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EAST-GSR

Solar Thermal applications in EASTern Europe with Guaranteed Solar Results

Work package 2 "Analysis of the local situations in the Eastern European partner countries" Tasks 2.1 and 2.2 BULGARIA December, 2006

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

EAST GSR Project

WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential

Table of contents 1. BULGARIA Introduction _________________________________________ 4 2. State of present hot water market and future potential in Bulgaria (subtask 2.1) 7 2.1. Energy context __________________________________________________________ 7
Energy statistics and trends _______________________________________________ 7 National strategy ______________________________________________________ 11 Background __________________________________________________________ 14 Solar market key figures ________________________________________________ 16 Solar Radiation________________________________________________________ 30 Local bodies, prescribers, certification _____________________________________ 37 Products _____________________________________________________________ 38 Distribution, marketing, after sales ________________________________________ 39 Barriers to overcome for implementation of solar thermal installations ____________ 40 Hotel sector __________________________________________________________ 41 National tourism policy ___________________________________________________ 42 Technical information ____________________________________________________ 43 Relevant regulations for solar market in the hotel sector__________________________ 44 Hotel sector organization __________________________________________________ 44 Housing Sector in Bulgaria ______________________________________________ 45 National policy__________________________________________________________ 47 Technical information ____________________________________________________ 49 Relevant regulations for the solar market in building sector _______________________ 52 Housing sector organization________________________________________________ 53 Other sectors to be considered ____________________________________________ 53 Domestic hot water needs evolution by sector________________________________ 54 2.1.1. 2.1.2.

2.2.

Solar hot water market _________________________________________________ 14

2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.2.6. 2.2.7.

2.3.

Sectorial Approach _____________________________________________________ 41

2.3.1. a) b) c) d) 2.3.2. a) b) c) d) 2.3.3. 2.3.4.

3. Identification of economic and financial requirements for a wide dissemination of the GSR concept (subtask 2.2)________________________________________ 57
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. The institutions____________________________________________________________ 57 Standards and regulations ___________________________________________________ 58 Economic analysis in housing and hotel sectors __________________________________ 59 Taxes and customs duty _____________________________________________________ 59 Energy prices _____________________________________________________________ 59 Incentives and funding ______________________________________________________ 61 Improvement margins ______________________________________________________ 62

4. Conclusion Requirement for a successful implementation of the GSR contract_ ___________________________________________________________ 63 Acronyms and Abbreviations __________________________________________ 68 Sofia Energy Centre
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Annex 1.1___________________________________________________________ 69 Annex 1.2___________________________________________________________ 70 Annex 2.1.1.1________________________________________________________ 71 Annex 2.1.1.2________________________________________________________ 72 Annex 2.1.1.3________________________________________________________ 73 Annex 2.1.1.4________________________________________________________ 74 Annex 2.1.2.1________________________________________________________ 75 Annex 2.2.1.1________________________________________________________ 76 Annex 2.2.1.2________________________________________________________ 77 Annex 2.2.2.3________________________________________________________ 78 Annex 2.3.1.1________________________________________________________ 83 Annex 2.3.1.2________________________________________________________ 84 Annex 2.3.2.1________________________________________________________ 85 Annex 2.3.2.2________________________________________________________ 86 Annex 2.3.2.3________________________________________________________ 88 Annex 3.2.1 _________________________________________________________ 94 Annex 3.5.1 _________________________________________________________ 95 Annex 3.5.1 _________________________________________________________ 96 Annex 5.1___________________________________________________________ 97

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WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential

1. BULGARIA Introduction
The Republic of Bulgaria is located in the southeastern part of Europe on the Balkan Peninsula. The country borders on Greece and Turkey to the south, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia to the west, Romania to the north and the Black Sea to the east. The country has a population of around 7.9 million and covers a territory of 110 912 (km) 2.

Statistics in brief: Area: total: 110,910 sq km Land boundaries: total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km Coastline: 354 km Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Musala 2,925 m Capital: Sofia (1 096 389 inhabitants, 2005) Currency: Bulgaria lev (BGN), convertible 1,95583 BGN = EUR 1 (constant) 1,5221 BGN = USD 1 (08.08.2006)

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Climate The climate is temperate continental with clearly marked four seasons. A Mediterranean influence is felt in the country's southern regions. The average annual temperature is 10.5C. The average January temperature is around OC. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 30C. Considering its small area, Bulgaria has an unusually variable and complex climate. The country lies between the strongly contrasting continental and Mediterranean climatic zones. Bulgarian mountains and valleys act as barriers or channels for air masses, causing sharp contrasts in weather over relatively short distances. The continental zone is slightly larger, because continental air masses flow easily into the unobstructed Danubian Plain. The continental influence, stronger during the winter, produces abundant snowfall; the Mediterranean influence increases during the summer and produces hot, dry weather. The barrier effect of the Balkan Mountains is felt throughout the country: on the average, northern Bulgaria is about one degree cooler and receives about 192 more millimeters of rain than southern Bulgaria. Because the Black Sea is too small to be a primary influence over much of the country's weather, it only affects the immediate area along its coastline. The Balkan Mountains are the southern boundary of the area in which continental air masses circulate freely. The Rhodope Mountains mark the northern limits of domination by Mediterranean weather systems. The area between, which includes the Thracian Plain, is influenced by a combination of the two systems, with the continental predominating. The climate in this region is generally more severe than that of other parts of Europe in the same latitude. Because it is a transitional area, average temperatures and precipitation are erratic and may vary widely from year to year. Average precipitation in Bulgaria is about 630 millimeters per year. Dobruja in the northeast, the Black Sea coastal area, and parts of the Thracian Plain usually receive less than 500 millimeters. The remainder of the Thracian Plain and the Danubian Plateau get less than the country average; the Thracian Plain is often subject to summer droughts. Higher elevations, which receive the most rainfall in the country, may average over 2,540 millimeters per year. Mountain climate: The mountainous climatic region covers the mountain parts at altitudes above 9001,000 m. Temperatures decrease with height, whilst snowfalls increase. The snow cover stays put for five to six months and is over 1.5 m thick. The average January temperatures on the high mountain peaks reach up to -20C and are around -5C in the valleys and ski resorts. Average summer temperatures vary between 14C and 19C. There are about 250 sunny days a year. The air is crystalclear and fragrant with the smell of pines. There is no aerosol pollution and the atmosphere abounds in ultraviolet rays. The coastal climate is moderated by the Black Sea, but strong winds and violent local storms are frequent during the winter. Winters along the Danube River are bitterly cold, while sheltered valleys opening to the south along the Greek and Turkish borders may be as mild as areas along the Mediterranean or Aegean coasts. Population In the following table is shown the development from 1996 of the population, the density of population per km2 and the natural increase.
1996 Population as of 31.12 x103 8340.9 Population density /km2 75.1 Natural increase - 5.4 1997 8283.2 74.6 -7.0 1998 8230.4 74.2 - 6.4 1999 8190.9 73.8 - 4.8 2000 8149.5 73.4 - 5.1 2001 7891.1 71.1 - 5.6 2002 7845.8 70.7 - 5.8 2003 7801.3 70.3 - 5.7 2004 7761.0 69.9 -5.2 2005 7718.7 69.5 -5.4

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In the following diagram is shown the natural migration of the population:

In Annex 1.1 is given: The population structure (rural and urban residence) The structure of the population and the employed The structure of active working population In Annex 1.2 the Basic Indicators about Economic Development in Bulgaria are given.

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2. State of present hot water market and future potential in Bulgaria (subtask 2.1) 2.1. Energy context
2.1.1. Energy statistics and trends Primary energy consumption (PEC) in Bulgaria for the period 2000 2005 In the following tables and figures are given the values of fuels and energies in PEC Quantities of fuels and energies in PEC
Coal and other fuels Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro El. energy (export) Timber, etc PEC year ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe 2000 6759 4220 2932 4925 230 -397 558 19227 2001 7266 4092 2738 5277 149 -595 543 19470 2002 6570 4473 2404 5463 189 -541 647 19205 2003 7365 4653 2500 4594 255 -472 709 19604 2004 7873 4899 2644 4475 256 -505 801 20441 2005 8267 5156 2814 4251 189 -480 834 21030

Primary energy consumption for the period 2000-2005


22000 21000 20000 19000 18000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Coal Oil Natural gas Hydro Biomass Nuclear

Fuel and energy in PEC for the period 2000 2005

Final energy consumption (FEC) in Bulgaria for the period 2000 2005 for energy needs

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EAST GSR Project Year ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe

WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential 2000 3007 937 986 2075 876 555 8435 2001 3114 778 936 2110 935 541 8414 2002 3184 741 1028 2067 859 642 8521 2003 3468 814 1127 2153 911 706 9179 2004 3651 869 1199 2208 951 801 9678 2005 3843 943 1252 2270 986 834 10127

Liquid fuels Natural gas Coal El. energy Heat Timber Total

Final energy consumption for the period 2000- 2005


15000 ktoe 10000 5000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Liquid fuels Natural gas Coal El.energy Heat Timber

Fuels and energy in FEC for the period 2000 2005

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In the next table are given the shares of the fuels and energy in FEC. Liquid fuels Natural gas Coal El. energy Heat Timber Total % % % % % % % 2000 35.6 11.1 11.7 24.6 10.4 6.6 100 2001 37.0 9.2 11.1 25.1 11.1 6.4 100 2002 37.4 8.7 12.1 24.3 10.1 7.5 100 2003 37.8 8.9 12.3 23.5 9.9 7.7 100 2004 37.7 9.0 12.4 22.8 9.8 8.3 100 2005 37.9 9.3 12.4 22.4 9.7 8.2 100

One of the main indicators is the Primary energy intensity (PEI) and the Final energy intensity (FEI). In the following table are given the FEI and the PEI. The Gross domestic product is corrected with factor, corresponding to the purchasing power of BGN for 1995, which creates base for international comparisons. PEI FEI FEI/ PEI Years Koe/$95p Koe/$95p 2000 0,445 0,195 0,439 2001 0,443 0,187 0,432 2002 0,407 0,181 0,444 2003 0,399 0,187 0,468 2004 0,395 0,187 0,474 2005 0,386 0,186 0,482

In the energy sector, Bulgaria is confronted with a series of major challenges stemming from both objective causes and circumstances and the delay in carrying out the reforms during the years of transition. In Annex 2.1.1.1 is given the map of Power grid, Gas pipelines and Transit pipelines. In Annex 2.1.1.2 is given the historical evolution and prognosis for the electrical energy final consumption in Bulgaria. In Annex 2.1.1.3 the graphic shows the consumption of electricity in Bulgaria, compared to other countries. Bulgaria is heavily dependent on energy as it imports more than 70% of its primary energy sources. The only significant domestic energy source is low-quality lignite coal with high content of sulphur, some hydro potential and RES. Bulgaria is mainly reliant on energy sources from Russia: oil, natural gas, high-quality coal and nuclear fuel. This structure of the energy balance causes concern in terms of the security of energy supply. The European Union whose dependence on imports is less (about 50%, but with a trend towards increasing this share up to 70% in 20 years time) is making strenuous efforts in two key areas: Reduction in specific energy intensity per GDP unit in economy; and Utilization of local renewable energy sources (RES).

