Drishti

- A vision of an India with an electric bulb in every house of the country With the fast growing Indian economy and the dream of becoming super power, we have become the 5th largest consumer of energy in the world. With an installed capacity of around 170 GW we are still short of around 70 GW to provide basic electricity to each and every house of the country. And with this pace we are going to face a serious blackout condition in the near future if we dont take some serious steps. As being in the union minister, our team presents a techno-analytical approach to make our dreams come true. Our approach comprises mainly of : Analysis of the problem and its causes Improvement in the technology of the existing system Setting up of new generation units by exploiting all possible sources of energy A complete new efficient transmission system for the new generating units as far as possible Connecting the new generating units and the existing system to create highly efficient distribution system Creating an efficient administration to tackle with problems like power theft Implementation of the various programs and policies Creation of financial aid

ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSES The analysis part includes a study of the contribution of various sectors in our current energy scenario which is although dominated by coal. To be realistic we assume that environment is going to be a greater threat to humans than terrorism in the coming future. Hence we have to keep an eye on the emission levels also. Then we analyze the potentials of various unexploited sources of energy in India & there geographical opportunities. Then we find out the various plans which have been implemented and finally the reasons for their little success. Being in the list of countries with most inefficient power system, a proper study on the reasons for these inefficiencies is a must. The technological backwardness, high T&D loss(up to 35%), unscheduled blackouts, load scheduling, power theft, demand supply gap, improper management, administrative corruptions are some of the major causes. Present energy scenario in india: The present installed generation capacity from different sources is given as follows :Thermal-106,000 MW Hydro-34,000 MW

Nuclear-4560 MW Renewable-17,000 MW

Coal 52%

RES 34%

Diesel 1%

Nuclear 3%
RES Gas

Gas 10%
Nuclear Diesel Coal

India relies principally on coal for 52% of total energy consumption while renewable energy constitutes only a small fraction of the total energy basket
Due to the reasons such as: o The demand-supply gap, especially as population increases o A large untapped potential o Concern for the environment o The need to strengthen Indias energy security o Pressure on high-emission industry sectors from their shareholders o A viable solution for rural electrification there was a need for india to move towards sustainable and renewable energy sources various renewable sources with their estimated potential and implemented potential are shown

Indias Technical Potential of Renewable Power in MW

As see from the chart only a few percentage of renewable potential have been exploited yet . Indias appetite for energy is showing no signs of slowing down and its growth rate is expected to continue to be fairly high. For years, Indias concern was tempered by the fact that it had abundant coal reserves and that its energy requirements were not as substantial as they are today and are projected to be in the future. With its high economic growth, supply can no longer keep up with demand..

Potential of various sources of energy in India their exploitation and geographical opportunities Thermal India is largely dependent on coal for meeting the energy demands of the country.

Thermal power plants, backbone of the electricity systems converting heat energy into electrical energy records efficiency between 30 & 50%. Consequently, the balance heat gets dissipated into the atmosphere

Various reasons which account for the low efficiency can be stated as: 1.deterioration in equipment performance. 2.deterioration in coal quality. 3.a lot of energy is wasted in transmission and distribution as our country is mainly dependent oon coal,there is a need to take some steps to increase the efficiency of the existing as well as upcoming thermel power plants. Other issue related to the thermal power plants is the degradation of the environment
The current generation units are mainly dominated by thermal power plants whose efficiency falls below 35%. The reason for this low efficiency are improper management , low quality of coal and a large amount heat waste heat not utilized , improper burning of fuel etc. In our scheme we have used combined heat power plant which utilizes the waste heat during the power generation. Simultaneous generation of heat and power near the consumer location is one of the optimal energy consumption methods (fossil fuel sources energy). The use of waste heat generated along with electric power for heating purpose, put the system in optimal Condition. Power-heat coupling strategy that feeds local consumers is a solution that is perfectly

