2. Series.

Maclaurin Series.
1. e x = 1 + x + x 2 / 2! + ... + x n / n! + ... for all x 2. sin x = x - x 3 / 3! + x 5 / 5! - x 7 / 7! + ... for all x 3. cos x = 1 - x 2 / 2! + x 4 / 4! - x 6 / 6! + ... for all x 4. ln(1 + x) = x - x 2 / 2 + x 3 / 3 -... + (-1) n+1 x n / n + ... for (-1 < x <= 1) 5. tan x = x + (1/3) x 3 + (2/15) x 5 + (17/315) x 7 + ... for (-Pi/2 < x < Pi/2) 6. arcsin x = x + (1/2) x 3 / 3 + (1.3/2.4) x 5 / 5 + (1.3.5/2.4.6) x 7 / 7 + ... for (-1 < x < 1) 7. arctan x = x - x 3 / 3 + x 5 / 5 - ... for (-1 < x < 1) 8. sinh x = x + x 3 / 3! + x 5 / 5! + x 7 / 7! + ... for all x 9. cosh x = x + x 2 / 2! + x 4 / 4! + x 6 / 6! + ... for all x 10. arcsinh x = x - (1/2) x 3 / 3 + (1.3/2.4) x 5 / 5 - (1.3.5/2.4.6) x 7 / 7 + ... for (-1 < x < 1) 11. 1 / (1 - x) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... for (-1 < x < 1)

Arithmetic Series.
12. Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d)+...+(a + [n-1]d)

= (n/2)[first term + last term] = (n/2)[a + (a+[n - 1]d) = n(a + [n - 1]d)

Geometric Series.
13. Sn = a + a r + a r + a r +...+ a r
2 3 n-1

= a (1 - r )/(1 - r)

Integer Series.
14. 15. 15. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = (1 / 2) n (n + 1) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = (1 / 6) n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = [ (1 / 2) n (n + 1) ]
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

3. Factorial, Permutations and Combinations.

1. 2. n factorial = n ! = n.(n-1).(n-2)...2.1 Permuatations of n objects taken r at the time: n P r = n ! / [ (n - r) ! ]

3.

Combinations of n objects taken r at the time: n C r = n ! / [ r ! (n - r) ! ]

4. Binomial Expansion (Formula).

1. If n is a positive integer, we can expand (x + y) as follows (x + y) = n C 0 x + n C 1 x
n n n-1 n

y+nC2x

n-2

y + ... + n C n y

The general term n C r is given by n C r = n ! / [ r ! (n - r) ! ]

5. Trigonometric Formulas.
Sum / Difference of Angles Formulas.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B tan(A + B) = [ tan A + tan B ] / [ 1 - tan A tan B] tan(A - B) = [ tan A - tan B ] / [ 1 + tan A tan B]

Sum / Difference of Trigonometric Functions Formulas.

7. 8. 9. 10. sin A + sin B = 2 sin [ (A + B) / 2 ] cos [ (A - B) / 2 ] sin A - sin B = 2 cos [ (A + B) / 2 ] sin [ (A - B) / 2 ] cos A + cos B = 2 cos [ (A + B) / 2 ] cos [ (A - B) / 2 ] cos A - cos B = - 2 sin [ (A + B) / 2 ] sin [ (A - B) / 2 ]

Product of Trigonometric Functions Formulas.

11. 12. 13. 14. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) 2 sin A sin B = - cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)

Multiple Angles Formulas.

15. 16. 17. 18. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A cos 2A = cos A - sin A = 2 cos A - 1 = 1 - 2 sin A sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin A cos 3A = 4 cos A - 3 cos A
3 3 2 2 2 2

Power Reducing Formulas.

19. 19. sin A = (1/2) [ 1 - cos 2A ] cos A = (1/2) [ 1 + cos 2A ]
2 2