The National Strategy for Energy Sector and Energy Efficiency Development till 2010, adopted by the Council of Ministers and endorsed in principle by the National Assembly in 1999, sets long-term universal objectives reflecting the needs of the country for secure energy supply, energy efficiency, environmental protection and nuclear safety. In Annex 2.1.1.4 are given data for Energy production and consumption for Bulgaria, Europe and the World. Renewable energy sources (RES) represent another local source that can help reduce reliance on import, improve the security of energy supply, and meet the commitments to protect the environment and contribute to employment generation. Moreover, much of the

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RES (biomass, small hydropower plants, geothermal energy, etc.) have a significant resource, technical and economic potential. Nevertheless, being used irregularly and insufficiently, their share in the total gross energy consumption is negligible. A serious obstacle to their development is the higher cost of initial investments. In the following table is given the theoretical and technically feasible potential of the RES in Bulgaria. RES Solar Biomass Hydropower Geothermal Wind Theoretical potential 103 toe/ year 13 x 106 3608 2276 482 75000 Technically feasible potential (2010) 103 toe/ year 246 380 428 95 31,5 Usage Domestic hot water Heating, cooking, industrial needs Electricity generation Green houses, health care, domestic heating Electricity generation and water pumping for irrigation

Energy policy popularization and its integration into the common conception for sustainable development, contributed to increased activity in the processes of project implementation and initiatives for RES usage in the country. The analysis of investment activity and the interest in the field of implementing such projects in the period 2000 2005 shows the importance of developing the suitable law frames and instruments for stimulating such products. The lack of investment projects and building of new production facilities in 2000 and the presence of demonstration projects only, which dont affect the energy system as a whole, only confirm the mutual commitment running a wise policy in the field and increasing the financial activity. In the following table the data is shown for realized RES projects.
Type of RES Hydro small HPP Biomass Geothermal Wind energy Total Number of projects executed 26 19 12 6 63 Installed capacity kW 22 956 18 750 26 680 1 075 93 117
Electric energy MWh

Average annual production Heat energy MWh 36 416 56 250 80 040 4 300 40 715 136 290

The executed projects for heat and electricity generation from RES for the period 2001 2004 are proof for the successful implementation of the policy. The prognosis for 2005 2006, related with enforcement of new legislation and EU pre accession hopes of Bulgaria, in particular the development of market for tradable green certificates, shows the investors interest in the field of realization of projects for utilization of hydro resources building of small HPP, building of new facilities for biomass, with different capacity, wind power plants, mainly in coastal areas a new facilities is expected to come in operation in Burgas, cape Emine and Kavarna, as well as realization of socially significant projects, as methane utilization in Suhodol dung hill. A huge number of projects for solar installation for DHW are realized in hotel complexes and private homes in Black sea and mountain regions. At present in force are The Energy Law, adopted by the Parliament on November 26, 2003 and The Energy Efficiency Act, adopted on February 19th 2004. In The Energy Law, The Renewable energy sources are referred in Chapter Eleven Promotion of power generation from RES and combined generation i.e. its said only for electricity energy production

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in certain cases. That makes necessary and now is in preparation new law for RES, which targets their wider utilization in Bulgaria. 2.1.2. National strategy The Renewable Energy Sources national objectives are based on the accessible potential of different types of RES. In Annex 2.1.2.1 is given the accessible potential of RES in Bulgaria (according to World Energy Council Assessments). The Renewable Energy Sources national objectives up to present are put in the Energy Law, Chapter Eleven Promotion of power generation from RES and combined generation. The law provides buying the energy produced at preferential prices. Now an amendment to the law is in preparation, which provides conclusion of 12 years contracts for buying of the energy from wind, hydro power plants and biomass. In the autumn of 2006 the Parliament will start to discuss a new law, for stimulation the production of energy from RES. National goals and targets for solar thermal systems and National strategy and programs of activities are based on the solar conditions and the prognosis of the development of thermal market in the country. It is provided that heat energy consumption increases with speed a bit lower (~ 4% annually) from the speed of GDP increasing. This trend is slightly bigger from the trend of increasing of electric energy (~ 2% annually). This prognosis is based on the significantly lower levels of heat energy consumption in Bulgaria that an average for EU countries, which suggests sharp recovery of worsened for previous years thermal comfort. In the next figure is given the development of the heat energy.
k to e
3500

H E A T E N E R G Y (w ith o u t in d u str ia l) in th e p e r iod 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 1 5

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 y e a r.

L iq u id f u e ls

N atu ra l g as

C oa ls

E le c tric en erg y

H e at

B iom a s s

T o tal

At the end of the period of 2005 2015 is expected the heat energy to come from biomass (36%), central heating (25%), coal and natural gas (on 17% each). The liquid fuels and electricity will fill the gap with 5%. It is expected that in 2015 the energy, necessary for heating and DHW to exceed 3 300 ktoe annually, from which at least 10% or about 330 ktoe are for producing of DHW. In these quantities are not included RES, but biomass. In practice, part of the conventional fuels and energies will be substituted with RES. The heat energy production from RES will always have to be regarded not only as accessible energy potential, but also as an effective delivery of the generated energy to the end consumers.

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The solar radiation, transformed into heat through conventional thermal solar collectors, may be set as a priority for production of hot water from late spring, summer and Indian summer. Despite this they are solar thermal systems, which can operate year round, but because their high price at the moment, their effective use could hardly be proved. For production of the half of the necessary quantity for DHW energy in the country (134 ktoe; 1 554 GWh) are necessary installations of not less than 3 000000m2 selective thermal solar collectors (500 kWh average annual productivity per m2). When working out short-term programs this possibility have to be detailed with priority, taking into account the possibilities for installation of solar thermal systems for DHW in the areas with high population density and high value of radiation potential. Very suitable and economically effective will be multi family buildings in sunny regions. These systems can be viewed, as a supplement to central district heating systems in big cities, which will supply the subscribers with hot water during sunny months, when the costs of the hot water, carried by the systems of central heating is relatively high. The short term program for the next three years, for the use of solar thermal collectors, should include suitable state and municipal buildings, consuming electricity or liquid fuels for production of DHW. Good examples for this are social houses, kindergartens, hospitals and other buildings, municipally owned. On preliminary estimations in 2015 these buildings will consume about 64 ktoe or 742.106 kWh(t) heat energy. If we assume, that half of the energy, needed for DHW (32 ktoe) been produced through the sunny days of the year from solar thermal collectors, no more than 1.105 m2 solar thermal collectors will necessary. The state could give an example by cut off the use of the expensive electric energy and liquid fuels for production of heat energy. The measures in short term program for RES, introducing solar thermal collectors in such scale, is expedient to be combined with recommendations from final statements of executed energy examinations in state and municipal buildings with Unfolded Building Area over 1000 m2 . When renovating these buildings apart from measures for improving thermal insulation of the building, as a priority should be included measures for introducing solar collectors and replacement of the existing heating with such, based on RES (biomass and derivatives; geothermal energy; thermo pumps) One of the main fields for solar collectors is in hotel sector, restaurants, etc. From the economic point of view of interest for solar thermal systems utilization as it was stated above is period late spring summer early autumn, when main factors, determining total solar radiation in Bulgaria are more favorable. The main stream of total solar radiation in hours around noon, as more than 70% from the solar energy flow is in hours between 9 and 15, considered as most active in terms of sum shining. For this period we may take an average for sun shining 1800 h, average resource for solar radiation 1 230 kWh/m2 and efficient coefficient for non selective panels ~66% At present in Bulgaria there are installed solar thermal installations with total surface of 56 x 103 and total installed capacity of 42 MW (t). On the figure below is shown prognosis for increasing of total surface of installed solar thermal collectors until 2015

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Surface of installed solar collectors


10 . m2 500 400 300 200 100 0 27 39 2000 56 2005 years 2010 2015 2020 260 470
3

1995

Prognosis for energy utilization of solar energy until 2015


On the ground of present condition of the solar thermal installations for DHW and expected technological innovations two prognosis are made for the utilization of solar energy for the period until 2015.

Pessimistic prognosis is connected with still high investments for the equipments, needed for solar thermal installations. This determines the demand of non-selective type collectors, as much cheaper, but more imperfect. The fact that still lacks sufficient technical information to lead the consumer toward the particular technologies and solutions has to be taken in mind. The market is still in its youths and the competition between solar companies is not significant. There is no interest from the state for mass implementation of solar thermal collectors in state owned buildings or municipal buildings. Optimistic prognosis for the same period follows the scenario for Europe, but with lower rate of increase. It is assumed a future development of the technology market, which will reflect on the price of investments and shorten their pay back periods. To this might be added an eventual interest from the government concurring with the Energy strategy of Bulgaria, and programs for mass implementation of solar thermal systems for DHW in state and municipal owned buildings as well as measures for their refurbishments to be adopted.
Prediction for energy utilization of the solar energy
GW h 500 400 300 200 100 0 22 31 2000 45 2005 210 64 2010 97 2015 years Real expected optimistic

381

1995

On average evaluation the quantity of solar energy from solar collectors in 2010 is to be 137 GWh (11.8 ktoe) and for 2015 239 GWh (20.6 ktoe).

The National institutional framework, which is responsible for the development of RES, is as follows: The Ministry of Economy and Energy is working on the development of the economic and energy policy of the Bulgarian state. One of the main trends in his policy is stimulating measures on energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources.

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The Energy Efficiency Agency (EEA) is under the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Energy. One of the main priorities of EEA is:
Increasing of energy efficiency and Renewable energy resources and increasing in their use.

The Energy Efficiency Agency coordinates also the activities on RES with ministries, local governments, non governmental organizations and different commercial and specialized firms and professional organizations. The EEA participates also in initiation, organization and support for realization of projects on EE and RES.

The State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission (SEWRC)


The SEWRC is an independent specialized state body. One of the main objectives is to supervise competition and pricing in the energy market and protect the customers and the public interest, and the environment. Through regulation of the prices of the electrical and heat energy as well as of the liquid fuels and the natural gas, and besides the price of RES, the implementation of RES, including Solar Thermal Energy is promoted.

