Stress-Strain Relationships

(Part I) (Part I)
Basics of Stress and Strain
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 1
General Stress State (3D)
6 independent stress components
3 normal stresses:
3 shear stresses:
zz yy xx
, , o o o
o
xz yz xy
, , t t t
yx xy
t t =
yy
o
yx
t
yz
t
Symmetry:
zy yz
zx xz
t t
t t
=
=
y
xx
o
xy
t
xz
t
o
zy
t
zx
t
zy yz
|
|
|

|
xz xy xx
t t o
x
z
xz
zz
o
zx
|
|
.

\
=
zz yz xz
yz yy xy
o t t
t o t o
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 2
z
Strain in Three Dimensions
Strain is derived from displacements
Consider 2D differential displacements Consider 2D differential displacements
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ dy
y
v
v , dy
y
u
u
y
. \
c c y y
dy
| |
c c v u
x
dx
(u,v)
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ dx
x
v
v , dx
x
u
u
dx
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 3
Strain in Three Dimensions
Normal strains are due to change in dimensions (dilatation)
u
u dx
x
u
u
c
=

c
c
+
= c
x dx
xx
c
= = c
d
v c
+
y
v
dy
v dy
y
v
yy
c
c
=

c
+
= c
y y
w dz
w
w
c

c
+
Similarly (in 3D):
z
w
dz
w dz
z
w
zz
c
c
=
c
+
= c
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 4
Strain in Three Dimensions
Shear strains arise from changes in angles (rotation)
u c
v
tan u ~
c
= u
dy
y
u
c
c
1 1
x
tan u ~
c
= u
c
u
d
2 2
y
u
tan u ~
c
c
= u
v c
2
u
dy
Total change in angle:
v u
u u
c
+
c
= + =
dx
x
v
c
c
1
u
dx
xy xy
xy
x y
c
u u
2
2 1
=
c
+
c
= + =
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 5
y y
Strain in Three Dimensions
Similar to stress, strain is also a symmetric second-order tensor.
Six independent strain components
x
,
y
,
z
S depe de s a co po e s
x
,
y
,
z

xy
/2,
yz
/2,
zx
/2
Need a constitutive law relating stress to strain
|
|

|
o
|
|

|
c
xx xx
( )
|
|
|
|
|

t
o
o
=
|
|
|
|
|

c
c
zz
yy
zz
yy
matrix 6 x 6
|
|
|
|
.

\
t
t
t
|
|
|
|
.

xz
yz
xy
xz
yz
xy
. \ . \
36 constants in general form!
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 6
General Stress-Strain Relationships
In case of uniaxial stress (only
x
component as shown in figure a),
the stress element extends in the longitudinal (x) direction and
contracts in the lateral directions (y & z) as shown in figure b This contracts in the lateral directions (y & z) as shown in figure b. This
produces the following normal strains for homogeneous, isotropic
material:
longitudinal strain
E
x
x
o
c =
o
x
v
E
o
x
v
E
o
lateral strain
E
o
x
E
o
E
x
o
o
E
v v
x
x y
o
c c = =
v v
x
o
c c
x
E
o
x
v
E
o
x
o
E
v v
x
x z
c c = =
x
v
E
o
(a) (b)
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 77
General Stress-Strain Relationships
For an element subjected to triaxial stress (
x
,
y
, and
z
), the total
strain in x direction will be due to longitudinal strain produced by
x
d l t l t i d d b d and lateral strains produced by
y
and
z
.
Using the principal of superposition, the total strain in x-direction is:
( ) { }
y
o
o
o 1
y
o
Similarly, total strains in y- and z-direction are:
( ) { }
z y x
z
y
x
x
v
E E
v
E
v
E
o o o
o o
c + = =
1
x
o
z
o
( ) { }
z x y y
v
E
o o o c + =
1
( ) { }
1
x
o
o
y
In the case of shear strain, there is no lateral strain, hence the -
( ) { }
y x z z
v
E
o o o c + =
1
y
o
z
o
x
z
, ,
relationship is the same for both uniaxial and complex strain systems.
G
xy
xy
t
=
G
yz
yz
t
=
G
zx
zx
t
=
Where:
( ) v +
=
1 2
E
G
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 8
G
y
G
y
G
( ) v + 1 2
General Stress-Strain Relationships
Generalized Hookes Law
p
Generalized Hooke s Law
1
( ) | |
zz yy xx xx
E
1
o + o v o = c
G
xy
xy
t
=
( ) | |
zz xx yy yy
E
1
o + o v o = c
G
xz
xz
t
=
E
( ) | |
1
G
zy
t
( ) | |
xx yy zz zz
E
1
o + o v o = c
G
zy
zy
=
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 9
General Stress-Strain Relationships
Generalized Hookes Law
p
This simplified constitutive law for homogeneous,
isotropic systems can be written in a tensor form sot op c sys e s ca be e a e so o
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|

