1.

Ganglion
Grey matter

Dorsal root

Central canal

2.

Direction
of
impulse
Receptor cell Cell body axon

Myelin sheath

Synaptic
terminals Direction
of
Dendrite
impulse

(a) P :afferent neurone Q :efferent neurone

3(a) (i) Mitochondria provide the energy (ATP) to run the synaptic process.

(ii) Alzheimer, Parkinson

(b) When an impulse reaches at the synapse, it releases a chemical

substance called a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter diffuses
across the synaptic cleft to the dendrite of the nearby neurone. In the
 dendrite, the neurotransmitter stimulates the neurone to produce new
nerve impulse. The new impulse will be carried by this neurone to the
next neurone.

4. Match the following hormones to their functions.

Hormone Function
Antidiuretic hormone Stimulate development of male secondary sexual
(ADH) characteristics and spermatogenesis.

Insulin Stimulates development of the uterine lining and

formation of the placenta.

Androgens Decreases blood glucose levels and promotes

conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Prolactin Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

Growth hormone Stimulates milk production and secretion from

mammary glands.

Progesterone Stimulates growth, protein synthesis and fat

metabolism.

5.

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland
Pancreas

Ovary

testis

6. The schematic diagram above shows the regulation of blood glucose level. Choose
the correct answers for the empty boxes labelled as A, B, C, D and E.
Insulin also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in
B
liver and muscle cells, for storage.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.

D

Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown, which releases fatty acids

E
that can be metabolized for energy.

The adipose cells use the breakdown of glucose to form fats.

C

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle and adipose cells,
A for respiration.

7. P : Ultrafiltration,
Q : Reabsorption of glucose,
R : Reabsorption of water and mineral salts

8. (a) P : synaptic knob

Q : synaptic vesicle
R :mitochondrion
S : neurotransmitter molecule
T :receptor molecule
U : post-synaptic neurone

(b) neurotransmitter

© Energy expenditure is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitter

and
the transmission of impulses.

This energy is obtained from ATP, generated by mitochondrion during

cellular respiration.

(d) The arrival of an impulse causes the synaptic vesicle to fuse with the
membrane of the synaptic knob.

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic

cleft.

The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft.

 The neurotransmitter binds to the receptor of the postsynaptic neurone to
generate a new impulse.

(e) Neurotransmitter molecules are only produced by synaptic knobs found at the
terminal end of axon of an presynaptic neurone.

9. (a) L : pituitary gland

M : thyroid gland
N : adrenal gland
O : pancreas

(b) Testis

© (i) Pituitary gland

(ii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(d) (i) Thyroxine

(ii) Increases or control basal metabolic rate.
Regulates growth and development.

(e) Iodine is required for synthesis of the hormone thyroxine.

Deficiency of the hormone in early childhood causes cretinism.
There is retardation in physical growth and mental development.

10. (a) (i) Ultrafiltration

(ii) Reabsorption
(iii) Tubular secretion

(b) (i) Ultrafiltration

(ii) The arteriole diameter is wider than the efferent arteriole.

A high hydrostatic pressure is produced which forces the fluid
from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

© (i) Red blood cells, Plasma proteins

(ii) The large size of the two components do not permit their
movement through the small pores in the capillary wall and the
inner wall of Bowman’s capsule.

(d) The filtrate flows from Bowman’s capsule to the proximal tubule. In the
proximal tubule :
- a large volume (about 80%) of the water is reabsorbed
- all the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed
 - a small amount of urea is reabsorbed
- the filtrate in the loop of Henle is more concentrated, containing
no glucose or amino acids but having a higher concentration

(e) Kidneys

11. (i) Describe the reflex action in Figure 7(a)

A sharp pin pierces the skin, causing the sensory receptors in the skin to
generate nerve impulses.

The nerve impulses are transmitted along an afferent neurone toward the spinal
cord.

In the spinal cord, the nerve impulses are transmitted from the afferent neurone to
an interneurone.

From the interneurone, the nerve impulses are transmitted to an efferent

neurone.

The efferent neurone carries the nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the
effector (muscle tissue) so that the pin can be pulled out from the skin
immediately.

(ii) Compare the coordination system shown in Figure 7(a) and 7(b).

Comparison 7(a) 7(b)

Efferent pathway Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Stimuli from External environment Internal environment

Characteristic Involuntary actions (reflexes) Involuntary actions

Muscles/glands Skeletal muscles Glands, the cardiac muscles of

involved the heart and smooth muscles of
the internal organs such as the
intestines.

Integrating centre Spinal cord Medulla oblongata

Hypothalamus

Action Removing hand from a sharp Regulates the internal body

object, hot stove and knee- processes such as the
jerk reflex. heartbeats and blood circulation
(medulla oblongata)
Regulates the internal
environment such as blood
sugar level, body temperature
and water balance
(hypothalamus)