Central Laboratory on Solar Energy and New Energy Sources (CLSENES) to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS)
The Central Laboratory on Solar Energy and New Energy Sources was founded in 1975. The main topic is Scientific Studies and Consulting. The laboratory was approved as a leader in photovoltaic in Bulgaria. The 90s, with the change of the conditions for financing of science, as well as with the economic drop in the industry, the scientific and applied activity in the field of the thermal collectors was seriously hindered. For activation of the scientific and applied activity in the last years are some projects, financed by the 5th Framework Program of the European Union, and namely the project Bulgarian Center on Solar Energy. Within the frames of this project is financed the establishment of a laboratory for testing of water collectors in real conditions. A stand is elaborated for testing and assessment of the collectors in accordance with the European Standard EN 12975. In this standard are presented the requirements for testing in real (natural) conditions.

2.2.

Solar hot water market

2.2.1. Background
The climatic conditions and the high rates of solar radiation in the Balkan countries are ideal for the exploitation of solar energy for thermal energy production. Solar thermal collectors for DHW production can be used almost everywhere in the villages and the towns, in the hotels, holiday houses, camping, etc., particularly during the period from April to October when the solar radiation is higher. The technical potential of solar energy is distributed as follows: Photo voltaic panels Active solar thermal energy systems Passive solar thermal energy systems Total

103 toe/ year 52 161 33 246

% 21 66 13 100

It is evident that 66% of technical solar potential belong to the active solar thermal energy systems, which are mostly applied until now; therefore only these will be considered in the present report. It should be mentioned that PV modules are, so to say, symbolic. Bulgaria was the leader in Eastern

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Europe in design and production of solar thermal installations. The first Bulgarian solar thermal collectors have been of panel type radiators with area of 2 m2 , next step of design was the flat plate collectors with area of 1,46 and 1,76 m2 . The first Bulgarian solar collector was designed and produced in 1977. The state enterprise New Energy Sources (NES) was in a position to solve technical problems related to research, design, testing, manufacturing and assembling of solar thermal installations. NES implemented a large scale governmental programmed for designing, the manufacture and installation of 50 000 m2 solar collectors. These collectors were installed during 1977 90 mainly in the tourist facilities for hot water supply at the Black sea coast. Solar collectors were also applied in industry for DHW and for drying agricultural products.

Regional distribution of solar thermal installations


13% 5% 48% 13% 2% 2% 2% 2% 13% Haskovo Sofia town Sofia region Ruse Plovdiv Montana Lovetch Varna Burgas

Most of the collectors installed comprise of steel absorbers, black coating, and single glass cover and galvanized steel collector surrounding. The pipes for installations are 99% from steel. Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE AEE, supported by the Austrian Ministry of Environment and Youth, implemented in 1998 99 the project Statistic evaluation and analysis of large scale Bulgaria solar installations. The report overviews in detail the situation of large scale solar installation in three regions of Bulgaria Burgas, Plovdiv and Sofia. Detailed surveys had been done, reviewing the condition of the various elements of solar collectors and installations. The main conclusions are very characteristic and significant for the solar thermal installations market in the country and also review the main factors influencing it. The installation of 50 000 m2 solar collectors for the period 1977- 90 was made in the framework of a governmental programme and was financed by the government, local authorities, etc. This policy was not related with the market penetration of solar thermal installations for households, small hotels, etc. The low energy prices of the fuels and electricity at that time and in competitiveness of the price of a solar energy didnt stimulate the use of solar collectors. Since 1990, Bulgaria is in transition and major part of the tourism facilities and industrial enterprises have been privatized or undergoing this procedure. This is one of the reasons for the poor maintenance, leading to the present bad status of the installations. 54% of the installations in the tourist facilities are still operational, but for the industrial sector these are only 8%. Major part of the existing installations require repair. The main problems are the corrosion of steel collector surrounding and the absorber coatings, lack of frost protection; broken glasses, etc.

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For the last 15 years many development and demonstration programs have been implemented, which covered practically all-renewable energy sources, including solar thermal ones. However, the low quality of the equipment and the installations made in Bulgaria, and the lack of maintenance in many of the early installations resulted in a dissatisfaction, creating for a moment an additional barrier to further solar energy utilization. Within the PHARE project different solar thermal demo projects have been implemented. In Annexes 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2 are presented technical data and financial and ecological benefits of different projects. The R&D activities, manufacturing and installation have almost stopped since 1990 because of the economy reformation and the resulting difficult economic situation. It should be mentioned, however, that in the transition period the prices of the main energy source, which is utilized for obtaining of DHW in the tertiary sector, in the service sector and in some industrial sectors, is electrical energy. The price of the electrical energy in the last decades has increased many times. This led to a change in the psychology of the population and to a change in its attitude toward RES, including to a demand for possibilities for utilization of solar energy. At the present moment, in Bulgaria there are several producers of flat plate solar collectors. There are also distributors of Greek, German, English, Turkish, Chinese, Israeli and other solar systems. The collectors are flat plate and vacuum tube, as well. The market of solar thermal systems in Bulgaria started to develop at good rates. Of great importance, at this still early stage on this market, are the correct and professional sizing, implementation and maintenance.

2.2.2. Solar market key figures


The majority of installed solar collectors during the last years in public buildings and in industrial enterprises are implemented under different programs, as it was mentioned above. The annual market of solar collectors for household systems is rather low; because a great part of the population currently faces enormous financial problems and the people being worried about their energy bills do not dispose of finance to invest in solar systems. A big part (90%) of the sales of solar systems belongs to those who build new houses or new private hotels. The technologies applied for solar thermal energy conversion are the same as the ones applied in other European countries. The solar thermal installations, implement under different programs, were mainly for: Hot water in public buildings (hospitals, kindergartens, etc.), in domestic and tourist sector; Solar dryers in the wood processing and agricultural products industries.

The following main clients in the collective sector are distinguished now:
Hotels, holiday houses, camping, swimming pools; State and municipality buildings (hospitals, kinder-gardens, social houses, elderly peoples homes, etc.); Multi-storied buildings (mainly in new buildings); Industry for wood processing and agricultural products. It should be mentioned that during the last years there are a lot of solar installation project for hot water in the hotels and private houses, mainly along the Black sea coast and in the mountain areas. The data for them is difficult to be obtained due to the private initiatives of their installation process. There is no statistic data for the built solar thermal systems during the last years.

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Concerning the installation of solar collectors in state and municipal buildings, in the period until 1990 a certain number of them have been installed under a state programme. From 1990 to 2002 many demonstration projects (under different European programmes) have been executed. In Annex 2.2.1.1 gives the financial, technical and ecological data and results for projects in 3 hospitals in Southern Bulgaria. At present, though, the municipalities face major financial difficulties and do not have the ability to build installations for utilizing RES, which also includes solar collectors. Concerning the building of collective solar installations in the existing multi-storied buildings it should be noted that in Bulgaria the apartments in a block of flats are privately owned and belong to different people. Therefore in a building with, for example, 50 apartments we will have 50 owners and 50 different opinions. Furthermore, with the existing DHW system, building collective solar systems in many cases is accompanied by difficult decision, arising from the structure already in place. In Sofia there is such a system in the Panel residential block 25 in Levski B district. The collective solar system is build with funding from Techem- Services as a pilot project. The system was calculated for all 73 flats. Due to some miscalculations and big pipe system, the generated DHW was not enough for all of them, so entrances C and G were disconnected from the system. For this reason now the solar system supplies DHW only for entrances A and B. Building collective solar systems in new blocks of flats is expedient because the investor of the building includes the respective part of the solar system in the price of the individual apartments. In addition, the building and the solar system are planned simultaneously, and the most expedient decisions are made. Up to now solar systems in industrial buildings for the needs of DHW exist only in a very limited number of isolated cases.

For Bulgarian producers and suppliers of solar collectors can be mentioned that there are separate factories and enterprises, which produce, flat solar collectors. Most of them import the absorbers and the rest is produced and assembled in Bulgaria. There are also collectors (Greek, German, Chinese, French, Turkish, etc.)
There is no laboratory in Bulgaria for testing solar collectors, which is authorized to give the needed certificates. Therefore no quality certificate can be granted for collectors made in Bulgaria. At present, as it was mentioned, a test laboratory (one stand) is being constructed for experimental testing of solar collectors in real conditions, i.e. they carry out experimental testing (Stand for Solar Water Collector Testing: Central Laboratory of Solar Energy and New Energy Sources BAS, 72, Tzarigradsko chaussee blvd., 1784 Sofia, tel.: 778 448, fax: 754 016). The imported solar collectors, as well as the imported absorbers have the necessary certificates for the respective characteristics. In Bulgaria no additional testing for their qualities is made when they are imported. In the following table are given the Manufacturers and distributors of solar thermal equipment.

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Manufacturers and distributors of solar thermal equipment


1. ERATO

67 Saedinenie Boul. 6300 Haskovo Tel. 00359 38 662012 Fax.00359 38 661356 E-mail: toplo@erato.bg www.erato.bg 2. ECOTHERMENGINEERING LTD. CO. 51, Varban Genchev Str. Students Town 1100 Sofia Tel. +359 2 688207 Fax. +359 2 689137 Contact: Mr. Venelin Stojnov 3. ZAVOD ZA NOVI ENERGIJNI IZTOCHNITSI (New Energy Sources Plant) Razgrad Tel. +359 84 29521 or 26845 Fax. +359 84 32252 Contact: Mr. Georgi Georgiev, Director 4. PROMISHLENA ENERGETIKA
(Industrial Energy) 5, Philip Koutev Str. 1407 Sofia Tel. +359 2 681235 Fax. +359 2 687401 or 681135 Contact: Mr. Ivan Lambriev, General Manager

8. EKOTEHPRODUCT 66, Dimitar Manov Str. 1408 Sofia Tel. +359 2 541267 Fax. +359 2 547206 Contact: Mrs. Rajna Zlatareva 9. ECOTHERMENGINEERING LTD. CO. 51, Varban Genchev Str. Students Town 1100 Sofia phone: +359 2 623119, fax: +359 2 689137 Contact: Mr. Emil Stojanov 10. APEX MM Sofia 49. Bulgaria Boul. Tel. + 359 2 955 61 65 Cell. +359 888 62 95 22

11. SOLKAV BULGARIA LTD Sofia, 31A Dragan Tzankov Blvd. Tel. +359 2 9608130, Fax. +359 2 9608131

5. TERMOPROMENERGO, BLAGOEVGRAD
STATE CO. 2700 Blagoevgrad, kv. Bjalo Pole Tel. +359 73 20800 or 20805 Contact: Mr. Alexsander Tunov, Director (or Mr. Orlin Popov) 6. TERMOKOMPLEKTENGINEERING 1, Komi Str. 4000 Plovdiv Contact: Mr. Jordan Popov ECOTHERMAL Bourgas 8000 Slivnitza str. 47 Tel. + 359 56 814215; + 359 2 979 05 45 Fax. + 359 56 841522; + 359 2 979 19 38 E mail: ecothermal@ecothermal-bg.com www.ecothermal-bg.com 7.

