HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.

ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
Q
The boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm pressure) is -196C.
Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in low-temperature scientific studies since the temperature of
liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere will remain constant at -196C until it is depleted. Any
heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of
vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810 kg/m
3
at 1 atm. Consider a 3-m-diameter spherical tank
that is initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and -196C. The tank is exposed to ambient air at 15C,
with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/m
2
C. The temperature of
the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same as the temperature of the nitrogen inside.
Determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the
ambient air if the tank is (a) not insulated, (b) insulated with 5-cm-thick fiberglass insulation (k =0.035
W/m C), and (c) insulated with 2-cm-thick superinsulation which has an effective thermal conductivity
of 0.00005 W/m C.

A
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since the specified thermal conditions at the boundaries do not
change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint.
3 The combined heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The
temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is said to be nearly equal to the temperature of the nitrogen
inside, and thus thermal resistance of the tank and the internal convection resistance are negligible.
Properties The heat of vaporization and density of liquid nitrogen at 1 atm are given to be 198 kJ/kg and
810 kg/m
3
, respectively. The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.035 W/mC for fiberglass
insulation and k = 0.00005 W/mC for super insulation.
Analysis (a) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid without insulation are

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
C/W 00101 . 0
) m 27 . 28 ( C) . W/m 35 (
1 1
2 2
=

= =
A h
R
o
o

kg/s 1.055 = = = =
=

=

kJ/kg 198
kJ/s 910 . 208
W 910 , 208
C/W 0.00101
C )] 196 ( 15 [
2 1
fg
fg
o
s
h
Q
m h m Q
R
T T
Q

(b) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with a 5-cm thick layer of fiberglass
insulation are

C/W 000946 . 0
) m 19 . 30 ( C) . W/m 35 (
1 1
2 2
=

= =
A h
R
o
o

C/W 0498 . 0 0489 . 0 000946 . 0
C/W 0489 . 0
) m 5 . 1 )( m 55 . 1 ( C) W/m. 035 . 0 ( 4
m ) 5 . 1 55 . 1 (
4
2 1
1 2
= + = + =
=

=
insulation o total
insulation
R R R
r kr
r r
R
t t

kg/s 0.0214 = = = =
=

=

kJ/kg 198
kJ/s 233 . 4
W 4233
C/W 0.0498
C )] 196 ( 15 [
2 1
fg
fg
total
s
h
Q
m h m Q
R
T T
Q

(c) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with 2-cm thick layer of superinsulation
is

C/W 000984 . 0
) m 03 . 29 ( C) . W/m 35 (
1 1
2 2
=

= =
A h
R
o
o

C/W 96 . 13 96 . 13 000984 . 0
C/W 96 . 13
) m 5 . 1 )( m 52 . 1 ( C) W/m. 00005 . 0 ( 4
m ) 5 . 1 52 . 1 (
4
2 1
1 2
= + = + =
=

=
insulation o total
insulation
R R R
r kr
r r
R
t t

[ ( )]
.

.
Q
T T
R
Q mh m
Q
h
s
total
fg
fg
=

=

=
= = = =
1 2
15 196
1511
0 01511
C
13.96 C/ W
W
kJ / s
198 kJ / kg
0.000076 kg/ s

Q
Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 5cm and whose walls are
maintained at a temperature of 180C. Circular aluminum alloy 2024-T6 fins (k = 186 W/m C)
of outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness 1 mm are attached to the tube. The space between
the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 250 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is transferred to
T
2

R
o
T
s1

R
o
T
2

R
insulation
T
s1

R
o
T
2

R
insulation
T
s1

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
25C
180C
the surrounding air at T= -25C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 40 W/m
2
C. Determine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.

