful! The subtraction sign in front of the parentheses changes the sign of all terms inside the parentheses!

Alternate Method The vertical method is way or organizing the addition or subtraction of polynomials. Example 5: (x2 2x 3) (2x2 + 3x 1) = (x2 2x 3) (2x2 + 3x 1)

Hippo Campus Do lessons 1 and 2 to review the definition of like terms and see more examples of multiplication and do an interactive lesson. To practice these concepts, click on the word homework under the lesson title. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites. Look under content In a Nutshell videos in D2L to view the online seminar called Adding and Subtracting Polynomials.

Follow the link to play a game which will give you practice in simplifying polynomials. Make sure you read the instructions on the first webpage so you can adjust the speed of the game. Have Fun! Complete exercise 3 in your notebook. Check your work before continuing. If you need assistance please ask a teacher.

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EXERCISE 3 Simplify the following polynomial expressions by combining like terms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (2a 3b) + (a 2b) (6n 2m + 4p) (m 2n + 6p) + (5p + m n) (a 2ab + b) + (a + 2ab + b) (3x + b) (6x + 5b + 6) (12abc + 6ab + 8) (10abc + 12ab 20) (4xyz + 6xy) (2xyz 2x + 2y) + (-2xyz + 4x + 2y 4xy) {4x (3y 2x + 2y)} {3x + 7y} (3ab + 4b) (3a 5ab)

Solutions to Exercise 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 3a 5b 7n 2m + 3p 2a + b + b -3x 4b 6 5. 6. 7. 8. 2abc 6ab + 28 2xy + 6x 3x 12y 8ab + 4b 3a

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POWERS

A brief review of the rules for working with powers is necessary before we begin multiplication. x4 4 is called the exponent x is called the base x4 is called a power and can be written as x4 = x x x x Here in this example the exponent 4 indicates the number of times x is used as a factor. If two powers having the same base are multiplied, the exponents are added. Example 1: Example 2: x4 x3 = x4+3 = x7 (Product law of exponents) (xy)(xy4) = (x2+2)(y1+4) = x4y5

If two powers having the same base are divided, the exponents are added. Example 3: x7 x4 = x7-4 = x3 (quotient law of exponents)

Hippo Campus Go to the link for lessons and practice that will review exponent laws. After completing each lesson you can select homework under each lesson title to get some practice with instant feedback. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites.

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MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS When multiplying 2 or more monomials, we multiply the numerical coefficients together, the

variables together, and put these two answers together. (Remember there is a multiplication sign implied between the coefficients and the variables) Example 1: Solution: (3x)(4x3) (3x)(4x3) = (3)(4)(x)( x3) = 12x2+3 = 12x5 Example 2: Solution: (6abc)(2ab) (6abc)(2ab) = (6)(2)(a)(a)(b)(b)(c) = 12(a1+2)(b1+2)(c) = 12a3b3c

Expand means to multiply If two factors with like signs are multiplied the product is positive. If two factors with unlike signs are multiplied the product is negative. When multiplying more than 2 terms watch for the number of negative signs. If there is an odd number of negative signs, the product is negative. If there is an even number of negative signs, the product is positive.

Examples:

(3x)(4x) = 12x (-2x)(-3x) = 6x (-2x)(+4x) = -8x (+2x)(-5x)(-4x) = 40x3 (-2x)(-5x)(-4x) = -40x3

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DIVIDING POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS To divide a monomial by a monomial, you divide the numerical coefficients and then divide

the literal coefficients. Remember that you will have to use the quotient law of exponents.

Study the following examples: Example 1: Solution: 36a3b 4ab 36a3b 4ab =

36a 3b 2 4ab

Here you divide 36 by 4 and a3b by ab.

= 9a3 -1b2 -1 = 9ab -12x3y5 4xy -12x3y5 4xy =

Note: quotient law of exponents is used.