accomplished in combined heat and power (CHP) units. Total energy efficiency is increased effectively in the concentrated system and with microcomputer controlling tools the utilization factor of the chemical energy in fossil fuels will be maximized and output gases filtration will minimize also the pollution. It is important to note that these units are dispersed generation sources (DG) in the distribution systems and therefore bring all of the advantages of DG units in the power grid. The plant is analogous to IGCC but can be employed on the existing thermal power plants and so IGCC concept will be used during setting up of new generating units. We also focus on other technological improvements inside the plant like proper trapping of steam using thermodynamic traps, ball float traps etc and many more methods. In order to reduce CO2 emissions from thermal power generation, we are using nextgeneration thermal power technologies aimed at improving plant efficiency and commercializing carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. We are using an Advanced Ultra-SuperCritical (A-USC) steam turbine system far more efficient than existing models, which is designed to increase steam temperature from 600C to above the 700C mark. We are also using a commercialize carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology designed by Toshiba group to separate and capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from thermal power plants and other such facilities and then store it underground. The absorbent used to capture CO2, after having selectively captured CO2 in an absorber tower, is sent to a stripper tower, where it is heated by steam and other external energy and releases CO2. By providing the absorbent that has released CO2 to the absorber tower, we can continuously separate and capture CO2 from exhaust gases.

HYDRO

In order to utilize the potential energy of water to the fullest Small hydro plant(SHP) are introduced:Small and mini hydel projects have the potential to provide energy in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid system is un-economical India has 420 small hydro power projects up to 25 MW station capacity with an aggregate capacity of over 1423 MW.

An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India.
Similarly for hydro power plant we use a newly invented static excitation system using a simulation system designed by Seimens group for the internal power plant system which improves the harmonic content and improves the power factor. Advantages are more reliable electrified brake stopping of the main generator and less frequent maintainence of the

excitation system. It basically comprises of a series of combination of active and passive filters.

nuclear
Presently 19 nuclear power plants in India are there, which generates 4,560 MW (2.9% of total installed base)

The deterioration of domestic uranium resources caused the decline of electricity production from nuclear energy

India has worked hard in developing Thorium based fuel cycle. While there is a limitation in the country's Uranium deposit, there are some greater treasuries of Thorium which can multiply the power with the equal mass of fuel by hundred times. India has reserves of 290,000 tonnes of thorium - about one quarter of the

world total, and these are intended to fuel its nuclear power program longer-term transition to thorium-based systems

Wind enegry Very recently INDIA has been recognized as an wind superpower

Wind generation is the fastest growing energy source in this decade and is expanding at 25% per year.The gross potential for wind energy is 46000 mw and a technical potential abt 9000 mw.

Wind energy generation has limitation i.e Because winds do not blow strongly enough to produce power all the time. Energy from wind machines is considered "intermittent," that is, it comes and goes. Therefore, electricity from wind farms must have a back-up supply from another source.

In case of wind energy we are using a new type of air-flow technology which increases the efficiency of large wind turbines under many different wind conditions. The approach estimates the flow conditions over the blade surfaces from surface measurements, and then uses this information in an intelligent controller to implement real-time actuation on the blades to control the airflow and increase the overall efficiency of the wind turbine system. The work may also reduce excessive noise and vibration due to flow separation. Flow control applied on the outboard side of the blade beyond the half radius could significantly enlarge the overall operational range of the wind turbine with the same rated power output or considerably increase the rated output power for the same level of operational range.

Solar

India is one of the fortunate countries to have abundant resources of renewable energy in the form of sunlight. We are blessed with 320 days of bright sunshine which can be harnessed to generate electricity using Solar Photo Voltaic modules and for heating of the medium using Solar Collectors.

