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Linguistics 136 1 : Nouns & Pronouns

Nouns &Pronouns

Submitted by:

Ao, Arianne Beringuela, Joanna Dominguez, Patricia Estrao, Vanessa

Francisco, Lairene Gaspi Candice Gupit, Alice Jao, Jonel

Maralit, Mila Monica Salome, Zara Vilaga, Nichole Yam, Samuel Bach

Submitted to:
Mary Ann Gaitan-Bacolod Ph.D

Date Submitted: January 5, 2012

As a requirement to the course Linguistics 136: Japanese Linguistics 2nd semester AY 2011-2012

Linguistics 136 2 : Nouns & Pronouns

Nouns &Pronouns

This paper discusses the nouns of the Japanese language. This paper aims to help students of Japanese language, particularly the students of University of the Philippines-Diliman, in understanding more of the nature of Japanese nouns. It touches on the different types of nouns (section 2) as listed in Kato's (2006) book, , morphological processes involving nouns (section 3) such as clipping and borrowing and particles (section 4). During the course of the discussion in the different sections and subsections, several issues were raised and attempts to address these issues were made. Finally, as a result of the analyses done, distinctive characteristics of Japanese nouns are presented.

1. Introduction 1.1. Background


Japanese words are classified into three groups with regards to their origin in Katos (2006) book, as wago, kango and shakuyougo or gairaigo.

Wago refers to the words of Japanese (Yamato) origins. Kango on the other hand are loaned words that came from China and gairaigo from Western countries. These three categories can be observed in the nouns in Japanese which is the main focus of this paper.

1.2. Objectives The primary aim of this paper is to be able to establish certain rules and patterns that can be seen to be exhibited by Japanese nouns to serve as an aid to the learners of the Japanese language particularly the students of the University of the Philippines-Diliman (UPD). Another particular goal of this paper is to discover the distinctive characteristics of Japanese nouns as contrasted with Tagalog and English, the languages known by the researchers.

1.3. Scope and Delimitation The book of Kato (2006),


, is used as the primary reference and guide of

this paper. Most of the topics that can be found here are discussed in the third chapter of the book,

Linguistics 136 3 : Nouns & Pronouns . Upon discussing the different types of nouns, morphological processes involving nouns as well as particle that go with nouns, certain issues arise which were analyzed by the researchers. But such is the fact that due to the limited time and data, the analyses done are in no way exhaustive. The examples and data used for this paper are primarily taken from the books Genki I & II: An integrated Elementary Japanese, which are the textbooks used by the learners of Japanese in the UPD. But due to the limit of the words the researchers found in the books, data from other resources such as internet sites and a few other books were used.
Comment [f1]: Site the books used

2. Types of Nouns The term noun comes from the Latin word n men, which was also derived from the Greek word onoma, which means name. Nouns refer to an entity, state, action or concept. Nouns can be replaced by pronouns, and can also be interpreted as singular or plural. Examples: 1. Nouns replaced by pronouns

2. Nouns as can be interpreted as singular or plural

Depending on the type of sentence, nouns may function as a subject, predicate, indirect object, direct object, object of the preposition, and possessive modifier in a sentence. Examples: 1. Subject

2. Predicate

3. Indirect Object:

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4. Direct Object

5. Possessive modifier

2.1.

Proper Noun Proper noun is a type of noun that is representing a unique entity, as opposed to

common noun which represents a set of entities or the general term. It refers to a particular entity, state, action or concept. Examples are names of a person (1), or place (2)

(1) (2)

2.2.

Common Noun Pronouns are used as substitutes for nouns. There are four types of pronouns in

Japanese, personal, interrogative, reflexive and demonstrative.