12. BG THERM LTD


17, Acad. St. Mladenov Blvd. Tel. +359 2 9697122, Fax. +359 2 8625410 Pleven: Tel. +359 64 823037 www.bgtherm.com

10. ENERGOKONSULT SR Sofia Strelbishte bl. 100 en. B ap. 49 Tel/fax. 00359 2 859 57 91 E mail: mirkov@mobikom.com
11. KOVEX 1606 Sofia 34 Totleben Boul. Tel. + 359 2 952 1772 Fax. + 359 2 952 65 69 E mail: kovex@omega.bg

In the following table is given a list of Bulgarian eligible suppliers and installers of solar water heaters.

Eligible Suppliers and Installers of Solar Water Heaters


1. EISENTRAUM LTD Bourgas Maritza str No 6 Tel. + 359 56 811 653 E mail: eisentraum@abv.bg BORA 97 Blagoevgrad Elenovo bl. 5, en. B, ap. 19 Tel. + 359 73 840 990 Fax. + 359 73 840 990 E mail: bora97@mail.bg 2. Services: Construction of heat installations, fireplaces, solar thermal installations

Services: Delivery and mounting of vacuum tubular collectors

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IVAN SUBEV Bansko Angel Balev str. 1 Tel. + 359 7443 4060 SNEZHANA POPOVA Gotze Delchev Dunav str. Commercial complex Tel. + 359 751/ 61172; /61170; /61171 VICTORIA - R Blagoevgrad Ilinden str. 2 bl. 3 Tel. + 359 73 88 50 75 6. TOSHKO PETROV RADI Blagoevgrad Dame Gruev str. 38 Tel. + 359 73 88 68 67 5. 4.

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

7. EKOTERMIKA LTD. 8002 Bourgas, housing complex Pobeda P.O. Box 9 Tel. +359 56 40175 Fax. +359 56 40159 Contact: Mr. Ivan Asenov APOGEY Velingrad Tel. + 359 359 50 775 Cell. + 359 898 630 132; + 359 889 604 593 ERATO VIADRUS Sofia Nedelcho Bonchev str. 10 Tel. + 359 2 978 39 90; + 359 2 978 78 60 Fax. + 359 2 97 807 44 10. ENERGY SOLUTIONS Pernik Vladaisko vustanie str. Tel. + 359 76 681 472 11. EUROTRANS SERVICE Sofia Iskur str. 56 Cell. + 359 897 936 680 12. TOPLOTEHNIKA ZLATKO STEFANOV Blagoevgrad Vasil Levski 29 Tel. + 359 73 88 67 83 13. IVO GEROV IVG Vratza Dragan Tzankov str. 1 Tel. + 359 92 661881 Cell. + 359 886 111001 ivg@gyuvetch.bg 14. K & SH Velingrad Pionerska str. 31 Tel. + 359 359 50 510; + 359 359 24 540 Cell. + 359 849 885 9. 8.

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Solar collectors and water heaters

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

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15. CLIMASOTH Blagoevgrad Sratzin 8 Tel. + 359 73 83 22 81 16. PYOKO K Sofia Energy Centre Slivnitza str. 79 A Tel. + 359 2 822 15 41 17. MIHAIN MIKHAIL ATANASOV Bansko Rupchovec 18. MZ Razlog South Industrial zone Tel. + 359 747 80013 Fax. + 359 747 80016 Cell. + 359 888 322 035 E mail: petar_mishkov@mail.bg www.mz-razlog.com 19. MEVIDA LTD Kazanluk Treti mart str. 16 Tel. + 359 431 641 11; + 359 431 643 63 E mail: mevidaood@abv.bg 20. NEW ENERGY SYSTEMS LTD Shumen Madara str. 12 Tel. + 359 54 830 405: + 359 2 952 24 05 Cell. + 359 887 790939 Fax. + 359 54 830 405 E mail: sunsystems@ro-ni.net 21. NEKOTERM LTD Sofia Iztok Taras Shevchenko str. 5 Tel. + 359 2 973 33 03; + 359 2 871 84 14 Fax. + 359 2 973 33 03; + 359 871 84 14 E mail. nekoterm@yahoo.de 22. PASSIVEHOUSE BG Sofia Bolyarska str. 28 Tel. + 359 2 37 98 31 Cell. + 359 899 967 080 23. STUBEL Varna Radetsky str. 70 Tel/ Fax. + 359 52 61 37 19 Cell. + 359 888 938 884

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors and water heaters

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Energy efficient windows, solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Solar water heaters

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

Services: Selling and mounting of solar collectors

The bigger producers of solar collectors are as follows:

New Energy Systems Ltd. (NES) produces flat solar collectors, which could be with an ordinary or selective absorber. They are produced in three sizes. In the table below are presented their prices in Euro, including VAT.

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Prices of solar collectors produced by NES Ltd (Oct. 2006).


Price in EUR Size of the collector (mm) 770 x 2150 x 90 1000 x 2150 x 90 1250 x 2150 x 90 Area of the absorber (m2) 1.66 2.15 2.70 Collector Standard 156 191 240 Collector Select 241 316 370

1 2 3

The solar collectors are constructively designed in the following way: Special aluminum carrying profile, a top from a special thermal glass, copper absorber, and insulation from mineral wool and pressed mineral wool with black face cover, and a bottom from galvanized sheet iron.

Solar collector Standard: The cover of the absorber is made from a special solar lacquer with highly absorbing surface. It is elaborated mainly for seasonal systems for DHW, as for the period April October the solar system covers the needs of the consumer for hot water between 80 and 100%. Solar collector Select: It is elaborated for systems with all the year utilization of DHW. It has the following advantages: better thermal insulation, the cover of the absorber is selective type Tinox, this is a high temperature cover from titanium oxide. It is characterized by highly absorbing ability 0.95 and low degree of reflection 0,005.

The selective cover guarantees the operation of the collector in cloudy weather, with its extremely high degree of absorption of the defuse heat. The all the year utilization of the collectors Standard and Select, according to our observations, gives advantage to the collector Selekt. It is 38% more effective than the collector Standard. The produced collectors are sold mainly on the Bulgarian market. It should be mentioned that at the present moment New Energy Systems operates at full production capacity.

KORADO Bulgaria (Razgrad)


KORADO Bulgaria produces solar collectors with aluminum profiled fins and copper tubes with collector area of 1,7 m2. The simple type of installation is the self circulating equipment (thermo siphon) with boiler of 100 l.

ECOTHERMAL ET Burgas
ECOTHERMAL is a new private company producing solar collectors with the main parameters:

Absorber consisting of copper tubes pressed into an aluminium profiled sheet black painted with a collector area of 1,5 m2; Insulation mineral wool with thickness of 40 mm and heat conductivity of 0,039 W/ m2 K; Aluminum profiled frame; Enameled boiler with volumes of 1201, 1501 and 2001.

ECOTOP Ltd. Sofia


ECOTOP designs complete solar systems and implements complete engineering design, delivery, mounting and service (guarantee and beyond guarantee). ECOTOP Ltd. has been producing a wide range of solar collectors since 1993: A. Flat plate thermal collectors in three type sizes 1000 x 2000; 800 x 1400 and 1000 x 1000 in two variants;

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A steel body (frame), a steel absorber and glass cover; An aluminum body and an aluminum absorber, copper pipes and a polycarbonate cover.

B. Integrated steel frame in a set with a solar accumulator all type sizes: Flat, stainless, a polycarbonate covers. The thermal accumulator is built in the collector. I. II. Semi cylinder, stainless steel frame, with polycarbonate cover. The thermal accumulator is built in. The integrated collectors do not need a boiler, pipe connections and other accessories. They are directly connected to the hot water consumers. The annual production and sales of solar collectors varies in a wide range for the years from 1993 till 2003 in accordance with the unstable market: from 180 m2 / year to 540 m2 / year. The solar collectors have a ten-year guarantee and the solar systems, according to their supplying have a two to ten year guarantee. The quality of the products is guaranteed with a guarantee card from the producer, a quality mark, technical passport and instructions for mounting and exploitation. All the products are tested according to their technical parameters in the testing center of ECOTOP, where they go for tests for durability and reliability. Besides the Bulgarian collectors, the Solar Thermal Equipment market is supplied also with collectors, produced in The EU member states, as well as in Turkey, Israel and China. Below as an example are presented some distributors:

ERATO Holding Haskovo


The company offers as a distributor: Vacuum solar collectors with absorber Cu lamella with Ni selective layer and area of 0,728 m2. Number of ribbed tubes 15. Working temperature up to 240oC. Price Euro 600. Flat plate collectors MACTECH, which are made in Turkey, with an area of the absorber 1.60 m2 and an absorber, which could be Al or CU. The price of a single collector is respectively 115 and 140 . In 2002, ERATO Holding constructed a solar installation for DHW in holiday home Energo in Primorsko, which disposes of beds for 430 people and a restaurant for 650 people. The water consumption in July and August is from 2 200 to 2 500 m3/ month. The solar installation consists of two parts. In the first part are installed 47 flat plate solar collectors with total area of the absorber of 85.5 m2 and capacity 77 kW. In the second part are installed 45 vacuum solar collectors Vacusol with total area of the selective layer 34.2 m2 and thermal capacity of 31kW.

KOVEX Sofia
The company offers vacuum tube collectors with flat and with rounded absorber with the main characteristics.

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The vacuum tube collectors have the following advantages: Higher efficiency, especially at reduced sun shining; Operates efficiently even at temperatures below zero; The tube construction does not detain snow, neither dust; Practically, the wind factor, influencing the heat release of the pipes, is missing; Significantly easier installation, maintenance and services; The natural geographical and climatic characteristics in Bulgaria, distinguishing with regions of continental climate, mountain relief, characteristic cloudiness, determine the all the year application of these collectors in our country. The main barrier to their implementation is the high price 700-800 EUR/m2 and the lack of information in Bulgaria on this technology. The collectors are produced in China, with a license from a German Company and they are shown at a Photo below.

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Vacuum-tube collectors by KOVEX

APEX Co Sofia
APEX Co is a distributor of the English THERMOMAX and the Greek MINOS, also the Dutch flat plate AES types of solar collectors and Bulgarian solar collectors produced by NES.

RGS
RGS is a distributor of solar collectors produced by the German company VIESSMAN CarolSol, TuboSol and DuoSol.