A
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform over the entire fin surfaces. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat transfer by
radiation is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the fins is given to be k = 186 W/mC.
Analysis In case of no fins, heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length is

The efficiency of these circular fins is,
from the efficiency curve,
97 . 0
08 . 0
m) C)(0.001 W/m 186 (
C W/m 40
2
001 . 0
005 . 0
2
22 . 1
0.025
) 2 / 001 . 0 ( 03 . 0 ) 2 / (
m 005 . 0 2 / ) 05 . 0 06 . 0 ( 2 / ) (
fin
o
o 2
1
2
1 2
= q

= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
kt
h t
L
r
t r
D D L

Heat transfer from a single fin is

W 53 . 11
C ) 25 180 )( m 001916 . 0 )( C . W/m 40 ( 97 . 0
) (
m 001916 . 0 ) 001 . 0 )( 03 . 0 ( 2 ) 025 . 0 03 . 0 ( 2 2 ) ( 2
2 2
fin fin max fin, fin fin
2 2 2
2
2
1
2
2 fin
=
=
= =
= + = + =

T T hA Q Q
t r r r A
b
q q
t t t t


Heat transfer from a single unfinned portion of the tube is

W 92 . 2 C ) 25 180 )( m 0004712 . 0 )( C . W/m 40 ( ) (
m 0004712 . 0 m) m)(0.003 05 . 0 (
2 2
unfin unfin
2
1 unfin
= = =
= = =

T T hA Q
s D A
b

t t

There are 250 fins and thus 250 interfin spacings per meter length of the tube. The total heat
transfer from the finned tube is then determined from
W 3613 ) 92 . 2 53 . 11 ( 250 ) (
unfin fin fin total,
= + = + = Q Q n Q


Therefore the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of the
addition of the fins is
W 2639 = = = 974 3613
fin no fin total, increase
Q Q Q



HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri

Q
A 0.2-cm-thick, 10-cm-high, and 15-cm-long circuit board houses electronic components on one
side that dissipate a total of 15 W of heat uniformly. The board is impregnated with conducting
metal fillings and has an effective thermal conductivity of 12 W/m C. All the heat generated in
the components is conducted across the circuit board and is dissipated from the back side of the
board to a medium at 37C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 45 W/m2 C. (a) Determine the
surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board. (b) Now a 0.1-cm-thick, 10-cm-high,
and 15-cm-long aluminum plate (k= 237 W/m C) with 20 0.2-cm-thick, 2-cmlong, and 15-cm-
wide aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached to the back side of the circuit board with a
0.03cmthick epoxy adhesive (k= 1.8 W/m C). Determine the new temperatures on the two
sides of the circuit board.

A
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature in the board and along the
fins varies in one direction only (normal to the board). 3 All the heat generated in the chips is
conducted across the circuit board, and is dissipated from the backside of the board. 4 Heat
transfer from the fin tips is negligible. 5 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform
over the entire fin surface. 6 The thermal properties of the fins are constant. 7 The heat transfer
coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 12 W/mC for the circuit board, k =
237 W/mC for the aluminum plate and fins, and k = 1.8 W/mC for the epoxy adhesive.
Analysis (a) The thermal resistance of the board and the convection resistance on the backside of
the board are

Then surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board becomes

(b) Noting that the cross-sectional areas of the fins are constant, the efficiency of these
rectangular fins is determined to be

1 -
2
m 78 . 13
) m 002 . 0 )( C W/m. 237 (
) C . W/m 45 ( 2 2
) (
) 2 (
=

= = ~ =
kt
h
tw k
w h
kA
hp
a
c


The finned and unfinned surface areas are

2
unfinned
2
finned
m 0090 . 0 ) 15 . 0 )( 002 . 0 ( 20 ) 15 . 0 )( 1 . 0 (
m 0.126 =
2
002 . 0
02 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( 2 ) 20 (
2
2 ) 20 (
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
A
t
L w A