Example 2: Solution:

-12x 3 y5 4xy 2

= -3x3-1y5-2 = -3xy3

Example 3: Solution:

(3xy)(8xy) 6xy

(3x 2 y)(8x 2 y2 ) (3xy)(8xy) 6xy = 6xy 2 24x 4 y3 = 6xy 2

= 4x3y

Division rewritten as a fraction is sometimes easier to interpret correctly.

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, each term of the polynomial is divided by the monomial.

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Example 1:

(18x 4x) 2x (18x 4x) 2x =

Solution:

18x 2 4x 2x 18x 2 4x 2x 2x

Divide each term of the polynomial by 2x

= 9x 2 Look under content in D2L In a Nutshell Videos view the In a nutshell online seminar called Multiplying and Dividing Polynomials. Hippo Campus Do lessons 2 and 3 listed in the menu on the left at this link. To practice the concept, click on the word homework under the lesson title. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites. Complete exercise 4 in your notebook. Check your work before continuing. If you need assistance please ask a teacher.

EXERCISE 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (-4x2y3) (2xy) (-25x2y) (-5xy) (20x3y2) (30x3y2) (4x2y)(5xy3) (20xy4) (6x 8x) 2x
EXERCISE 4

6. 7. 8. 9.

(3x2 6x + 12) 3 (2x3 + 6x + 8x) 2x (5x + 4x) 20x (4x3y 8x) 4x

SOLUTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-2xy2 5x
2 3

6. 7. 8. 9.

x2 2x + 4 x2 + 3x + 4
x 1 4 5

x2 3x 4

x2y 2x

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V. A

NEW! MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS

Multiplication of a monomial and a binomial

We will build on the knowledge we have reviewed and multiply a monomial times a

binomial and a monomial times a trinomial. Lets begin with an example of multiplication of a monomial times a binomial. To multiply a binomial (i.e., two term polynomial) by a monomial, you multiply each term of the binomial by the monomial. This process uses the distributive property. Example 1: 2(3x 1) = (2)(3x) + (2)(-1) = 6x 2 We must multiply the 2 by each term of the binomial. The multiplication distributes over the subtraction.

Example 2:

6x(12x + 6) = 6x(12x) + 6x(6) = 72x3 + 36x

We must multiply the 6x by each term of the binomial. The multiplication distributes over the subtraction.

Example 3:

-2y(2x 4y) = -4xy + 8y

Multiplication of a monomial and a trinomial The algebraic method and distributive property can be used to multiply monomials by

trinomials as well as the multiplication of more complex expressions. Carefully read the examples below. 2x(3x2 4x + 1) = (2x)(3x2) + (2x)(-4x) + (2x)(1) = 6x3 8x2 + 2x Each term inside the ( ) is multiplied by 2x. Multiplication is distributed throughout the ( ).

Example 1

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Example 2

3x2y(4x2y 2x + 3y) = (3x2y)(4x2y) + (3x2y)(-2x) + (3x2y)(3y) = 12x4y2 6x3y + 9x2y2

In these two examples we multiplied a monomial times a trinomial. You can see the process does not change as we add terms.

Hippo Campus Do lessons 2 and 3 listed in the menu on the left at this link. To practice the concept, click on the word homework under the lesson title. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites. Look under content in D2L to view the In a nutshell online seminar called Multiplication of Polynomials using the Distributive Property.

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MUTIPLYING TWO BINOMIALS To multiply two binomials, we use the distributive property of multiplication over addition.