|
o
|
|
|

|
v

|
|

|
c
xx xx
1
0 0 0
E E E
1
|
|
|
|

o
o
|
|
|
|

=
|
|
|
|

c
c
zz
yy
zz
yy
0 0 0
E
1
E E
0 0 0
E E
1
E
|
|
|
|
|

t
t
|
|
|
|

=
|
|
|
|
|

yz
xy
yz
xy
0
G
1
0 0 0 0
0 0
G
1
0 0 0
|
|
.

\
t
|
|
.

\
|
|
.

xz xz
G
1
0 0 0 0 0
G
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 10
Example: Generalized Hookes Law
A material subjected to a compressive stress
z
is
confined so that it cannot deform in y-dir, but
deformation is permitted in the x-dir. p
Assuming, linear-elastic behavior, determine the
following in terms of
z
and elastic constants E & v :
a The stress that develops in the y direction a.The stress that develops in the y-direction
b.The strain in the z-direction
c.The strain in the x-direction
d.The stiffness E=
z
/
z
in the z-direction.
Solution: (Plain Strain Conditions)
1
( )
Given: No deformation in y-dir:
y
= 0 , Free to deform in x-dir:
x
= 0
a) Use Hookes law for 3D case. Write equation for
y
( ) { }
z x y y
v
E
o o o c + =
1
( ) { }
z y
v o o + = 0
1
0 z y
vo o =

ME 445 Mechanical Properties 11 11

( ) { }
z y
E
y
Example: Generalized Hookes Law
Solution:
b) The strain in the z-direction:
( ) { }
y x z z
v
E
o o o c + =
1
( ) { }
1
v
2
1

c) The strain in the x-direction:

( ) { }
z z z
v v
E
o o c + = 0
1
z z
E
v
o c
1
=

( ) { }
z y x x
v
E
o o o c + =
1
( ) { } 0
1
( ) v v
o c
+ 1

d) The apparent stiffness in z-direction:

( ) { }
z z x
v v
E
o o c + = 0
( )
z x
E
o c =
- Using equation for
z
(E is larger than E)
For 0 3 E 1 10 E
2
1 v
E
E
z
z

= =
'
c
o
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 12 12
- For v = 0.3 E =1.10 E
Volumetric Strain and Hydrostatic Stress
Hydrostatic stress
h
refers to a normal (tensile or compressive) stress
applied equally (internally or externally) to a body in all dimensions.
Defined as the average normal stress:
Hydrostatic stress results in change in volume of the material,
3
z y x
h
o o o
o
+ +
=
y g ,
associated with normal strains
Note: shear strains case no change in volume, or distortion).
Consider a cube with sides L W H Let dL dW and dH represent Consider a cube with sides L, W, H. Let dL, dW, and dH represent
increase in length in all (x, y, z) directions. Then:
Original volume = V = LWH
New volume = V
1
= (W+ dW)(L + dL)(H + dH)
Neglecting products of small quantities:
V
1
= WLH + WH dL + L H dW+ LWdH
= V + WH dL + L H dW+ LWdH
So dV = V V = WH dL + L H dW+ LWdH
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 13 13 13
So, dV = V
1
-V = WH dL + L H dW+ LWdH
Volumetric Strain and Hydrostatic Stress
Divide dV by V (where V=WLH):
dH dW dL dV
+ + =
The three terms on the right hand side are
the normal strains in x, y, and z directions:
H W L V
L
dL
x
= c
dW
dH
W
dW
y
= c
A volumetric strain
v
is defined as:
H
z
= c
(sum of normal strains)
z y x v
V
dV
c c c c + + = =
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 14 14
Volumetric Strain and Hydrostatic Stress
Using the normal strain expressions defined by generalized Hookes
law, the volumetric strain can be expressed in terms of stresses:
) (
2 1 v
Recall the definition of hydrostatic stress:
) (
2 1
z y x v
E
v
o o o c + + =
Substituting the volumetric strain is related to hydrostatic stress by:
3
z y x
h
o o o
o
+ +
=
Substituting, the volumetric strain is related to hydrostatic stress by:
( )
h v
E
v
o c
2 1 3
=
One can then define a material constant known as bulk modulus B:
( ) v
E
B
h
2 1 3
= =
c
o
From the above equation, if v = 0.5, then value of B becomes infinitely
large. Hence, the body (material) is said to be incompressible.
( ) v
v
2 1 3 c
ME 445 Mechanical Properties 15 15