Number and surface of large solar systems (> 50 m2 )


In Bulgaria in recent few years there is significant increase in hotels construction, mainly in Black sea coast. In big part of them a large solar thermal systems are mounted. There are large solar systems, mounted on municipal buildings, as well as elderly peoples homes, hospitals and kindergartens.

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Large solar system in Primorsko (NEK holiday home)


There is no exact statistic for built solar thermal systems in Bulgaria. In the table below are given data for the ten solar systems, examined by Sofia Energy Centre.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Building type Elderly people home Hotel Albatros Hotel Arabella beach Hotel Elit NEK holiday home Locality Plovdiv Primorsko Albena resort Balchik St St Konstantin and Elena resort Sunny beach resort Primorsko Sofia Silistra Sofia Year of installation 2001 2005 2005 2004 2004 Surface m2 132 m2 21.60 m2 108 m2 32.40 m 147 m2 462 m2 140.99 m2 126 m2 134 m2 36 m2
2

Type of collectors Flat plate Flat aluminum Vacuum tubular Flat copper Flat with selective cover Selective Flat aluminum, vacuum Flat selective Flat plate Vacuum tubular

Storage volume m3 6 m3 1.0 m3 12 m3 1.5 m


3

Auxiliary heating fuel Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity

20 m3 80 m3 11.5 m3 6 m3 5.2 m3 5 m3

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Iberostar hotel Nek holiday home Panel residential block Home for elderly people Residential building

2006 2003 1998 2001 2005

Propane gas Electricity Electricity fuel Natural gas

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Solar collectors on the roof of hotel Iberostar Types of solar systems


In Annex 2.2.2.3 is given the classification of solar systems for water heating In Bulgaria the solar market depends mainly on the private investors and in dependence from the type of solar installation, the type of solar systems then is chosen. There are only few cases in Bulgaria in which the gravity systems direct or indirect have been applied. The application of direct or indirect pump solar systems depends as from the size of solar installation, so as from the variations of DHW needed. These type solar systems are most common in Bulgaria. Regarding the type of the solar collectors main application have flat plate collectors with selective absorber. Close loop systems with pump, heat exchanger, integrated in heat storage and antifreeze protection are most common. The vacuum tube collectors become widely accepted, regardless of their higher price. They are used mainly in systems, whose production of hot water is necessary all the year around.

CO2 emissions
In the following figure is shown the historical development, the present condition and is made a prognosis for CO2 emissions on sectors end users until 2015. After 2001 the sectors of Transport and Industry are main sources of CO2 emissions as this situation is very likely to remain for the next ten years.

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CO2 Emissions form Resource Use for Energy Purposes

80 70 60
2 Mt 50 CO 40

30 20 10 0 19 91 19 19 92 93 19 94 19 19 95 96 19 97 19 19 98 99 20 00 20 20 01 02 20 03 20 20 04 05 20 20 06 07 20 20 08 09 20 10 20 20 11 12 20 20 13 14 20 15

Years
Total Industry Transport Households, utilities, agriculture

CO2 emissions in the period 1991 2015


The analysis of RES utilization possibilities shows real potential for reduction of CO2 emissions with about 8 129 kit CO2 equivalent in 2015. In the next table are given the summarized possibilities for saving of CO2 emissions, through implementation of RES.

RES
Biomass HPP Wind energy Solar energy Geothermal energy TOTAL

Saved greenhouse gases emissions Electric energy Heat energy toe kt CO2 eqv. ktoe kt CO2 eqv. 73 705 1227 4 270 257 2 480 0 0 22 214 0 0 4 39 21 72 3 25 93 324 359 3 463 1341 4 666

Used emissions coefficients are summarized for electric energy 830 gCO2 /kWh, and for heat energy 300 gCO2 /kWh.

The total possibilities for emissions saving are estimated to 8 129 kt CO2 equivalent in 2015. For utilization of solar energy the prognosis is from PV installations an electric energy amounted to 4-ktoe/ year to be produced. From implementation of solar collectors the prognosis is for production of heat energy amounted to 239 GWH/ year, which will lead to CO2 emissions reduction with about 72 kt CO2 equivalent.

Present prices of solar systems and breakdown of cost prices for the elements of solar systems

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At present, on the Bulgarian market, the cost of solar thermal systems varies in a wide range. The cost depends mainly on the type of collector, whether it is flat plate or vacuum tube, and in which country it is manufactured. The cost of the Bulgarian solar collectors is only 100-150 Euro/m2 and 250-290 Euro/m2 for the entire systems, depending on the technology used and installations applied. With relatively constant oil prices, the price of the solar heating system is expected to become competitive. The main benefit, for the state from implementation of solar thermal systems, is that they replace a substantial amount of electricity and are environmentally friendly.

Allocation of cost by system components (Bulgarian produced elements) Cost Component Design Solar collectors Hot water storage tank Connecting pipes + valves Support stand Installation TOTAL Cost (%) 4 55 13 10 8 10 100

To evaluate the economic viability of a solar system we can give as an example the solar thermal installation in the elderly peoples home St. Vassilii Veliki in the city of Plovdiv, where 200 persons live. The installation has 66 collectors (2 m2 each), arranged in 6 rows, 11 collectors in each row. The project comes up to 67 000 and the annual savings are estimated at BGN 45 000, or 23 000, i.e. the pay back period is 2,9 years. The annual energy saved is 232, 640 kWh. To get a complete market overview on the main reasons of utilization of Solar Thermal Equipment, the following should be mentioned: For domestic system ensuring the needs of hot water is assumed that the necessary volume of hot water per day for one person is around 60 liters with temperature 45oC. In accordance with the type of the used collector this is achieved with 1 to 2 m2 of collector surface. When it concerns big systems like hotels, restaurants and others, calculations are made evaluating more factors like coefficient of filling in, season and etc. With the choice of a system and components, the geographical region is taken into account; whether the system will be used all the year around (the utilization of vacuum tube collectors is recommended). The monthly savings depend on the quantity of hot water, which will be used, the volume of the boiler and the price of the conventional energy, which is used for additional heating of the water. For a four member family, the used water is around 240 liters/ day, which makes in average 3,500 kWh/ year or 490 BGN/ year, if electrical energy is used at an average price of 0,14 BGN/ kWh. A well-designed system should ensure between 50% and 85% solar contribution and saving from the traditional bill. This makes a pure profit between 250 BGN/year and 450 BGN/year. Much more accurate and optimistic is the method of discount of the cash flows, which assess the inflation, the increase of the prices of the conventional fuels and electrical energy. Solar water heating systems are always installed with an additional source of heating. It supplies hot water in case of exhaustion, a bad day, so that there is always water in the boiler ready for use. In any case, for optional utilization of the solar system and for more savings, the

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consumption of hot water should be evenly distributed in the days of the week. This would decrease the utilization of a source for additional heating. The price of a mounted solar installation ( 250 liters) depends on the type of collectors, the type of the system and the concrete conditions of the site, but in general it is between 1.500 BGN and 5.000BGN. Why is the difference so big? The price and the effectiveness of the system depend on some variables:

Number of months, during which solar heated water will be used; Size and type of the system thermo siphon does not require specialized automation; Type of collectors the flat plate collectors operate from April till October, in comparison to the all the year- around vacuum tube collectors; Type of roof on which the collectors will be installed are there any additional stands needed; Professional or Do it yourself system.

The main problem for the implementation of Solar Thermal Systems is the required investments. Unfortunately, in Bulgaria the government does not offer any financial alleviation. Except for own funding, some firms offer leasing with a period equal to the one expected for pay back of the investment, but not longer than 3 years. Before taking the decision what type of collectors to be bought, an answer to the following main question should be given: What is the purpose of the system and how much time will it be used during the year? With seasonal use, like bungalow, villa at the seaside or in the Balkan, a not expensive and efficient in the summer collector should be chosen. Such are the flat plate collectors with black painted absorbers. Most of the collectors used in the country are of this type. They are produced in the country or are imported from neighboring countries with significantly more favorable for their utilization climate Greece, Turkey. If the necessities are in a greater time period, for example they include also the transitional seasons (spring, autumn); a good choice is investment in selective flat plate collectors. In Bulgaria there is no technology and capacity for production of selective absorbers, yet. Around ten companies are known in the world, which produce such absorbers. In Bulgaria there are two importers of selective absorbers, but the produced collector, is far away from the world level for quality and does not meet the standards of the industry.

Installer organizations (skills, associations)


All suppliers of solar collectors have contacts with different installers or corresponding organizations. They are mainly installers of heating systems. In Bulgaria there is not an association that incorporates the producers, suppliers and installers of solar thermal systems.

Establishment of an Association in Bulgaria for Solar Thermal Systems with its Solar Market function will contribute to the increase of Solar Thermal Systems.
Members of the association could be producers and importers of elements for solar thermal systems, companies, which design, install and maintain these systems, scientific and testing laboratories and others; Research on the solar thermal market in Bulgaria for different sectors (dwelling buildings, public buildings, hotels, sports complex, industry, etc.), as well as for the different types of collectors (seasonal and all year utilization); Assistance to implementation of Third Party Financing and also of Guaranteed Solar Results; Organization of information campaigns, aimed mainly at the potential users;

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Assistance to local producers of elements for solar thermal systems for testing of their products in respective laboratories; Assistance for establishment in Bulgaria of joint venture companies for implementation of the newest technologies for production of elements for the solar thermal systems.

2.2.3. Solar Radiation


The solar radiation reaching earth surface is a main source of renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy, water energy, biomass, energy of the sea tide). It is a source for classical energy sources as well. Bulgaria receives vastly amount of solar energy because of its southern lay and comparatively small amount of cloudiness. Information for the solar radiation in different places received on horizontal and differently oriented tilted surfaces in different places is important for practical aims. There are several methods for its estimation, but theoretical and experimental ones are the basis. Few numbers of meteorological stations measuring the total solar radiation are on available the earth surface. That is why it is necessary oblique methods for its estimation to be used. In Bulgaria the average annual period of sunshine is about 2.100 hours, in some of its regions it may reach 2.500 hours (i.e. the range is from 1.450 to 1.600 kWh/m annually).

Solar energy zones in Bulgaria; annual distribution of total solar radiation


The air temperature characteristic of the climate is a result from the solar radiation intensity and depends on the amount of thermal energy, radiated from the surface of the earth during its 24-hour and annual cycles. The solar monthly radiation changes during the year from 41-52 kWh/m2 in January till 200-238 kWh/m2 in July. Annually, on horizontal surface, for different sites, the total solar radiation varies between 1400 kWh/m2 and 1674 kWh/m2. This energy is coming mainly during the summer and spring seasons, particularly during the average weather conditions. Significant for solar systems are not the highest temperatures, but the average summer temperatures.