2.2.1. Personal pronouns Personal pronouns are pronouns used to stand in place of a person. Japanese pronouns, unlike English, do not have plural counterparts but can be pluralized by certain pluralizing particles. Another difference between English and Japanese pronouns is the number of factors to be considered on which of the pronouns are to be used to refer to a certain person. These factors include gender, age, and to the status or position one is referring to. These personal pronouns may also be separated according to the formality of the pronouns. The table below summarizes some of the common pronouns used in writing and discourse according to whom a pronoun is referring to and gender.
Comment [f2]: examples

Linguistics 136 5 : Nouns & Pronouns

male (speaker) * (listener) (other)


*usually used by females but are also used by males in formal situations

female

The pronouns and therefore those under

are informal cannot be used to refer to superiors and

people not inside ones own sphere. The proper names of people are also used often to refer them or to ones self.

2.2.2. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions, which cant simply be answered by a yes or no answer. Interrogative pronouns represent or substitute the thing being asked for in an interrogative sentence, therefore holding the same place/position in the sentence as the answer. What:

Comment [f3]: interesting to contrast with the position of questions in Tagalog

Who:

When:

Why:

Linguistics 136 6 : Nouns & Pronouns

Where:

How:

Which:

2.2.3. Reflexives
Reflexives are pronouns whose referent precedes them in the same clause. In the Japanese language, there is one known reflexive pronoun: translates to oneself. (jibun), which roughly

Compared to English reflexive pronouns, the Japanese reflexive functions of it

pronoun jibun doesnt have to agree in gender or number. The uses are analyzed and compared with Tagalog.

(1) Hindi, ikaw ang gumawa.

Comment [f4]: specify where the Japanese sentences came from. The book? Or given by the author.

(2) Narinig ko na ang guro ay nagluluto para sa sarili niya.

(3) Kahit ang sarili niya ay hindi niya maintindihan

(4)
Miller, ikaw ba ang nagluto ng mga pagkain sa party kahapon?

Linguistics 136 7 : Nouns & Pronouns In sentences (1) (4), action by oneself. succeeded by the particle refers to one that does an
Comment [f5]: Walang comment si sense pero may underline. Baka dapat irephrase

(5) Wala na akong oras para sa sarili ko.

(6) Gusto ko rin hayaan ang sarili kong mga anak na maglaro. (7) Balak kong hayaan ang sarili kong mga anak na pumunta sa gusto nilang puntahang lugar. (8) Maglilinis ako ng sarili kong kwarto.

Sentences (5) (8) exemplify the ability of to take on a possessive form when attached to the particle , while still referring to oneself as an exclusive entity. (9) Kung nag-away kayo ng kaibigan mo, ikaw ba ang hihingi ng tawad? (10) Kung hindi masarap ang sarili mong nilutong pagkain, hindi mo ba (ito) kakainin?

(11) Paano ang nararamdaman ng bata tungkol sa sarili niyang kaugnayan sa kanyang paaralan? (12) Hindi sasabihin sa mga magulang ang hindi mabuting katangian. The function of referring to oneself. itself does not differ in the sentences above, still

Linguistics 136 8 : Nouns & Pronouns

In the sample sentences shown, it was observed that the rough equivalent of the Japanese reflexive pronoun in Tagalog is the word sarili. Syntactically, it

functions just as any other pronoun, taking the place of its referent in the sentence. However, it appears to have an added semantic value of exclusivity. That is, referring to that which belongs to the referent alone.

2.2.4. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguish those entities from others. Demonstratives usually refer to an external frame of reference, using the perspective of the speaker and the listener. Demonstrative pronouns are not limited to concrete objects, but may also pertain to abstract objects that the speaker is talking about i.e. whether something is currently being said or was said earlier. In Japanese, these demonstrative pronouns are circle while refers to your circle and . refers to my

refers to their circle. As stated earlier,

these demonstrative pronouns may also be used to refer to what was said earlier or will be said afterwards. According to Kato (2006), is the most common is
Comment [f6]: example Comment [f7]: example

demonstrative pronoun used to refer to what has already been said earlier.

usually used to refer to something that was introduced by oneself and also functions to anticipate whatever would be said after. remembers something. on the other hand is used when one
Comment [f8]: example and example usage and sentences

2.3.