This is sometimes referred to as the FOIL Method [FIRST, OUTER, INNER, LAST]. Remember to combine any like terms after multiplying. Example 1: Solution: (6x + 2)(4x 5) (6x + 2)(4x 5) = 6x(4x) + 6x(-5) + 2(4x) + 2(-5) = 24x 30x + 8x 10 = 24x 22x 10 Example 2: Solution: (2a + 3b)(4c 2d) (2a + 3b)(4c 2d) = 2a(4c) + 2a(-2d) + 3b(4c) + 3b(-2d) = 8ac 4ad + 12bc 6bd Look closely at the next 3 examples to see if you can see a pattern that will allow you to develop shortcuts for each. Example 3: Solution: (2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(2x + 3) = 4x + 6x + 6x + 9 = 4x + 12x + 9 (2x + 3) Example 4: Solution: (2x - 3) = (2x - 3)(2x - 3) = 4x - 6x - 6x + 9 = 4x - 12x + 9 (2x - 3) Example 5: Solution: =(2x + 3)(2x-3) = 4x - 6x + 6x - 9 = 4x - 9 (2x + 3)(2x-3)

Follow the link to see what makes examples 3, 4, and 5 special. Hippo Campus Do lesson 4 to see more examples of multiplication. Then, do lesson 5 to discover patterns and shortcuts when multiplying two binomials. To practice these concepts, click on the word homework under the lesson title. If you have trouble using this website a video is provided in D2L under content Instructional videos for websites. Look under content in D2L to view the In a nutshell online seminar called FOIL. Try the Homework Assignment called Multiplying two Binomials FOIL LG page 22 to insure you can use the FOIL method.

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Do Exercise 5 in your notebook. Check your answers before moving on to the next section.

EXERCISE 5
Complete the following algebraically using the distributive property, 1. (x 2)(x + 5) 2. (2x 3)(x 2) 3. (-x + 1)(x 4) 4. 5. 6. (4s+3)2 (2k-5)2 (w+6)(w-6)

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 5

1. (x 2)(x + 5) = (x)(x) + (x)(5) + (-2)(x) + (-2)(5) = x + 5x 2x 10 = x + 3x 10 2. (2x 3)(x 2) = (2x)(x) + (2x)(-2) + (-3)(x) + (-3)(-2) = 2x 4x 3x + 6 = 2x 7x + 6
2 2 2 2

4.

(4s+3) = (4s+3)(4s+3) =(4s)(4s) +(4s)(3) +(4s)(3) + (3)(3) = 16s + 12s +12s + 9 = 16s + 24s + 9
2 2

5.

(2k-5) = (2k-5)(2k-5) =(2k)(2k) +(2k)(-5) +(2k)(-5) + (-5)(-5) = 4k -10k -10k+25 = 4k -20k +25
2 2

3.

(-x + 1)(x 4) = (-x)(x) + (-x)(-4) + (1)(x) + (1)(-4) = -x + 4x + 1x 4 = -x + 5x 4

2 2

6.

(w+6)(w-6) = (w)(w) + (-6)(w) + (6)(w) + (-6)(6) = w - 6w + 6w -36 = w 36

2 2

Try the Homework Assignment called Polynomials FOIL Special Cases LG page 23 to insure you can use the FOIL method for any pair of binomials.

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Using the Distributive Property to Multiply two Polynomials The distributive property of multiplication over addition can be applied when multiplying a monomial by a trinomial, a binomial by a trinomial, etc. Example 1: 2a(3a + 4b + 2c) = 6a + 8ab + 4ac

Example 2:

(x 1)(x + 2x 1) = x(x) + x(2x) + x(-1) 1(x) 1(2x) 1(-1) = x3 + 2x x x 2x + 1 = x + x 3x + 1

3

collect like terms

Example 3:

( ( (

)(

) )

( )

Remember BEDMAS

NOTE: It is easier to multiply the binomials BEFORE multiplying by a constant.

Use your ebook to see 2 interactive examples on Page 185. These interactive activities can also be accessed using the Media tab and selecting Lesson 3.7 Multiplying Polynomials Exercise 3a and exercise 3b. Look under content in D2L to view the In a nutshell online seminar called Using the Distributive Property to Multiply any two Polynomials.