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Calculated temperature in C - zoning according to minimal temperatures.

Average summer temperatures per 24 hours.

The average annual temperature in the country is 10.5 C. In winter, the average temperature in the country is about 0 C. The lowest temperature 38. 3 C was measured in 1947. The average monthly temperatures for the capital city of Sofia range from 3.7C in December to 28.2C in August. The geographical layout of Bulgaria makes the country suitable for solar energy utilization. Over 80% of the territory of Bulgaria is suitable for utilization of solar energy. Currently, mainly hotel, residential and smaller-size industry solar energy heat collectors and very few photovoltaic modules utilize a symbolic percentage of the total potential. The main obstacle is the relatively high initial investment in solar energy utilization equipment. Traditional solar panels are sold mainly for the construction of hotel and commercial building projects for hot-water supply. In Bulgaria, the average annual period of sunshine is about 2 100 hours. In some of its regions it may reach 2 500 hours (i.e. the range is from 1 410 to 1 600 kWh/ m2 annually of solar energy resources for the country. The assessment of experimental data from some 40 meteorological stations has shown that in this respect the country can be divided into three solar zones: Zone I, Zone II and Zone III. In each zone this energy amount is multiplied by 1.1 with inclination of the receiving plane 00 , 210 , 300 , 420 31

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and 900 to SOUTH orientation. IN BULGARIA, THE FOLLOWING INCLINATIONS FOR COLLECTOR OPERATION ARE RECOMMENDED:
300 in the summer 420 for the whole year An example for the solar radiation density is illustrated with more detailed data for Zone III at inclinations 420 and 900 , also for 5 different orientations. In each of the Zones, the conclusion holds true that the amount of solar radiation absorbed at various orientations depends on the angle of inclination of the collector field. If the angle of tilt is below 200 , the significance of inclination is negligible (solar energy gains are equal) whereas above it its influence, upon the total radiation value, the component of direct radiation included, becomes higher. The data from table 4 can be used also for the other solar zones by correction factors, because the character of changes remains the same.

Table 1 Zone I M/ Tilt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 00


1.94 3.09 4.05 5.58 6.60 7.39 7.90 6.98 5.67 3.91 2.46 1.83 1413

210
2.24 3.68 4.48 5.91 6.62 7.24 7.73 7.30 6.45 4.85 2.92 2.14 1506

300
2.33 3.85 4.56 5.90 6.48 7.00 7.49 7.24 6.60 5.13 3.05 2.23 1608

420
2.41 3.98 4.57 5.74 6.15 6.54 7.00 6.69 6.63 5.36 3.17 2.31 1472

900
2.18 3.45 3.52 3.78 3.56 3.46 3.67 4.17 4.81 4.63 2.87 2.11 973

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10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


Annual distribution in plane of light incidence 00 , 210 , 300 , 420 , 900 and south orientation; Zone I Table 2 Zone II M/ Tilt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 00
2.15 3.25 4.22 5.73 6.29 7.26 7.74 7.20 5.89 3.93 2.62 2.10 1482

O degrees 21 degrees 30 degrees 42 degrees 90 degrees

210
2.39 3.61 4.47 6.00 6.25 7.13 7.63 7.49 6.59 4.57 2.96 2.37 1583

300
2.47 3.71 4.50 5.98 6.12 6.92 7.42 7.42 6.72 4.75 3.06 2.46 1585

420
2.53 3.77 4.46 5.84 5.83 6.50 6.98 7.16 6.74 4.88 3.14 2.54 1584

900
2.34 3.27 3.53 4.09 3.82 3.81 4.01 4.53 5.04 4.21 2.88 2.41 1009

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10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


Annual distribution in plane of light incidence 00 , 210 , 300 , 420 , 900 and south orientation; Zone II

O degrees 21 degrees 30 degrees 42 degrees 90 degrees

Table 3 Zone III M/ Tilt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 00


2.23 3.31 4.25 5.77 6.83 7.64 8.12 7.37 6.03 4.19 2.72 2.15 1565

210
2.50 3.69 4.49 6.05 6.84 7.50 7.99 7.67 6.76 5.00 3.05 2.41 1691

300
2.58 3.78 4.52 6.03 6.71 7.27 7.67 7.61 6.91 5.24 3.14 2.48 1700

420
2.41 3.98 4.57 5.74 6.15 6.54 7.00 6.96 6.63 5.36 3.17 2.31 1668

900
2.68 3.95 4.02 4.28 4.06 3.96 4.17 4.67 5.31 5.13 3.37 2.61 1101

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10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O degrees 21 degrees 30 degrees 42 degrees 90 degrees

Annual distribution in plane of light incidence 00 , 210 , 300 , 420 , 900 and south orientation; Zone III Table 4 ZoneIII Tilt 900 Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total S
2.68 3.95 4.02 4.28 4.06 3.96 4.17 4.67 5.31 5.13 3.37 2.61 1101

SE
2.35 3.20 3.51 4.64 4.90 4.92 5.07 4.97 5.20 4.53 2.98 2.35 1115

EW
1.93 2.47 3.00 4.41 5.21 5.38 5.40 4.77 4.51 3.54 2.45 1.93 1006

SW
2.46 3.75 4.02 4.37 4.29 4.53 5.29 5.51 5.27 4.55 3.01 2.34 1137

W
2.01 2.91 3.47 4.12 4.27 4.78 5.94 5.51 4.58 3.56 2.48 1.92 1022

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6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S SW S SE EW SW W

Annual distribution of quantity of solar radiation kWh/ m2 according to slope of collector field and its orientation; Zone III Table 4 Zone III Tilt 420 Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total S
2.41 3.98 4.57 5.74 6.15 6.54 7.00 6.96 6.63 5.36 3.17 2.31 1668

SE
2.18 3.42 4.09 5.72 6.50 6.68 7.12 6.64 6.21 4.82 2.89 2.12 1601

EW
1.79 2.65 3.45 5.25 6.39 6.84 6.90 5.98 5.22 3.74 2.38 1.75 1412

SW
2.25 3.82 4.50 5.48 5.87 6.44 7.33 7.14 6.28 4.83 2.90 2.12 1612

W
1.87 3.08 3.94 4.93 5.47 6.20 7.33 6.67 5.31 3.76 2.40 1.74 1422

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8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 1 0,00 W 3 5 9 11 S 7 S SE EW SW W

Annual distribution of quantity of solar radiation kWh/ m2 according to slope of collector field and its orientation; Zone III Air Temperature
The air temperature characteristic of the climate is a result of the solar radiation intensity and depends on the amount of thermal energy, radiated from the surface of the earth during its 24 hour and annual cycles. Air temperature affects the thermal conditions of the surrounding structures and (by its extreme and average values) the adjustment of the heating and air conditioning systems in constructions, as well as the solar energy heating systems. Thus for instance, the capacity of heating systems depends on the calculated temperatures for the respective region (N.B: the lowest winter temperatures). Temperatures are also decisive when one has to determine the respective thermal insulation requirements of particular buildings.

2.2.4. Local bodies, prescribers, certification Solar energy laboratories, test centers, existing laboratories with relevant addresses and contacts.
There is only one experimental laboratory in Bulgaria equipped for testing the characteristics of solar collectors. The laboratory is not recognized as certification body. It is established at the Central Laboratory of Solar Energy and New Energy Sources (CLSENES) Bulgarian Academy of Science (BAS). Prof. Petko Vitanov Chief of CLSENES in BAS Tzarigradsko chausse Blvd 72 1784 Sofia Tel. +359 2 778 448 Fax. +359 2 754 016 Some companies have simple testing facilities. For example: ERATO 67 Saedinenie Blvd

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EAST GSR Project 6300 Haskovo Tel. +359 38 662 012 Fax. +359 38 661 356 E-mail: toplo@erato.bg www.erato.bg

WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential

ECOTHERMAL 47 Slivnitza Str. 8000 Bourgas Tel. +359 56 814 215 Fax. +359 56 841 522 E-mail: ecothermal@ecothermal-bg.com www.ecothermal-bg.com

Solar energy certification


In Annex 3.2.1 is given a list of existing Bulgarian standards for Thermal solar systems and components. In Bulgaria there is not a body or a laboratory that are authorized to give certificates for solar thermal installations.

List of main technical offices and prescribers with relevant addresses and contacts : see the tables in 2.2.2 List of existing training organizations and specialized professional schools:
Technical University of Sofia 8 Kliment Ohridski Str 1000 Sofia www.tu-sofia.bg Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines Ass. Prof. Merima Zlateva Tel. +359 2 965 2509 E-mail: mzlat@tu-sofia.bg University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia 1 Hristo Smirneneski Blvd. 1421 Sofia Tel. +359 2 963 5245 Telex. +359 2 865 6863 www.vaceg.bg Ass. Prof. Rossen Savov 23a Lyulyakova Gradina Str. 1113 Sofia Tel. +359 887 333 217 E-mail: rossen@savov.net

Companies and manufacturers: see the tables in 2.2.2 2.2.5. Products


Types of products available (collectors, family water heaters) Quality of product

At the present moment in Bulgaria there are several producers of flat plate solar collectors. They are manufactured from different materials like copper, aluminium, iron or plastic. They usually have black

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surface, painted or selective. In Bulgaria there is no production of vacuum-tube collectors and selective absorbers. The heat storage equipment is produced by a number of companies in Bulgaria. The quality of available products on the Bulgarian market can be estimated as good. It should be mentioned that solar thermal systems have no energy performance guarantee. The EAST-GSR campaign should improve the quality of the whole solar thermal systems with regards to its goal production of hot water with guaranteed results. Below is given an example for individual house in the village of Bistritza, near Sofia, in the Vitosha mountain at 1,100 meters above the sea level. A four-member family inhabits the house all the year around.

A private house in Bistritsa (near Sofia) with a pumped solar system (3,6m2/120l)
Two collectors are installed, each of them with an area of 1,8 m2 and an area of the absorber 1,6 m2. The collectors have an aluminum absorber with eight tubes and mineral wool insulation. Their weight is 31 kg each. The boiler capacity is 120 l. The price of one collector is 155 Euro and the price of the whole installation is 950 Euro.

2.2.6. Distribution, marketing, after sales Distribution network. In chapter 2.2.2 is given a list of manufacturers and distributors of solar thermal equipment and also a list of eligible suppliers and installers of solar water heaters. 39

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Existing awareness campaigns or tools. During the last 15 years in Bulgaria there is no state programme to encourage the use of solar thermal energy and no awareness campaigns of national importance have been held. Guarantees proposed after sales service. At the moment of purchase of equipments for solar thermal systems the qualities of the various components (solar collectors, tanks, etc.) are guaranteed for a certain number of years. There is no practice of concluding agreements for guaranteed solar result

2.2.7. Barriers to overcome for implementation of solar thermal installations


The barriers for development of RES and especially for solar thermal installations are as follows:

i.