Numbers

2.3.1. Numerals Numerals refer to ordinal numbers used to count. The characters that represent the numbers are read in their Chinese readings, or On-readings. 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 20

Linguistics 136 9 : Nouns & Pronouns

5 6 7 8

100 1 000 10 000 100 000 000

2.3.2. Counters Counters, in this paper shall refer to the numbers used to count things. But it is different from the numerals discussed earlier due to the its reading being Japanese or Kun-reading. These counters are never seen alone without any quantifier attached to them such as which is used for general counting of things and

which refers to the days of the month. However, only the first ten days of the month use the Japanese reading.

1 2 3 4 5 . 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

6 7 8 9 10

2.3.3. Quantifiers Quantifiers are particles that are added to the numerals to count a specific kind of thing or show order since Japanese forms ordinal numbers by adding the quantifier . The list provided below are the counters found in the book Genki.

Comment [f9]: ilista lahat ng uri ng quantifiers including suffixes used for specific objects like etc.

Linguistics 136 10 : Nouns & Pronouns

Copies of a magazine or newspaper, or other packets of papers Cars, bicycles, machines, mechanical devices, household appliances Cups and glasses of drink Small animals, insects Long, thin objects Number of floors, stories Thin, flat objects: sheets of paper, photographs People
Years of age
Comment [f10]: other samples of quantifiers like for # of houses, birds, buildings, chapters

Stories, episodes of TV series, etc. Seconds Minutes Months of the year Hours of the day Hour-long periods Day of the month Years, school years (grades); not years of age Days of the month (but see table of exceptions below) Weeks Position Occurrences, number of times, degrees of temperature or angle Occurrences, number of times

2.4.

General/Common Noun A simple definition for the common noun shall be those nouns that do not under the

categories of proper nouns and pronouns. Common nouns represent set of entities or

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general terms, as opposed to the aforementioned proper noun, which denotes a type of noun that represents a unique or particular entity. Under this category are general nouns, dummy nouns, verbal nouns, stative nouns, dual nouns and compound nouns.

2.4.1.

Verbal Nouns ,a

According to Kato (2006) in his book

verbal noun is a noun which can function as a verb by adding the sahendoushi (suru).

(1)

However, in between the noun and suru, there are nouns which one can insert the particle (wo) while there are nouns which one cannot. In Katos example:

(2) (3)

/ /*

to change to die

Kato did not give any explanations as to why this is so. While he did not elaborate on the matter, Tsujimura (1990) and Kawasoe (2008) proposes that this phenomenon could be explained by the Unaccusative Hypothesis (UH). Both authors state that the unaccusative verbal nouns cannot have the particle wo in between its noun and suru while those belonging to the unergative type can have so. Following their discussion, it can be suggested that (2) is a unergative type and (3) is an unaccusative type. An unaccusative is a verb whose subject is a theme ( ). A theme is a subject
Comment [f11]: example in Jap

who is not active in initiating nor is actively responsible for the action of the verb (Burzio, 1986). While the counterpart of an unaccusative is a unergative, where the verbs subject is an agent ( ). An agent, opposed to a theme is active in

initiating and is responsible for its action (Burzio, 1986). Notice the following sentences: (4a) X X changes (something)

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(4b) X X changes (something) (5a) X X dies (5b) *X *X dies (4a) and (4b) are both possible constructions because the verb is a

unergative type. Their subject X is an agent, actively initiating and responsible for the action. On the other hand, in (5a) and (5b), the subject X is a theme, not active in initiating nor is actively responsible for the action construction ungrammatical. However, although (4a) and (4b) are both possible constructions, they seem to have some slight difference in their nuance. The proposed solution to the wo phenomenon is the use of the Unaccusative Hypothesis. A verbal noun cannot have a particle wo in between it and suru if the subject of the verbal noun is a theme. On the other hand, if the subject of the verbal noun is an agent, the particle wo is optional. These are some of the verbal nouns that are grammatical, with or without the particle wo. Sentences were made to make the explanation more comprehensible.
Comment [f12]: by?