Read The examples on pages 161, 170, 183-184 of your text. Use the distributive property (FOIL) method to practice with the Check Your Understanding exercises on these pages. For additional practice try some/all of the following: page 166 167 #s 5, 9, 12, 18 page 177 #s 8, 9, 10 page using the FOIL method. You do not have to sketch the algebra tiles. Page 184 #s 6 , 7, 10, 12, 19 (all questions from 4-21 are good practice)

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Try the Homework Assignment called Multiplying Bi and Trinomials LG page 25 to insure you can use the FOIL method for any pair of binomials. Do Exercise 6 in your notebook. Check your answers before moving on to the next section.

EXERCISE 6

Simplify the following expressions. 3x(4x3y)(-2x3y) (-5x)(6y)(-2z) 6x(3x 2y) 2(12abc 13cd) -2e(4f + 6g 6h) (x + 5)(x 3) (x + 4y)(x 3y) (a + b)(ab 2ab + ab) (a b + c)(a + b c) (x y)(x y) 5(x 3x) 2(x 8) -3(2x + x) + 6x(2 + 3x) (2x 1)(x + 2) + (4x + 1)(x + 1) -6(x 2) 4(x 1)(x + 4) (x 4) + (x + 1) (2x 1) (2x + 1) (x 3)(x 2) + 2(x + 4) a(a + b + c) 2b(a + b c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

SOLUTIONS EXERCISE 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. -24x7y3 60xy 18x 12xy 24abc 26cd -8ef 12eg + 12eh x + 2x 15 x + xy 12y a b c + 2bc x 2xy + y 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 5x 17x + 16 12x + 9x 6x + 8x 1 -4x 18x + 28 2x 6x + 17 -8x 3x + 11x + 38 18. a 2b ab + ac + 2bc

a3b 2ab + 2ab 2ab + ab3

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The Distributive Property Using Numbers An application of the multiplication of a binomial by a binomial can be used to multiply two 2-digit numbers. Carefully study the examples that follow. Example 1 12 x 23

Express each number as a sum of 2 numbers 12 = 10 + 2 We can rewrite the product as (10 + 2)(20 + 3) and 23 = 20 + 3

Algebraically using the distributive property 12 x 23 = (10 + 2)(20 + 3) = (10)(20) + (10)(3) + (2)(20) + (2)(3) = 200 + 30 + 40 + 6 = 276 This method of multiplying 2 numbers is not common but it is an interesting application of the multiplication of two binomials!

Go to the Mathematics Glossary and look up Distributive Property under grades 7 -9 to see more examples. Mathematics Glossary. Refer to Foundations and Pre-Calculus Mathematics 10. On page 167, complete question 16.

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The Process of Verification It is often important that we know how we can check our work. The multiplication of polynomials should be checked or verified. To verify a product, we can substitute a number in for the variable in both the original question and our product. If we have multiplied correctly, then the two values will be the same. Carefully read the example below to see how this is done. Example (2x + 3)(x 4) = (2x)(x) + (2x)(-4) + (3)(x) + (3)(-4) = 2x2 8x + 3x 12 = 2x2 5x 12 Verification (2x + 3)(x 4) (2(1) + 3)((1) 4) (5)(-3) -15 Let x = 1 N.B. We can use any value in our check!

= 2x2 5x 12 2(1)2 5(1) 12 2 5 12 -15

N.B. Notice the format of a verification! There is a ? over the equal sign and a line separating the two sides of the equation. This is necessary until we have shown the two sides to be equal!

Since both the original and the product equal -15, we know that (2x + 3)(x 4) = 2x2 5x 12. Example 2 (3x 4)(2x + 5) = (3x)(2x) + (3x)(5) + (-4)(2x) + (-4)(5) = 6x2 + 15x 8x 20 = 6x2 + 7x 20 To verify, let x = 2 (3x 4)(2x + 5) (3(2) 4)(2(2) + 5) (6 4)(4 + 5) (2)(9) 18 Notice order of operations! We square 2 then multiply by 6.