In case of solar power we will use a new thermo chemical technology developed by the engineers at MIT instead of the presently used photovoltaic cell. Thermochemical technology is a bit different. It traps the solar energy and stores it in the form of heat in molecules of chemicals. This heat energy can be converted and utilized by humans whenever the need arises. What happens in a conventional solar system is that heat gets leached away over time but when, heat is stored using the thermo-chemical fuel it remains stable. This chemical-electrical process makes it possible to produce a rechargeable heat battery that can repeatedly store and release heat gathered from sunlight or other sources. In principle, when fuel made from fulvalene diruthenium is stored, heat is released, and it can get as hot as 200 degrees C, plenty hot enough to heat your home, or even to run an engine to produce electricity.

Ocean energy::

Energy from the ocean can be harnessed in three main forms.these are 1.tidal energy 2.wave energy 3.ocean thermal energy tidal energy India has a potential of producing more than 7000MW of energy using this technology, India can install these plants in three locations the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Kambhat and Gulf of Mannar. Durghadhauni Mini Tidal Energy plant with a capacity of 3.65 MW installed in the Sunderbans has been made operational and is providing electricity to nearly 15000 homes. Wave energy Because waves originate from storms far out to sea and can travel long distances without significant energy loss, power produced from them is much steadier and more predictable, both day to day and season to season. 2. Wave energy contains roughly 1000 times the kinetic energy of wind, 3. Unlike wind and solar power, power from ocean waves continues to be produced around the clock, 4. Wave power production is much smoother and more consistent than wind or solar, resulting in higher overall capacity factors;

Ocean Thermal Energy

The main objective of ocean thermal energy or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is to turn the solar energy trapped by the ocean into useable energy.As long as the temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20C (36F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of power.

Potential[x]

OTEC has a potential installed capacity of 180,000 MW in India.

Current India[xi]

OTEC

Projects

in

. OTEC plants must be located where a difference of about 40 degrees Fahrenheit occurs year round.

Biomass energy Biomass includes solid biomass (organic, non-fossil material of biological origins), biogas (principally methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass and combusted to produce heat and/or power), liquid biofuels (bio-based liquid fuel from biomass transformation, mainly used in transportation applications), and municipal waste (wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors and incinerated in specific installations to produce heat and/or power). The most successful forms of biomass are sugar cane bagasse in agriculture, pulp and paper residues in forestry and manure in livestock residues. It is argued that biomass can directly substitute fossil fuels, as more effective in decreasing atmospheric CO2 than carbon sequestration in trees. The most common methods are: Combustion Gasification Fermentation Anaerobic digestion India is very rich in biomass. It has a potential of 19,500 MW (3,500 MW from bagassebased cogeneration and 16,000 MW from surplus biomass). The potential available and the installed capacities for Biomass and Bagasse

Electricity from sugarcane bagasse

The proposed plan envisages setting up of a Bagasse based co-generation power plant, either to

be added in an existing Sugar Mill or as a stand alone unit for power generation.it proposes to utilize Sugarcane Bagasse which is a co-product of Sugarcane crushing, to generate steam from high efficiency, high pressure boiler and run turbine for generation of electricity.

Next comes utilizing the great agricultural base of india i.e. the rice husk. The treatment of rice husk as a resource for energy production is a departure from the perception that husks present disposal problems. The concept of generating energy from rice husk has great potential, particularly in those countries that are primarily dependent on imported oil for their energy needs. Rice husks are one of the largest readily available but most underutilized biomass resources, being an ideal fuel for electricity generation,.. An Indian company called Husk Power Systems is bringing electricity to some of the most rural parts of India by using rice husks as fuel. Rice husk is a by-product of the rice growing process and is generally dumped into landfills, but by using it to build miniature, off-grid power stations, they generate electricity for around 500 households for 8 to 10 hours a day per each power plant that requires just 3 employees to operate and maintain.
The rice husk is heated to a point at which they turn into gas that HPS uses to run an engine. "Electricity is generated via an alternator and delivered in three phases at 220 volts. Grids are set up that are specially suited according to the size of the villages.The power is supplied through the grid that HPS operates. "Roughly 1.5 kg of rice husk yields 1 KWh (kilowatt-hour) of electricity. The setup is completely decentralised,"