, making the (5b)

(6a)

Takashi

NOM Pachie DAT telephone suru

Takashi will call Pachie. Tatawagan ni Takashi si Pachie.

(6b)

Takashi

NOM Pachie DAT telephone ACC suru

Takashi will call Pachie.

Linguistics 136 13 : Nouns & Pronouns Tatawagan ni Takashi si Pachie.

(7a)

Takashi

NOM game

GEN rule

ACC explanation suru

Takashi will explain the rules of the game. Ipapaliwanag ni Takashi ang patakaran ng laro.

(7b)

Takashi

NOM game

GEN

rule

GEN explanation ACC suru

Takashi will explain the rules of the game. Ipapaliwanag ni Takashi ang patakaran ng laro.

(8a)

Takashi

NOM today overtime

suru

Today, Takashi will do overtime Ngayong araw, mag-oovertime si Takashi.

(8b)

Takashi

NOM today overtime

ACC suru

Today, Takashi will do overtime In sentences (6-8), the subject of the actions, Takashi, is an agent. He is initiating and mainly responsible for the actions he will be doing, namely, (6) the calling, (7) the explaining and (8) doing the overtime respectively.
Comment [f13]: Thus, 6-8 is unergative or unaccusative?

The following examples are verbal nouns are ungrammatical when the particle wo is put in between the noun and suru.

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(9a)

he NOM

heart attack

INS

sudden death suru-PRF

He died suddenly of heart attack. Namatay siyang bigla dahil sa atake sa puso.

(9b) * * He NOM heart attack INS sudden death ACC suru-PRF

He died suddenly of heart attack. Namatay siyang bigla dahil sa atake sa puso.

(10a)

maple

NOM red leaves

suru-PRF

The maple leaves have turned red. Namula na ang mga dahon ng maple.

(10b) * * maple NOM red leaves ACC suru-PRF

The maple leaves have turned red. Namula na ang mga dahon ng maple.

(11a)

Ghost NOM existence Ghosts exists. May multo.

suru

(11b) * *

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ghost

NOM

existence

ACC

suru

Ghosts exists. May multo. In sentence (9a), the subject he is a theme instead of an agent, because the verb to die suddenly is an action the subject is neither initiating nor responsible for. It is also the same with sentences (10a) and (11a) where the subjects maple and ghosts are not entirely responsible for the actions to become red leaves and to exist respectively. Because of this, sentences 9b, 10b and 11b are not permitted. The above data confirms that the Unaccusative Hypothesis could be used to explain the wo phenomenon. The researchers also believe that using this method is effective for language learners to decide whether to put wo or not in between the verbal noun and suru.

Comment [f14]: Good point but you should provide more data to prove the applicability of the hypothesis

When the verb has an object, for example in (13) where , there is no wo in between the noun

is the object of

and suru. It seems redundant to have

two wos in a sentence so it is avoided. It is also thought that it is practical not to put two same particles in one sentence to avoid confusion.

(13) I TOP today library LOC Japanese ACC study suru-IPF I will study Japanese in the library. Ngayong araw, mag-aaral ako ng Japanese sa silid-aklatan. Another pattern found is that there is always wo in between the verbal noun and suru if there is a genitive no before the verbal noun. For example, in the next sentence, wo is put in between the verbal noun the verbal noun it becomes the verb suru. and suru because there is a no before / , , the object of

Comment [f15]: Other examples

. Rather, instead of the division, / , making the

Linguistics 136 16 : Nouns & Pronouns

(16) I TOP Japanese GEN study ACC suru-PRF I studied Japanese. Nag-aral ako ng Japanese. The data and analysis above confirms the Unaccusative Hypothesis suggested by Tsujimura and Kawasoe. A verbal noun cannot have a particle wo in between it and suru if the subject is a theme. On the other hand, if the subject of the verbal noun is an agent, the particle wo is optional. The researchers also think that using this as a marker is effective for Japanese language learners. As for those verbal nouns where wo is optional, it is apparently, not entirely optional. The researchers found two environments. If the particle wo already appears before the verbal nouns, meaning, the verbal noun has an object, one does not put another wo in between the verbal noun and suru to avoid redundancy and confusion. Another pattern is that when a genitive particle no appears before a verbal noun, one should put wo in between the verbal noun and suru.
Comment [f16]: Put in pattern formula

2.4.2.

