UCoE

Machine Science

Submitted By:Abhikrit Goel 0803241 (ME-6)

Contents:Exp. No.1 2 3 4 5 6

Aim:Tool Maker Microscope Laser Temp. Measuring Instrument Lathe Tool Dynamometer Drill Tool Dynamometer Digital Thermometer Roughness Tester

Experiment No.- 1 Aim:- What Is A Tool Maker Microscope?

Understand what tool maker microscopes are and their specific uses. These microscopes are special type of microscopes that are used to create precision tools and measure small distances between two points of a specimen. A tool maker microscope is a type of a multi functional device that is primarily used for measuring tools and apparatus. These microscopes are widely used and commonly seen inside machine and tools manufacturing industries and factories. These microscopes are also inside electronics production houses and in aeronautic parts factories. A tool maker microscope is an indispensable tool in the different measurement tasks performed throughout the engineering industry. The main use of a tool maker microscope is to measure the shape, size, angle, and the position of the small components that falls under the microscopes measuring range. More often than not, a tool maker microscope is outfitted with a CCD camera that has the ability to capture, collect, and store images into specialized computer software. Certain computer aided design software is commonly used for such applications. The image produced by the camera and processed by the software is normally a two dimensional image. But what makes a tool maker microscope fully functional are its glass grading and optics system. Since what are being viewed under these microscopes are metals and precision instruments, it is important that the objectives and the eye piece lenses are made of fine quality glasses only. These essential parts are what makes the device very durable and gives it the ability to withstand the wear and tear associated with the everyday stress of factory usage. And much because of this, it is also important that the body, structure, and mechanisms of a tool maker microscope are created with highly durable materials, most preferably good quality metals. Because the conditions inside an industrial laboratory are not as good as a home or office laboratory setup, the microscopes body should be capable of low heat production. It should also be able to resist corrosion, oscillation, and pollution because all of these elements are present inside an industrial laboratories and production plants.

There are tool maker microscopes that are equipped with a cross hair reticle on the eye piece, coupled with a protractor on the tube. These are good instruments used to accurately measure the distance or the diameter of the tool under observation. The microscopes stage is also built with a millimeter measuring system that also allows for the measurement of the specimen. The stage when moved, produce the distance traveled with which the microscope effectively measures. Right now, quality tool maker microscopes are using semiconductor laser devices as directors. Instead of the cross hairs, a red point is virtually marked on the microscopes working surface in order to locate the parts that have to be measured by the microscope. The CCD imaging system can also be used as a measurement system as well. This is another advanced feature of the newer versions of a tool maker microscope models. A CCD camera that has the ability to measure diameters and distances is a lot more convenient to use, especially to beginners. But aside from all of these, a tool maker microscope should also have a good illumination system. It is the lights that allows for the superior viewing of tools and specimens. The higher the luminance value of the light provided by the microscope, the better its performance is. If necessary, an incandescent lamp should not be used for these applications. The light that is ideal is the one that produces a nice level of brightness with less heat. Lamps have life spans too. And because most of a tool maker microscope uses a built-in lighting system, the light to be used should last for an extended period of time, if and when possible. A tool maker microscope is primarily used for measuring the shape of different components like the template, formed cutter, milling cutter, punching die, and cam. The pitch, external, and internal diameters are specifically measured as well. The thread gauge, guide worm, and guide screw are conveniently handled as well. As far angles are concerned, the thread and pitch angle are of chief concern. These are what make a good tool maker microscope. If you are not familiar with these devices, it pays to know more about their specifications. The magnification power of tool maker microscope is nothing better than a regular compound microscope. In fact, it has a total magnification power of only 80x. This is due to the fact that these microscopes require good working distances of around 100 millimeters.

Experiment No.- 2 Aim:- Laser temperature measuring instrument.

The Laser temperature measuring

is a milestone in non-contact temperature measurement.

For the first time, surface temperatures with smallest diameters can be measured accurately at short and long distances. The switchable optics for far-field and close focus measurement make this possible. It is equipped with an optical resolution of 75:1 for far-field measurements. Surface temperatures can be measured accurately even at great distances from the object to be measured. At a distance of 1.2 metres from the object to be measured, the measuring spot diameter is only 16 mm. A cross laser marks the measuring spot exactly during measurement.

Incorrect measurements are eliminated - you always know exactly where you are measuring. The close focus optics allow the measurement of temperatures on the smallest surfaces with a diameter of just 1 mm and a distance of 70 mm! Two lasers mark the measuring spot exactly. Switchable optics for far-field measurements (75:1) and close focus (1 mm, 70 mm distance) Especially bright cross laser sighting for indicating the actual measuring point Reference accuracy 0.75 C with super-fast measurement technololgy (scanning 100 ms) Backlit display (3-line), shows C, min./max. values, alarm limit values and emissivity; in addition display Optical Probe Instrument PC software for Tripod fitting and socket with audible for memory archiving for online and humidity alarm TC for documenting measurement when probes 90 via USB module: limit for values measurement data (included (included in in cable %RH, are determining Ctd exceeded emissivity protocols delivery) delivery)

measurement

Experiment No.- 3 Aim:- LATHE TOOL DYNAMOMETER.