Also we are utilizing the urban waste and recycling them to produce electricity by a special waste treatment plant. Bio-degradable waste undergoes a process of anaerobic digestion after which they are subjected to Induction Heating. Methane gas is produced, which then powers the methanol fuel cells. The Proposed technique ensures complete safety; detectors and valves are installed at various places to detect any minor or major anomalies. All these detectors andvalves are coordinated and regulated by a main controller. In villages we will install a large number of biogas plants feeding on the cow dung which will work under a microgrid concept. Geothermal

Geothermal energy is the earth's natural heat available inside the earth.It is estimated that India has about 10000 MWe of geothermal power potential that can be harnessed for various purposes.Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that drive turbines that drive electricity generators.
Enhanced geothermal system. The term enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), also known as engineered geothermal systems (formerly hot dry rock geothermal), refers to a variety of engineering techniques used to artificially create hydrothermal resources (underground steam and hot water) that can be used to generate electricity. Traditional geothermal plants exploit naturally occurring hydrothermal reservoirs and are limited by the size and location of such natural reservoirs. EGS reduces these constraints by allowing for the creation of hydrothermal reservoirs in

deep, hot but naturally dry geological formations.EGS techniques can also extend the lifespan of naturally occurring hydrothermal resources EGS technologies use the heat of the earths crust to generate electricity. Traditional geothermal plants draw on naturally occurring hydrothermal resources at relatively shallow depths. EGS, however, attempts to artificially reproduce the conditions of naturally occurring hydrothermal reservoirs by fracturing impervious hot rocks at depth, pumping fluid into the newly porous system, and then extracting the heated fluid to drive an electricity-generating turbine

Then comes the installation of new generating units. Due to the increasing environmental problems and the decreasing fossil fuels we have to exploit more and more renewable sources of energy. With an estimated potential of around 95 GW of renewable energy they need to be exploited as far as possible. We will set up different renewable energy power generating units as par the geographical locations and the needs. The major among them will be wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, biogas etc. Basically they will be used as a distributed generation

concept where different generation units of one geographical location are connected and the power produced by them is collected and distributed according to the load. We will also use a waste heat recovery plant for several industries. A large quantity of Flue gases at high temperatures is produced by different parts of the heavy industries. They are purified internally by purifying equipment like Electrostatic Precipitators and are left into atmosphere. At the present condition the heat energy of flue gases is wasted. As the heavy industries are located independently and in many cases, neither steam nor hot water is needed in their own plants. The recovery in electric power is most effective method. On the other hand, the main advantages can be clean power generation, no production of green house gases (ex: CO2) etc.

Apart from all these we are planning to launch a project on space solar power. Space solar power (SSP) offers the opportunity of breakthroughs in large-scale power generation and highly flexible power distribution. To validate the vision of SSP, a research project is proposed here to demonstrate basic capabilities of space solar power, including a demonstration of long-range wireless power transmission from geosynchronous orbit (GEO) to the surface of the earth using high-energy lasers.. Limitations due to beam divergence from microwave transmission with its companion large-scale transmitters and receivers can be overcome using the laserbased system outlined here. Advantages of a laser experiment include demonstration of continuous (24/7) electric power transfer from orbit and reception on Earth orders of magnitude greater than anything that has been done historically. With laser beaming, on the shelf ultralight solar panels, and other early launch opportunities (such as exploitation of NASA Geo QuickRide or suitable alternatives), this milestone appears achievable in a three to five year time frame; perhaps even before. This proposal is focused on the identification of key technology issues in the real world, setting the stage for commercial and military space solar power to provide electricity on-demand where and when needed -- a high priority for national security in a world in which currently inexpensive liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons will be increasingly scarce and more costly, and where powerful new methods are needed for flexible power delivery and distribution.