Stative Noun

Stative nouns are said to refer to a certain state of an entity. According to Kato (2006), these stative nouns can be looked upon as the stem ( or adjectival nouns which is referred to as listed below: ) of the

adjectives in Genki. Examples are

secret room safe place lively place happy life ideal boyfriend
Comment [f17]: So what is the difference with na-adjective Ito lang ang examples ng stative nouns?

2.4.3.

Dual Nouns

Linguistics 136 17 : Nouns & Pronouns

are nouns with

dual usage which can be used as

and

. Examples are listed below. : : : : : meanly worry unskilled, poor moved (emotionally) poor
Comment [f18]: Ipakita paano nagging at paano nagging stative nouns by givng example sentences

2.4.4.

Common Noun refer to nouns that do not fall on any of the mentioned categories

above. These nouns refer to the general name of term for entities such that of a person (1), place (2) or thing (3). (1) child student doctor mother baby

(2)

school temple park zoo department store

(3)

bag shoe flower pen clothes

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2.4.5. or dummy nouns are words that are nouns on the surface with their forms but do not function as noun, rather as a function word. Examples are But it should also be remembered that there are dummy nouns that still hold their function as a common noun like and . Consider the sentence below (taken from Kato, 2006).
Comment [f20]: Ito lang? sample sentence or how it is used? Comment [f21]: How? Ipakita? Comment [f19]: Example?

(1a) Even if I read a lot of books, there are still a lot of things I dont know (1b) Three years ago, I went to a trip in Hokkaido.

In (1a)

refers to things and can be replace by the word

that

otherwise means the same while the

in (1b) would refer to the experience of

going to the trip and cannot be replace by any other word.

2.4.6.

Compound Nouns
Comment [f22]: Commeon sense ito. But give me the exact definition of compound nouns

These are words formed by the process of compounding and is further discussed in section 3.2. Below are some examples of compound nouns.

international relations weather forecast answering machine overseas trip international call

3. Morphological processes involving NOUNS 3.1. Compounding Compounding is the morphological operation thatin generalputs together two free forms and gives rise to a new word. There are two kinds of compounds in Japanese: First are compounds based on moras while the second based on characters. The mora-

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based compounds are those which can be found to still have meanings even if you search for them separately. Examples are: namae na name + mae in front of, before = name nihon ni day + hon book, main = Japan bangou ban turn, number in a series + gou number = number
Comment [f23]: Ito lang examples?

For those based on characters, the researchers found out that Japanese compounds rely heavily on the Kanji characters that they use to represent words. In contrast with English which usually form compounds through combination of two words, the Japanese language has a rich way of forming noun compounds, and this show in their use of Kanji characters. Below are examples of noun-noun compounds (1), verb-noun compounds (2), adjective-noun compounds (3), noun-verb compounds (4), verb-verb compounds (5), adjective-verb compounds (6), compound noun-noun (7), double compounds (8). (1) doctor, medicine + person = doctor money + quantity = amount thing + value = price travel + mansion = inn people + lodging = guest house

(2)

to take charge of + money = savings to respect + language = term of respect to fall + products = bankruptcy to support + shop = branch office

(3)

tall, high + school = senior high school big + person = adult green + tea = green tea deep + breath = deep breath

(4)

gap + mistake = mistake noon + to sleep = nap

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back + to stretch = stepping on tiptoe; stretching oneself

(5) 

to tie + to cut = deadline to emit + to express = report to hit + to join together = staff meeting

(6)

new + hear, listen = newspaper vast + to inform = advertisement delicate + to laugh = smile special + to hurry = limited express

(7)

discount + ticket = discount coupon graduation + ceremony = graduation ceremony

(8)

travel + company = travel agency code + number = personal identification number end of term + test = final exam
Comment [f24]: Ipakita isa-isa Ex. Money + Quantity =

3.2. Reduplication Reduplication in Japanese nouns occurs more often in writing than it is used in speaking. Reduplication in Japanese nouns results to pluralizing (1) the noun being repeated or as an adverb (2).