Institutional barriers: Lack of a national program for the development of renewable energy sources and the related technologies; The various state institutions, although having a positive attitude towards renewables, still do not pay the necessary attention to these energy sources; Lack of regional and municipal structures, dealing with energy planning and utilization of RES; There are no authorized laboratories for quality control of the produced equipment. Lack of related codes and standards covering the technical requirements of the equipment and installations. Financial barriers: The are no state funds in Bulgaria for development of RES utilization and technologies. Such a fund would support to a greater extent the implementation of various RES projects, including solar thermal installations; The Bulgarian commercial banks have very prudent crediting policy high interest rate (usually over 15%) and credit guarantee more than 125%. They abstain from granting long term credits. Currently, this burdens the small and medium size enterprises in producing solar collectors and solar thermal installations; In some cases, the renewables energy is still more expensive than the consumer price of heat and electricity. The pay back period for solar thermal installations, in most of the cases, is more than 5 years; Lack of financial stimulus for production, import and installing of solar systems; Lack of money in the state budget for implementing of solar collectors for DHW in buildings of state and municipal ownership. The high investment cost for solar thermal systems and relatively low price of electricity are preconditions for the slow introduction of solar thermal systems. Legal framework: The Energy Law (adopted in 2003) treats only the promotion of electric energy generation from RES and co generation of heat and electricity. Renewables are still not considered a priority in legislation and there are no incentives for their utilization, including solar thermal installation as well. At present a law for RES is underway. This still draft law aims to increase RES utilization. The expectations are the law to enter and to be discussed in the Parliament at the end of 2006.
40

ii.

iii.

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iv.

The changes in Proprietary Law with a view to easier mounting of installations in multi story privately owned buildings. In cases of newly built buildings or in case of modernization of buildings, state or municipally owned, the project prescribes solar collectors to be installed.

Market barriers: Insufficiently developed commercial network and connected to it market activities; Insufficient highly qualified technical service; Necessity of information companies; Lack of an authorized laboratory for quality control of the produced equipment.

Opportunities assisting RES (including solar energy) The prices of conventional energy have increased many times. Nevertheless, the energy market is still not liberalized. Under the international pressure for liberalization on the energy sector, the energy prices soon will be in line with the international levels and RES will be more competitive. Environmental awareness is growing and RES are seen as a clean future source of energy.
Decentralization of the state regulation and larger autonomy of the local and regional authorities lead to development of their natural resources as they see triple dividends: environmental improvement, economic development and increased employment.

2.3.

Sectorial Approach
Number of hotels per category Year of construction Occupancy rate (%)

2.3.1. Hotel sector

In Annex 2.3.1.1 are given data for development in period 2002 2005 for all the accommodation facilities with more than 30 beds hotels, motels, chalets, etc. They are data for beds available provided as well. Bed nights are calculated as amassing the number of beds for every day of the given period, in which they were available, regardless of the fact whether they were occupied or not. It is visible from the data the rapid growth in tourism in Bulgaria in recent years. For the three years period only 2002 2005 the number of accommodation facilities is increased with 70% from 914 to 1555. The number of beds is increased with 54% from 143 707 in 2002 to 221 144 in 2005. And the number of night lodgings from 10 285 668 to 16 071 313 or with 56%. In Annex 2.3.1.2 are given data for 2005 for all accommodation facilities, total and in regional divisions. It is visible from the table that main line for tourist development in Bulgaria is along the Black sea coast (Bourgas and Varna) and in mountains (Smolyan).

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In the following table are given the percentage (by years) the division of bed nights in accommodation facilities by category from the total. Year % 1 and 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars 5 stars and special Total

2001
39 44 12 5 100

2002
32 46 16 6 100

2003
33 40 22 5 100

2004
28 38 27 7 100

It is very symptomatic the decrease of bed nights in accommodation facilities 1,2 and 3 stars and the increase in 4,5 stars and in special category. That means increase of the comfort, and hence the increase of hot water uses (baths, water rehabilitation procedures, and pools). Regarding the occupancy rate should be stated that it is very low, because the tourist season is relatively short. In the next table is given the development of occupancy rate.

Year Occupancy rate %

2001 29,0

2002 30,7

2003 34,8

2004 35,5

The increase of the occupancy rate is because the ambition of hotel owners to increase the customers interest to a special place or hotel through building in the hotels of business canters, rehabilitation facilities, pools, etc.

a) National tourism policy


One of the main directions of development of Bulgarian economy is the development of tourist sector.

Seaside tourism is traditionally present in Bulgarias tourist offer. Some 70% of the tourist flow is concentrated on the Bulgarian Black-sea coast. The bed capacity complies with this fact and some 60% of the countrys bed fund is located in the seaside tourist complexes. The seaside resorts and the coastline towns offer varied options for family vacationing, rest and pro-active sporting. Supply includes practicing of surfing, water ski, diving, underwater fishing, underwater archaeology, and other aquatic sport.
The yacht ports in Balchik, Varna, Nessebar, and Bourgas offer opportunities for yachting with the necessary servicing and customs services. Routs have been devised for pedestrian, biking and horseback tourism, photo- and eco-tourism, visiting natural, archaeological and cultural landmarks, trips in Bulgaria and abroad.

Mountain tourism can be viewed as winter (related to all kind of ski sports) and summer. Convenient ski runs and facilities for skiing tourism and winter sports are on offer in the mountains of Rila, Pirin, Rhodope, Vitosha, and Stara Planina (or Balkan range). The ski-season duration in the average- and high-altitude mountain resorts is up to 190 days. Ski runs total length exceeds 80 km with level differences of up to 1500 m.
Pamporovo, Borovets, Bansko and Aleko resorts have year-round functioning accommodation premises and a winter sports infrastructure (lifts, Alpine skiing and ski-running runs) undergoing renovation and development. In response to modern demand - new ski tourism centers are getting also established: Smolyan, Chepelare, Dobrinishte, Malyovitsa, Semkovo, etc. 42

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During the summer season, mountains in Bulgaria offer diverse options for active tourism and vacationing. Programmes are on offer for pedestrian, biking and horse-back tourism, hang-gliding and motor hang-gliding, parachutism, aquatic sports, rock climbing, spelaeology tourism, orientation competitions, scout camps, etc.

Balneology tourism is a traditional component of Bulgarias image as a tourist destination.


Known in Bulgaria are more than 550 spots of 1600 mineral water springs with a total debit of 4900 l./sec. In its chemical composition Bulgarian thermal mineral water is distinguished for its great diversity. Prevalent is the slightly mineralized water of various physical-and-chemical composition, biologically active microelements, temperature, and healing features. This country has 102 officially declared balneology, mud-healing and climatic resorts, of which 34 of all-national importance and 68 ones of local importance. Comfortable accommodation and servicing, medical treatment and prophylaxis in the spirit of modern requirements in the field are on offer at: the Dobroudja**** hotel in Albena, the Ambassador*** and the Imperial***** hotels at the Riviera vacation club in Zlatni Pyassatsi, the Palace**** and the Marina**** hotels in Sunny Day (Slanchev Den), the Varna***** Grand Royal hotel in St. St. Constantine and Helen, the Globus*** hotel in Slanchev Bryag, the Pomorie*** Inter-hotel in the town of Pomorie, the Sandanski**** and the Sveti Vrach***** hotels in the town of Sandanski, the Augusta*** hotel in the town of Hissarya, the Velina*** and the Kamena**** hotels in the town of Velingrad, the Velbazhd*** hotel in the town of Kyustendil, etc.

Cultural tourism a significant development is observed in recent years.


Thousand years old Bulgaria, spreading over some 2% only of the territory of Europe, surprises every new visitor with its over 30000 historic monuments (7 of which are included in the UNESCO world culture heritage list), 36 culture reserves, 160 monasteries, 330 museums and galleries. The ancient inhabitants of our lands have bequeathed to us a plenitude of monuments from different historic epochs: pre-historian finds, Thracian tombs, finds from the Ancient Greek times, Roman fortresses, historical monuments from the time of the First and the Second Bulgarian Kingdom, architectural attractions from the National Revival period, which have shaped fully or partially the face of Bulgarian towns. The ancient Thracians who lived in our lands bequeathed to us the magnificent tombs in Kazanluk and Sveshtari, included in UNESCOs world culture heritage list, and also the Valley of the Thracian Tzars, where some 15 newly discovered tombs are located. The monasteries and churches have preserved the Bulgarian spirit over the turbulent centuries in the national history. Today the most frequently visited monasteries are as follows: the Rila monastery, Bachkovo monastery, the Rozhen monastery, the Troyan monastery, the Zemen monastery, the Preobrazhenski monastery, Aladja monastery, etc. Some 20 of them offer stays to pilgrims and tourists. The hundreds of churches, which have preserved unique specimen of the Bulgarian iconographic, icon painting and wood carving schools, ancient manuscripts, etc. are worthy of the tourist attention. Veliko Tarnovo, the Ancient Plovdiv, Nessebur, Sozopol, Tryavna, Koprivshtitsa and many other towns and villages offer the possibility to feel the Bulgarian Renaissance in combination with excellent conditions for recreation and tourism.

b) Technical information
Number of hotels per category inc. number of beds, see above Main ways of hot water supply via central systems or decentralized ones Energy resources used

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Average consumption rate for hot water

Most hotels particularly in the tourist regions at the Black Sea coast have no heating. The climate is moderate in this region and most of the hotels are closed in the winter or operate at a very low level only. Probably for similar reasons heated swimming pools are very rare. Due to the climate conditions at the Black Sea coast swimming pools reach comfortable water temperature within the season through solar radiation without any equipment. Domestic Hot Water (DHW) is the most important energy-consuming sector in the hotels. Usually DHW is heated by means of electricity and takes the biggest share of a hotels electricity consumption. In almost all the hotels investigated, no other energy carriers are used and therefore the production of domestic water is the largest energy consumer in these hotels. The average electricity consumption obtained from a number of hotels is 3,3 kWh/ overnight. DHW accounts for 45 55% of total electricity consumption, or 1,7 kWh/ overnight approximately, according to technical staff estimates. The Bulgaria norms for the water supply foreseen for the hotels are as follows:

Hotels with a shower in each room (three star category)


Hot water (600 C) Daily demand Hourly demand 140 l/ person 18 l/ person Cold water 90 l/ person 11 l/ person

Hotels with a bath tub in each room (three star category and higher)
Hot water (600 C) 250 l/ person 24 l/ person Cold water 150 l/ person 13 l/ person

c) Relevant regulations for solar market in the hotel sector


There are no obligations for use of solar systems in hotel sector.

d) Hotel sector organization


Information about the ownership structure About 99, 5% of hotel sector is owned by private companies. The main wave of privatization in the hotel sector in Bulgaria ended in 2000; all of the newly built hotels are private. There are some big holiday resorts in Bulgaria, like Sunny beach, Riviera, Albena, Rusalka, Borovets, Pamporovo etc.