Then,

Substituting, the base temperature of the finned surfaces is determined to be

C 39.5 =
+
=
+
+ =

)] m 0090 . 0 ( ) m 126 . 0 )( 975 . 0 )[( C . W/m 45 (
W 15
+ C 37
) (
2 2 2
unfinned fin fin
total
base
A A h
Q
T T
q


Then the temperatures on both sides of the board are determined using the thermal resistance
network to be


C 39.6
C 39.8
= = =

=
= + =
+ +

=
+ +

=
C/W) W)(0.011 (15 C 8 . 39
C/W) W)(0.0168 (15 C 5 . 39
C/W ) 011 . 0 00555 . 0 00028 . 0 (
C ) 5 . 39 (
board 1 2
board
2 1
1
1
board epoxy aluminum
base 1
R Q T T
R
T T
Q
T
T
R R R
T T
Q

2cm
R
aluminum
T
1
R
board
T

R
epoxy
R
board
T
1 T

R
conv
T
2

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
Q
Consider a plate of thickness 1 in., a long cylinder of diameter 1 in., and a sphere of diameter 1
in., all initially at 400F and all made of bronze (k= 15.0 Btu/h ft F and =0.333 ft
2
/h). Now
all three of these geometries are exposed to cool air at 75F on all of their surfaces, with a heat
transfer coefficient of 7 Btu/h ft
2
F. Determine the center temperature of each geometry after
5, 10, and 30 min. Explain why the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.

Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in each geometry is one-dimensional. 2 The thermal properties
of the bodies are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire
surface. 4 The Fourier number is t > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the
transient temperature charts) are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of bronze are given to be k = 15 Btu/h.ft.F and o = 0.333 ft
2
/h.
Analysis After 5 minutes
Plate: First the Biot number is calculated to be

01944 . 0
) F Btu/h.ft. 15 (
) ft 12 / 5 . 0 )( F . Btu/h.ft 7 (
2
=

= =
k
hL
Bi

The constants corresponding to this Biot number are, from Table 4-1,

0033 . 1 and 1410 . 0
1 1
= = A

The Fourier number is

2 . 0 98 . 15
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(5 ft 333 . 0 (
2
2
2
> = = =
L
t o
t

Then the center temperature of the plate becomes

F 312 = = =

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
730 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall
t
u

2L
2r
o

2r
o

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
Cylinder:

0050 . 1 and 1995 . 0
1 1
1 9
= =

A
Table

F 248 = = =

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
532 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl
t
u

Sphere:

0060 . 1 and 2445 . 0
1 1
1 9
= =

A
Table

F 201 = = =

0
) 98 . 15 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
387 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph
t
u

After 10 minutes

2 . 0 97 . 31
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
min/h) min/60 /h)(10 ft 333 . 0 (
2
2
2
> = = =
L
t o
t

Plate:

F 248 = = =

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
531 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall
t
u

Cylinder:

F 167 = = =

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
282 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl
t
u

Sphere:

F 123 = = =

0
) 97 . 31 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
149 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph
t
u

After 30 minutes

Plate:

F 123 = = =

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 1410 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
149 . 0 ) 0033 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
wall
t
u

Cylinder:

F 82 = = =

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 1995 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
0221 . 0 ) 0050 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
cyl
t
u

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
Sphere:

F 76 = = =

0
) 9 . 95 ( ) 2445 . 0 ( 0
1
0
, 0
00326 . 0 ) 0060 . 1 (
75 400
75 2 2
1
T e
T
e A
T T
T T
i
sph
t
u

The sphere has the largest surface area through which heat is transferred per unit volume, and
thus the highest rate of heat transfer. Consequently, the center temperature of the sphere is
always the lowest.

Q
Consider a long solid bar (k =28 W/m C and =12 10
-6
m
2
/s) of square cross section that is
initially at a uniform temperature of 20C. The cross section of the bar is 20 cm 20 cm in size,
and heat is generated in it uniformly at a rate of g = 810
5
W/m3. All four sides of the bar are
subjected to convection to the ambient air at T= 30C with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 45
W/m2 C. Using the explicit finite difference method with a mesh size of x=y= 10 cm,
determine the centerline temperature of the bar (a) after 10 min and (b) after steady conditions
are established.