6x2 + 7x 20 6(2)2 + 7(2) 20 6(4) + 14 20 24 6 18

Since both sides equal 18, (3x 4)(2x + 5) = 6x2 + 7x 20

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The algebraic method is most widely used and will be the most efficient method when determining more complex products such as the one that follows below. Example (3x2 + 2)(x2 2x) = (3x2)(x2) + (3x2)(-2x) + (2)(x2) + (2)(-2x) = 3x4 6x3 + 2x2 4x We can use algebra and the distributive property to multiply any number of terms by any number of terms.

When multiplying polynomials, it is important to remember that each term in the first polynomial is multiplied by each term in the second polynomial. Lets show this by multiplying a trinomial times a trinomial as in the example that follows. Example (x2 + 2x + 3)(2x2 3x + 1)

First term in first trinomial is multiplied by each term in second trinomial = (x2)(2x2) + (x2)(-3x) + (x2)(1) = 2x4 3x3 + x2 result 1

Second term in first trinomial is multiplied by each term in second trinomial = (2x)(2x2) + (2x)(-3x) + (2x)(1) = 4x3 6x2 + 2x result 2

Third term in first trinomial is multiplied by each term in second trinomial = (3)(2x2) + (3)(-3x) + (3)(1) = 6x2 9x + 3 result 3

The final product is result 1 + result 2 + result 3. 2x4 3x3 + x2 + 4x3 6x2 + 2x + 6x2 9x + 3 = 2x4 3x3 + 4x3 + x2 6x2 + 6x2 + 2x 9x + 3 = 2x4 + x3 + x2 7x + 3 Simplify the expression by combining like terms.

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Lets verify using x = -1 It is necessary to place -1 in parentheses as shown below! (x2 + 2x + 3)(2x2 3x + 1) ((-1)2 + 2(-1) + 3)(2(-1)2 3(-1) + 1) (1 + -2 + 3)(2 + 3 + 1) (2)(6) 12 Since both sides worked out to be 12, (x2 + 2x + 3)(2x2 3x + 1) = 2x4 + x3 + x2 7x + 3 Now that you understand how to multiply polynomials, you will be asked to demonstrate your understanding in a variety of ways. Carefully read the following examples. Example 1 Suzies solution to a multiplication question appears below. Identify and explain the error that she made. (3x 2)(2x + 5) = (3x)(2x) + (-2)(5) = 6x2 10 Suzie multiplied only the first term in each bracket and the last term in each bracket. She needs to multiply each term in the first binomial by each term in the second binomial.

2x4 + x3 + x2 7x + 3 2(-1)4 + (-1)3 + (-1)2 7(-1) + 3 2 + -1 + 1 + 7 + 3 13 + -1 12

Note! (-1)2 = 1 (-1)3 = -1

Example 2 binomials.

Explain to Justin the error that he made when he multiplied the following Justin multiplied only the first term, 4x, in the first binomial with each (4x 1)(2x 3) term in the second binomial. He needs to multiply each term in the = (4x)(2x) + (4x)(-3) second binomial by -1, the second = 8x2 12x term in the first binomial. Refer to Foundations and Pre-Calculus Mathematics 10. On page 167, complete Question 13

To summarize, when multiplying polynomials it is necessary to Multiply each term in the first polynomial by each term in the second polynomial. Simplify the product by combining like terms using addition or subtraction.

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POLYNOMIALS PRACTICE TEST I PART A For each polynomial, determine the number of terms, name the polynomial, give the degree of each term and give the degree of the polynomial.

1. 2.