In studying and cutting operation over the lathe, knowledge of cutting forces is essential. The DYNAMIC unit is a simple unit to determine the two components of cutting forces in orthogonal cutting the axial and vertical components. The basic height of tool is 100 mm which can be increased to 150 mm. The unit is provided with strain gauge bridge, balance with power supply and digital indicator with a channel selector switch. The unit is properly calibrated upto load of 500 Kg on both the channels. The unit can be easily mounted over the lathe the tool used is 1/2 square HSS bit which is mounted in the sensing unit. The unit is so designed that operation is simple and reliable and use of cutting fluids is possible. Thus cutting forces can be measured at different speeds fees and different materials. A technical manual accompanies the unit. SERVICES REQUIRED 1. Centre height of lathe as specified in our drawing. 2. Auto feed provision for the lathe.

Experiment No:- 4 Aim:- DRILL TOOL DYNAMOMETER.

Determination of thrust and torque is essential in drilling. The DYNAMIC unit provides simple means to measure the torque and thrust. The job is mounted in the fixture which is mounted over the table of drill machine. The dynamometer is calibrated for load, upto 500 Kg thrust and 10 Kg m torque. A bridge balance and digital load indicator is provided with channel selector switch for torque and thrust channel. The capacity of unit is drilling in steel of max. 22 mm dia. The prepared job is mounted in unit and with auto drill feed cutting forces are measured. The design of unit permits use of cutting fluids. A copy of technical manual is supplied with unit SERVICES REQUIRED 1. Drill machine with auto feed provision.

Experiment No.- 5 Aim:-Digital Thermometer.

Digital thermometers are temperature-sensing instruments that are portable, have permanent probes, and a digital display. They are typically battery powered. Digital thermometers can have many display scale characteristics. These include Fahrenheit display, display range and scale divisions, Celsius or Centigrade display, display range and scale divisions. Digital thermometers can display temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius, or both in a dual scale thermometer. The display range is the minimum and maximum values of temperature that can be displayed. The scale division is the smallest division of degrees that can be displayed. Scale division may also be referred to as resolution in digital instruments. Application options for digital thermometers include explosion proof construction, HVAC, splash proof or watertight device, andsanitary applications. An explosion proof thermometer is a device that can withstand an explosion of gases within it and prevent the explosion of gases surrounding it due to sparks, flashes or the explosion of the container itself, and maintain an external temperature, which will not ignite the surrounding gases. HVAC thermometers are rated for HVAC applications such as duct or flume monitoring. Watertight thermometers are rated for rated for washdown or wet environment applications. Sanitary thermometers are rated for sanitary use such as food or pharmaceutical applications. Other features include datalogger or data collection capabilities, recording of minimum and maximum values, internal timers and counters, ability to perform math or statistical functions, self-test or diagnostic capabilities and battery powering. User interface options include analog front panel or digital front panel local interfaces, computer interfaces, serial or parallel interfaces, and application software. Output options for digital thermometers include analog voltage, analog current, frequency or modulated frequency, and switch or alarm signals. The thermometer technology types available for digital thermometers include thermocouples, RTDs, or thermistors. Thermocouples are accurate, highly sensitive to small temperature changes,

and quickly respond to changes to the environment. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are wire windings or other thin film serpentines that exhibit changes in resistance with changes in temperature. Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. Nonlinear responses can be reduced by combining two individual thermistor elements.

Experiment No.- 6 Aim:- Roughness Tester.

Roughness testers are used to determine quickly the surface roughness. Roughness testers show the measured roughness depth Rz as well as the mean roughness value Ra in m. Roughness testers allows to determine quickly the material surface roughness. The measurement of surface roughness is very easy. Roughness testers get in contact with surfaces within few seconds and show the roughness value in Ra or in Rz. Roughness testers are delivered with control cards, probe protection, accumulators and chargers inside a carrying case. Roughness testers are compatible with the following standards and regulations: DIN 4762, DIN 4768, DIN 4771, DIN 4775, and DIN 4766-1 dealing with the range of surface roughness. Ra: The roughness mean value in m is the arithmetic average of the absolute values of roughness profile distances of the measured mean valuelength. The roughness average value is the same than a rectangle height where its length is the same than the lm total length and it is also identical to the surface of the sum of the roughness profile and the mean line. Rz: Average of the roughness depth in m (the arithmetic average of five consecutive depths in the measurement length). Roughness testers are used to detect the material surface roughness depth . Roughness testers indicate in m the roughness depth (Rz) and the roughness average value (Ra). We have available a maximum of 13 measuring parameters. Standards regarding the working elements roughness surfaces: DIN 4762, DIN 4768, DIN 4771, DIN 4775. roughness surfaces view. Roughness testers are sent with a calibration done (without certificate). Optionally, you can order a laboratory calibration with an ISO certificate for roughness testers to integrate these testers inside your set of quality tools or for an annual recalibration (with PCE or any other authorized laboratory).