A
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the body is given to be transient and two-dimensional. 2
Heat is generated uniformly in the body. 3 The heat transfer coefficient also includes the
radiation effects.
Analysis The nodal spacing is given to be Ax=Ax=l=0.1 m. The explicit finite difference
equations are determined on the basis of the energy balance for the transient case expressed as

The quantities
0
and , , g T h

do not change with time,

and thus we do not need to use the superscript i for them.
---

456

g
---

---

h,T

123

789

h,T
h,T

h,T

HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
The general explicit finite difference form of an interior node
for transient two-dimensional heat conduction is expressed as

There is symmetry about the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines passing through the center.
Therefore,
9 7 3 1
T T T T = = =
and
8 6 4 2
T T T T = = =
, and
5 2 1
and , , T T T
are the only 3 unknown nodal
temperatures, and thus we need only 3 equations to determine them uniquely. Also, we can
replace the symmetry lines by insulation and utilize the mirror-image concept when writing the
finite difference equations for the interior nodes. The finite difference equations for boundary
nodes are obtained by applying an energy balance on the volume elements and taking the
direction of all heat transfers to be towards the node under consideration:
Node 1:
t
T T
C
l l
g
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T hl
i i i i i i
i
A

= +

+
+

1
1
1
2 2
0
1 4 1 2
1
4 4 2 2
) (

Node 2:
t
T T
C
l l
g
l
T T l
k
l
T T l
k T T
l
h
i i i i i i
i
A

= +

+
+

2
1
2
2 2
0
2 5 2 1
2
4 4 2 2
) (
2


Node 5 (interior):
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+
k
l g
T T T
i i i
2
0
2 5
1
5
4 4 1

t t

where
3 5
0
W/m 10 8 = g
, l = 0.1 m, and k = 28 W/mC, h = 45 W/m
2
C, and T

=30C.
The upper limit of the time step At is determined from the stability criteria that requires the
coefficient of in the expression (the primary coefficient) be greater than or equal to zero for all
nodes. The smallest primary coefficient in the 3 equations above is the coefficient of
T
i
1
in the
T
i
1
1 +
expression since it is exposed to most convection per unit volume (this can be verified), and
thus the stability criteria for this problem can be expressed as

since . Substituting the given quantities, the maximum allowable value of the time step is
determined to be
s 179
C)] W/m. 28 /( m) 1 . 0 )( C . W/m 45 ( 1 /s)[ m 10 12 ( 4
) m 1 . 0 (
2 2 6
2
=
+
s A

t

Therefore, any time step less than 179 s can be used to solve this problem. For convenience, we
choose the time step to be At = 60 s. Then the mesh Fourier number becomes
HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri
072 . 0
) m 1 . 0 (
s) /s)(60 m 10 12 (
2
2 6
2
=

=
A
=

l
t o
t
(for At = 60 s)
Using the specified initial condition as the solution at time t = 0 (for i = 0), sweeping through the
3 equations above will give the solution at intervals of 1 min. Using a computer, the solution at
the center node (node 5) is determined to be 217.2C, 302.8C, 379.3C, 447.7C, 508.9C,
612.4C, 695.1C, and 761.2C at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min, respectively.
Continuing in this manner, it is observed that steady conditions are reached in the medium after
about 6 hours for which the temperature at the center node is 1023C.

Q
A spherical tank of diameter D= 2 m that is filled with liquid nitrogen at 100 K is kept in an
evacuated cubic enclosure whose sides are 3 m long. The emissivities of the spherical tank and
the enclosure are
1
= 0.1 and
2
= 0.8, respectively. If the temperature of the cubic enclosure is
measured to be 240 K, determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen.