Comment [f25]: What is the similarity to tagalog or English? Nasaan ang other aspects ng eduplicaion? Plural lang ba ang denedenote?

(1)

people mountains countries

(2)

sometimes every day every country a bit

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3.3. Borrowing To be able to have a loan word adapt from the donor language to the receiving language, certain linguistic changes happen to the loaned words such as adapting to the phonetic system of the receiving language or during the course of borrowing, semantic changes can also occur based on the sociolinguistics demands of the society. Borrowing, in Japanese results to some unavoidable phonological and morphological changes. With Japanese being a CV-syllable language with the vowels a, i, u, e, o and the nasal n, a loaned word that has a consonant cluster is usually modified to Japaneses morphology which results in the addition of the vowels in between known as epenthesis. The vowel [u] is added in most final stops such as [o] and final [t] and [d] like in the examples is added after [t ] and [d ]. Once borrowed, most gairaigo functions as nouns (1) (Irwin. 2011).The reason behind it is that nouns do not conjugate and have complicated morphological processes. But there are certain gairaigo that function as adjectives by the addition of a handful where are clipped and added (3) is added, and as verbs by adding (5). (2) and pet and 'top' and the vowel bed. The vowel [i]

(4) or a few that

(1)

computer barbecue popcorn present cup

(2)

handsome man romantic date delicate problem elegant dress harsh reality

Linguistics 136 22 : Nouns & Pronouns (3) grotesque pink erotic

(4)

to play tennis to go on a date to announce

(5)

to jot down to mist up to skip class to ride a bike

3.4. Clipping As stated above in the phonological changes, vowels are added to consonant clusters when a loan word is adapted in Japanese. This results in increasing the number of moras in the words therefore making it hard to articulate due to its length. But such change also allowed Japanese to be creative with its loanwords resulting in the clipping, compounding and blending of its loanwords. There are three types of clippings of single loanwords that were observed, backclipping, fore-clipping, and mid-clipping.
In back-clipping, the latter part of the loanword is clipped and the first two (1), three (2) and four (3) though it is still possible to have a five-mora-clipped word. Back clipping can also be seen to occur in compound words (4). (1) location helicopter terrorism mistake millimeter

(2)

animation collaboration

Linguistics 136 23 : Nouns & Pronouns celebrity sandwich basketball

(3)

illustration (hair) extension Starbucks inflation accelerator

(4)

department store convenience store plug, socket

Laburne (2002, as stated in Irwin, 2011) claims that loanwords are back clipped immediately before the accented mora (5) but words not following the said rules were also found (6). (5) accelerator terrorism symposium

(6)

inflation fraction

Fore-clipping is where the front part of the word is clipped and the latter part retained. It is quite uncommon and has a few examples (7) (7) part-time job (train) platform helmet blanket Mid-clipping is the rarest of the three and here, moras anywhere on the full form can be used for the clipped form (8) provides some example. (8) entertainment

Linguistics 136 24 : Nouns & Pronouns instructor correspondence

Since there are also compound loanwords, clipping also occurs in it.
Compound clipping in gairaigo is commonly done by taking the first or the first two moras of each of the elements of the compound (9). marks the boundary of the

elements of the compound. The highlight shows which parts of the compound elements are taken for the clipped compound. (9) colored contact lens sexual harassment game center/arcade street musician mechanical pencil

After compound clipping, the next way to reduce long compound is ellipsis where either the final word (10) or the initial word (11) is deleted. (10) supermarket make up notebook native speaker front desk

(11)

green house Christmas Eve screw driver sandpaper newscaster

Portmanteau formation refers to the type of clipping in which the initial elements of the first word and the final elements of the second word are taken. From the data gathered there seems to be only one type of example for this formation and further research for other examples are needed. The examples found have the word idol common (12). in