4x2y3 + x4 8x2y4 + 7x2y5 2x6 + 1

PART B Simplify by performing the operation indicated. 1. 2. 7xy2 2x2y + 3xy 5x2y (3x2 2x + 1) (7x2 2x 3)

PART C 1. Use algebra to multiply the following polynomials. (a) -3x(4x 3) (b) (3x 5)(2x 7) (c) (2x + 3)(3x2 4x 1) (d)

2 x 1

(e) 4(2x 3y)(2x + 3y) (2x + 5y)(3x y) (f) ( x 3)(2 x 1)( x 4) PART D Determine the error in the following work, correct the error and complete the question. Verify your new solution. -(3x 2)(2x + 3) = -(6x2 + 9x 4x 6) = -6x + 9x 4x 6 = -6x2 + 5x 6
2

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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PART E

Each shape is a rectangle. Write a polynomial to represent the area of the shaded region.
3x + 8

x +6 x 3 2x + 6

Solutions to the Practice Test appear on the following pages. Try the Quiz P1-2 Checkpoint 1 to test yourself on this unit.

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SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST PART A Number of terms 2 4 Name of polynomial Binomial Polynomial Degree of each term 5, 4 6, 7, 6, 0 Degree of polynomial 5 7

1. 4x2y3 + x4 2. 8x2y4 + 7x2y5 2x6 + 1

PART B 1. 2. 7xy2 7x2y + 3xy -4x2 + 4

PART C (a) -12x2 + 9x (b) 6x2 31x + 35 (c) 6x3 + x2 14x 3 (d) 4 x 2 4 x 1 (e) 4(2x 3y)(2x + 3y) (2x + 5y)(3x y) = 4(4x2 9y2) (6x2 2xy + 15xy 5y2) = 16x2 36y2 6x2 13xy + 5y2 = 10x2 13xy 31y2

1.

x 3 (2 x 1)( x 4)
(f)

(2 x 2 7 x 3)( x 4) (2 x3 8 x 2 7 x 2 28 x 3x 12) 2 x3 x 2 25 x 12

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PART D Error occurred in Step 2. The negative sign in front of the parentheses applies to each term inside the parentheses. The correct solution is -(3x 2)(2x + 3) = -(6x2 + 9x 4x 6) = -6x 9x + 4x + 6 = -6x 5x + 6 Verify for x = 1 -(3x 2)(2x + 3) -(3(1) 2)(2(1) + 3) -(3 2)(2 + 3) -(1)(5) -5
?
2 2

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

-6x2 5x + 6 -6(1)2 5(1) + 6 -6 5 + 6 -11 + 6 -5

Therefore -(3x 2)(2x + 3) = -6x2 5x + 6 PART E

(3x 8)(2 x 6) ( x 6)( x 3) (6 x 2 34 x 48) ( x 2 3 x 18) 5 x 2 31x 30

YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE UNITS ON POLYNOMIALS 1-2 PLEASE COMPLETE A MIND MAP AND BRING TO A MATH TEACHER FOR DISCUSSION. YOU SHOULD NOW BE READY TO OBTAIN TEST PERMISSION TO WRITE THE TEST FOR UNITS P1 2.

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APPENDIX

. (Go to grades 7-9). Look up the word polynomial.

A polynomial is an expression which is a monomial, or the sum (or difference) of two or more monomials.

Now look up the word monomial.

A monomial is a term consisting of a number, a variable, or a product of numbers and variables.

Now look up the word term

A term is any individual element of a mathematical expression. Often a term refers to a monomial (a number, a variable, or a product of numbers and variables).
Connect the key words in these definitions.

A polynomial is made up of monomials. monomials are terms. terms are a number, a variable, or the products of numbers and variables

Therefore; any algebraic expression that contains an element (term) that uses an operation other than multiplication is not a polynomial. Division by a variable was used in the examples of algebraic expressions that are not polynomials. Therefore they are not polynomials. Example: In the algebraic expression the variable is the divisor. In R1-3 you have, or

will learn that such expressions can be written in exponent form as . Therefore any algebraic expression that has a negative exponent or a variable as a divisor is not a polynomial.

You will study this concept in more detail in R1-3 and in your grade 11 math course.

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