A
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 The thermal resistance of the tank is negligible.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be c
1
= 0.1 and c
2
= 0.8.
Analysis We take the sphere to be surface 1 and the surrounding cubic enclosure to be surface 2.
Noting that
F
12
1 =
, for this two-surface enclosure, the net rate of radiation heat transfer to liquid
nitrogen can be determined from
Cube,a=3m
T
2
=240K
D
1
=2m
T
1
=100K
Vacuum
Liquid
HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri

( )
| |( )( ) ( ) | |
W 228 =
(
(

+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =

2
2
4 4 4 2 8 2
2
1
2
2
1
4
2
4
1 1
12 21
m) 6(3
m) 2 (
8 . 0
8 . 0 1
1 . 0
1
K 240 K 100 K W/m 10 67 . 5 m) 2 (
1 1
t
t
c
c
c
o
A
A
T T A
Q Q




Q
Consider a cubical furnace with a side length of 3 m. The top surface is maintained at 700 K. The
base surface has an emissivity of 0.90 and is maintained at 950 K. The side surface is black and
is maintained at 450 K. Heat is supplied from the base surface at a rate of 340 kW. Determine the
emissivity of the top surface and the net rates of heat transfer between the top and the bottom
surfaces, and between the bottom and side surfaces.
A
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the bottom surface is 0.90.
Analysis We consider the top surface to be surface 1, the base surface to be surface 2, and the
side surface to be surface 3. This system is a three-surface enclosure. The view factor from the
base to the top surface of the cube is
F
12
0 2 = .
. The view factor from the base or the top to the
side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be

F F F F F
11 12 13 13 12
1 1 1 0 2 08 + + = = = = . .

since the base surface is flat and thus
F
11
0 =
. Other view factors are

20 . 0 , 80 . 0 , 20 . 0
32 31 13 23 12 21
= = = = = = F F F F F F

We now apply Eq. 9-35 to each surface
Surface 1:
| |
| | ) ( 80 . 0 ) ( 20 . 0
1
) K 700 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 (
) ( ) (
1

3 1 2 1
1
1
1
4 4 2 8
3 1 13 2 1 12
1
1
1
4
1
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+

+ =
+

+ =

c
c
c
c
o

T
1
=700K
T
2
=950K
T
3
=450K
3m
HeatTransferSolvedQuestionsCoursebyDr.ShafieeTA:SinaJahangiri

Surface 2:
| |
| | ) ( 80 . 0 ) ( 20 . 0
90 . 0
90 . 0 1
) K 950 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 (
) ( ) (
1

3 2 1 2 2
4 4 2 8
3 2 23 1 2 21
2
2
2
4
2
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+

+ =
+

+ =

c
c
o

Surface 3:
3
4 4 2 8
3
4
3
) K 450 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 (

J
J T
=
=

o

We now apply Eq. 9-34 to surface 2

| | | | ) ( 80 . 0 ) ( 20 . 0 ) m 9 ( ) ( ) (
3 2 1 2
2
3 2 23 1 2 21 2 2
J J J J J J F J J F A Q + = + =

Solving the above four equations, we find

2
3
2
2
2
1 1
W/m 2325 , W/m 985 , 41 , W/m 736 , 11 , = = = = J J J 0.44 c

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is

2 2
2 1
m 9 ) m 3 ( = = = A A


kW 54.4 = = =
2 2
1 2 21 2 21
W/m ) 736 , 11 985 , 41 )( 20 . 0 )( m 9 ( ) ( J J F A Q

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is

2 2
1 3
m 36 ) m 9 ( 4 4 = = = A A


kW 285.6 = = =
2 2
3 2 23 2 23
W/m ) 2325 985 , 41 )( 8 . 0 )( m 9 ( ) ( J J F A Q

Discussion The sum of these two heat transfer rates are 54.4 + 285.6 = 340 kW, which is equal
to 340 kW heat supply rate from surface 2.