Linguistics 136 25 : Nouns & Pronouns (12) Asian idol athlete idol announcer idol gravure idol Clipping is not only applicable to loanwords but also to hybrid words which refer to a compound of gairaigo and a word from another stratum. The most common clipping that was observed from the data is that of compound clipping, having the first two moras of each element to create the clipped compound (13). (13) access not allowed manga caf full completion (game) karaoke alone birthday party

4. Particles Japanese particles follow the modified noun (or noun phrase). In Japanese, particles occur postpositionally, that is they come after the noun that they're attached to. This paper will be limited into discussing noun-related particles only.

4.1. Derivational Particles Derivational particles are particles that induce a change of category of the word to another. In Japanese, the derivational particles in relation with nouns are those that make nouns into adjectives and those that derive nouns from words from other categories.

4.1.1. Adjective-forming particles Below are some adjective forming particles that go with nouns. 4.1.1.1.

Comment [f26]: Indicate all particles kung ano lang ang sinasamahan ng mga ito.

Linguistics 136 26 : Nouns & Pronouns

Literally translates to

seeming, which expresses judgment based

on evidence or reason. This particle can actually occur after a noun, an adverb or adjective stem.

ladylike manly

4.1.1.2.

The meaning of this particle can be analogized the meaning of the English suffix ~ish or ~like. chidlike like that waterlike manlike

4.1.1.3.

This particle literally translates to ~like or similar to. like a man like a flower like a water

4.1.2. Noun forming particles 4.1.2.1. Adjective to noun it expresses degree, quantity of a certain

When Adjective is added with

condition it makes the nominalized adjective tangible, describable and quantifiable. There are many occurrences with to few adjectives. new old hot long newness antiquity heat length -Adjective but can also connect
Comment [f27]: Alin ito?

Linguistics 136 27 : Nouns & Pronouns

difficult sad wide strong bright bad heavy lonely convenient lively When Adjective is added with

difficulty sadness extent strength brightness mischief weight loneliness convenience liveliness it expresses a state, condition, or

feeling, or expresses where such condition takes place. Also it is more emotive and shows an abstract state. Furthermore, it connects with all. And it doesnt connect with any of the textbooks. strong bright heavy forte into the light importance -Adjective, but not to
Comment [f28]: Nasaan at ano ang exceptions? Comment [f29]: Example? Bakit sa palagay mo ganun?

adjectives in both Genki I and II

4.1.2.2.

Verb to noun There are verbs that can form their noun counterparts by their

such as

but there are also verbs in which the addition of

several particles leads to their nominalization. Such as the addition of (1) which translates into the way of V or how V is done. Another one of these

Linguistics 136 28 : Nouns & Pronouns

particles is the verb. (1)

(2)which refers to things in coordination with the meaning of


Comment [f30]: Anong ibig sabihin? Function? Rule?

way of making, procedure way of thinking way of using, instructions way of speaking way of writing (as with kanji)

(2)

things to eat, food things to drink, beverage things used to write, writing materials forgotten things things to be read

4.2. Inflectional Particles These particles does not cause change in category to a word but can cause change in form or number. 4.2.1. Pluralization The following pluralizing particles are only used with nouns referring to persons.
Comment [f32]: Meanings? Comment [f31]: According to ? In Jap exactly the same ba?

us you (plural) Joni and the others


Comment [f33]: Meanings?

This is a formal way of addressing people and is usually used to superiors.

Linguistics 136 29 : Nouns & Pronouns

4.3. Case Particles These are particles that connect nouns to the other parts of the sentence and dictates what is the role of the noun to be played. This particle specifies the topic of the sentence. This particle specifies the subject of the sentence. This particle specifies the target of the action, the location of existence, or the time of the action This particle specifies the direct object of the sentence. This particle specifies listed items, or the co-agent of the action. This particle specifies the direction of the action. This particle specifies how the action takes place, showing the location, the manner, the method or the tool This particle specifies the owner of an item or the modifier of an item. This particle specifies the starting point, specifically a place or time of the action. This particle specifies the ending point, specifically a place or time of the action 4.4. Particles of Address Honorifics, as others call these particles, refer to the particles placed after the name of a person and sometimes an animal pet or favorite thing as well. Depending on the gender and degree of familiarity as well as position, the honorifics vary. It is also worthy to be noted that calling someone without honorifics shows intimacy or a great level of familiarity. Below is a list of commonly used honorifics. the most common and general of all honorifics and can be used on both male and female. used for superiors, or customers. used for boys. Or by someone in a higher position to address someone lower. used for girls

Comment [f34]: Give example sentences and show the function

Comment [f35]: Example?

Comment [f36]: Other examples?

Linguistics 136 30 : Nouns & Pronouns

5. Distinctive Characteristics of Japanese Nouns And so to conclude this paper, is the list of the distinctive features of Japanese nouns that were observed over the course of discussing the different topics regarding nouns. 1. In Japanese, to derive a noun into a verb, they use a special verb contrast to Tagalog language, which uses an affix mag~. 2. Japanese clipping mixes loan words with native language e.g. 3. Japanese clipping is mora-based. 4. Japanese clipping is character-based e.g. , in

Comment [f37]: Ipakita ulit yung mga examples para ma-refresh yung mga readers.

5. In Japanese, there is a clear distinction between adjective and noun versus the Tagalog language which is precategorial. 6. The particle the particle in Japanese language, a nominalizer, is quantifiable while is not quantifiable versus Tagalog language, which has no
Comment [f38]: Example?

quantifiable particle/affix. 7. The only reflexive pronoun in the Japanese language can stand alone in

a sentence, even without its antecedent. 8. Some nouns, when reduplicated mean a more polite variant of the noun. 9. Some nouns when reduplicated are then derived into another part of speech. 10. When Japanese nouns compound with verbs, either both characters take on onyomi (Chinese readings), (e.g. ticket, cut + hand = stamp, cut + token =
Comment [f39]: Ano-ano? examples Comment [f40]: examples Ano-ano?

fly + going + mechanism = airplane), or the verbs (in their ~masu

or polite form) drops the ~masu and combine with the noun (e.g. to be idle + person = lazy person, counting = subtraction, to pull +

to fold + paper = origami / paper folding). They to violate + person =

can also take both kunyomi (Japanese reading) (e.g. criminal, to hit + person = batter)

11. Also, Japanese compound words can combine with other compound words (e.g. term + end + test + effect = final examination, company = travel agency, number) travel +

code + number = personal identification

Linguistics 136 31 : Nouns & Pronouns

Over-all how distinct is Japanese language to Tagalog? Sinumarrize nyo lang pero di kayo nagbigay ng hypothesis!

Score: Clarity Coherence 10/10 10/8

Analysis/input 14/20 Data Total: 8/10 40/50

Linguistics 136 32 : Nouns & Pronouns

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Banno, E., Ohno, Y., Sakane Y., Shinagawa C., Tokashiki, K. (1999). Genki I: An integrated elementary Japanese. Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd. Banno, E., Ohno, Y., Sakane Y., Shinagawa C., Tokashiki, K. (1999). Genki II: An integrated elementary Japanese. Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd. Irwin, M. (2011). Loanwords in Japanese. Philedelphia, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Kato, S. (2006). . Tokyo, Japan: Kenkyusha.

Kawasoe, I. (2008). On the semantic structure of noun phrases. Kobe International University Review, 74, 91-99. Kay, G. (1995). English Loanwords in Japanese. World Englishes , 14, 67-76. Miura, K. & McGloin, N.M. (1994). An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese. Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd. Tsujimura, N. (1990). The unaccusative hypothesis and noun classification. Linguistics, 28, 929-57. Toki, S., Hirataka, F., Ishizawa, H., Seki, M., & Shinuchi, K. (2003). J501 . Tokyo: 3A Corporation.

.(2005). Retrieved December 11, 2011, from http://zokugodict.com/category/ryakugo01.htm

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