Important associations or organizations of the national hotel sector are: State Agency for Tourism web: www.bulgariatravel.org Bulgarian Hotel & Restaurant Association web: www.bhra-bg.org

Have these actors been involved in solar thermal campaigns or programs in the past?

No one was involved in any campaign in implementing of solar thermal systems. The reason for this is that after the state program for wide implementation of solar systems (1977 1990) there was no state campaign or initiative for wider implementation of solar systems. The mounted solar systems of significant numbers of new hotels along Black sea are because of the economic interests i.e. the generation of DHW economically is much more effective than its generation from electricity or other source. 44

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Solar systems in hotels on Black Sea: 1. Hotel Elit Balchik; 2. Hotel Iberostar Sunny beach resort; 3. Hotel Albatross Primorsko; 4. Hotel Arabella Albena resort

2.3.2. Housing Sector in Bulgaria


Number of dwellings and structure (apartments, single family houses, multi family houses) Year of construction Share of privately owned and rented dwellings in multi family houses\ Vacancy rate

In Bulgaria the last Public Census year is 2001. The total number of inhabitants in Bulgaria towards December 2001 is 7 928 000, towards December 2003 is 7 801 300. The total number of households is 2 911 341 and the total number of dwellings is 3 688 802 (December 2001). For December 2003 the total number of dwellings is 3 697 000. On the following diagram is given the development of total dwellings and their division on villages and towns.
4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1965 1975 1985 2001

total in towns in villages

Dwellings stock by Public Census years

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Towards 01.03.2001 the housing stock in Bulgaria amounted to 3 688 802 dwellings from which 328 726 in buildings for temporarily inhabitation (rest houses, villas, etc.) and 7 851 are primitive dwellings. The amount of the other dwellings is 3 352 225. The uninhabited housings represent 15.9% of the whole dwelling stock; this is due mainly to the decrease of the population (from 1992 to 2001 the population has decreased by 554 333 people). Average no. of inhabitants per dwelling is 2,7 (2001).
For building of collective solar system its important as well the number of storey of a building, so as the number of housings in the building. In the following table are given the number of dwelling buildings by number of storey.
OF DWELING BUILDINGS 740450 1384083 2124533 100 1 410987 951668 1362655 64.1 Number of storeys 2 3-5 247846 65239 419364 12976 667210 78215 31.4 3.7 6 and more 16378 75 16453 0.8

In towns In villages TOTAL %

Dwelling buildings by number of storey


In the table below is given the development of inhabited dwelling buildings, according to the number of housings in them.
1 housing 2 housings 3-5 housings 6-9 housings 10-19 housings 20-49 housings 50 and more housings Total 1985 1459482 112135 40472 9790 9145 10286 6548 1647858 2001 1259087 156913 50846 11671 11183 11378 8741 1509819

Inhabited dwelling buildings according to the number of housings in them


In the following table is given the of dwellings, depending of their period of construction. Period of construction Until 1945 1946-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 Since 1991 Total No. of individual apartments 23% 24% 24% 15% 9% 5% 100%

In the following diagram is given, according the year of construction, the of dwelling buildings in towns and villages.

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2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000


total in towns in villages

500000 0 1926 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 2001

Dwelling buildings by Public Census years


Regarding the share of privately owned, it should be stated that, one of the characteristics of Bulgarian people is the desire to have own house. According to the statistic 97 % of the dwellings are private. From them the owner occupied are 91%, 5 % are rented and 1% are occupied by owner and tenant. Municipalities or state owns the rest 3%. In Annex 2.3.2.1 is given the number of dwellings by year of construction and their division by villages and towns.

The total amount of municipality and state dwellings is 109068. 95802 of these dwellings are in the towns. 82563 of them are permanently occupied and most of them are in blocks of flats erected with prefabricated concrete panels. 13266 dwellings are located in villages; most of them are very old and cant ensure any comfort. The number of dwellings owned by municipality decreases constantly. This is due to the lack of funds for the erection of new dwellings and the trend to sale the dwellings to the tenants.
12773 dwellings are owned by corporations (companies, institutes, etc.), which rent them to their staff. In Annex 2.3.2.2 is given the number of dwelling buildings (3 and more storey), which according to the National Program for Refurbishment and according to expert assessment are subject to complete refurbishment. Here should be stated once more that is recommended when refurbishment is underway to be regard as the possibility for implementing of solar systems for DHW.

a) National policy
As 97 % of the dwelling stock is privately owned, the main laws concern the dwellings in blocks of flats. The management and the maintenance of blocks of flats are realized in accordance with:

The Law for ownership and The Rules for management, order and control in the blocks of flats.

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In cases when different parts of the building are owned by different persons, common are: land over which is erected the building, foundations, external walls, internal walls that separate the different parts of the building, roofs, main lines of all installations, etc. Each owner has the obligation to share the costs needed for the maintenance and the refurbishment of the building according to his part.

Experts from the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works elaborate a proposal for a new Law for ownership in February 2006. It is expected that this law will be adopted till the end of 2006. This proposal includes among others: General Provisions
This law settles the public relations, bounded with the management of the joint areas in residential buildings, in which separated flats, or part of the building belongs to different owners. The law is for residential buildings, on three and more floors, in which the flats are at least 60% of total build up area. For the managing of joint parts in the residential buildings in joint ownership, Associations of owners can be formed. The main goal of the Association is to maintain the building in good condition, according to requirements for peoples health and live preservation, their property preservation, fire safety regulations and environment protection.

Formation and managing of Association of the owners


Association Assembly:

Take the Agreement for Association of owners formation; Take the Interior Regulation Book for the joint ownership; Set the procedure for the way joint parts will be managed; Choose the Directorate council, respectively Director and in case of expediency Monitoring council. The Association has to be legally verified. In case of sale of property in the building, the agreement is re signed from the buyer as part of the sale contract. The Association of owners Supreme body in Assembly of owners. In the Assembly every member has one vote, corresponding of his share in joint parts of the building. The decisions, accepted from the Assembly of the owners are executed in the terms, set by the body itself, if such terms have not been set in seven days from receiving written invitation from the Chairman of Directorate council or from the Director. Assembly of the Association of the owners is at least once a year.

The Assembly held is legitimate, if presented or represented owners posses more than three fourths from the ideal parts of the joint parts of the building.

Chapter Three: Rights and Obligations of Owners and Dwellers


Every dweller of flat or part of the building, using his parts of the building is obliged not to make or to allow acts or activities, which can put the building into risk, or to endanger the construction.

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Every dweller of flat or part of the building is obliged to grant access to his premises for researching, designing, measuring or construction works, related to improvement, repairs, or changes in joint parts or foreign premises. The owners are bounded:

To maintain in good condition the adjoining terrain of the building as well as green belt near it, according to the relevant municipal provisions; Not to make on building faade changes, as a result of which the composition with the other parts of the building is breached, or are not derived from an architectural design.

The owner is responsible for the damages, done to the other premises in the building or to joint parts from him, or from persons, living with him, as well as from persons, inhabiting his property.

Maintenance of joint parts of the buildings


Mutual current expenses for electricity, water, cleaning, etc of joint parts of the entry, as well as for a door keeper, are shared equally, depending of the number of dwellers. The Assembly of owners set up and maintain Reserve fund. The raising of money for Reserve fund is with obligatory installments of all members. The Assembly may apply for financing of projects, for increasing energy efficiency from Energy Efficiency Fund and for implementation of solar system.

b) Technical information
a. Main ways of hot water supply via central systems or decentralized ones (electricity) b. Energy resources used c. Average consumption rates for hot water and space heating (kWh/ m2 a) In Bulgaria there are 25 districts heating companies (for heating and DHW) located in 25 cities. Most of them are private companies, other are municipality owned. In Bulgaria there is only one district heating company and one electricity distribution company per town. In order to avoid an ungrounded increase of the prices because of this exclusive situation the prices of the district heating, the State Commission on Energy and Water Regulation regulates the electricity and water. The rest of the population dont have district heating and mainly use electric boilers for DHW. In the villages and small towns the households uses combined stoves on firewoods and coals. The combined stoves apart for cooking are used for heating the water as well. The hot water can be used as DHW and in winter as a local heating for the house. For average consumption of hot water per person, the district heating companies (in the cases when heat meter is not used) assume 3 m3 per person per month. For average space heating consumption in kWh/m2 is very hard to be collected real data, because the main part of the population, who lives in villages in small towns, lives in small houses with significant area. In the winter maximum one or two rooms are heated. Some premises, like bedrooms are heated only during the evening hours. Hence the thermal comfort of one very big part of Bulgarian population is under the desired level. In the following diagram is given the energy consumption in the household sector for the period 19972003, as well as shares of the fuel energy in the same sector.

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ktoe

Energy consumption in households sector For the period 1997 - 2003

2500

2000 Liquid fuels 1500 coals Electric energy 1000 Heat energy timber total 500

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 year 2001 2002 2003

The diagram shows that the annual energy consumption for 1997-2003 is between 2000 and 2500 ktoe. The growing use of burning wood, more than two times, is also taken into account. This is due to the fact that the price of biomass is the lowest and furthermore the biomass is local product and in many cases is available at very low local prices. The next diagram shows the shares of fuels and energies in the household sector.

SHARES of fuels and energies in sector HOUSEHOLDS


40 35 30 25 % 20 15 10 5 0 0,4 1,3 0,0 0,1 gas Liquid fuels 8,1 17,1 20,5 1997 2003 25,7 38,1 34,7 27,8 26,3

coals El. energy Heat energy

timber

The highest share of energy consumption in households has electric energy. For the period 1997 2003 it is between 38,1% and 34,7%, when in the other European countries it is between 10 12 %. For the period 1997 2003 the share of fire woods increases from 8,1 to 26,3% and now significantly surpasses the share of the heat energy (20,5%).

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In the following diagram is given as well the specific consumption of energy per one household for the period 1997 2003.
toe/household s 1,0 Specific consumption of energy in sector HOUSEHOLDS in the period 1997 - 2003

0,9

0,8

0,7 1997

1998

1999

2000 y ear

2001

2002

2003

When in our country the specific energy consumption per household is about 0,83 toe/ household, in the EU countries it is 1,7 toe/ household, i.e. twice more. After the period of decrease, in 2001 the specific energy consumption began to increase on average 6,7 annually, i.e faster than the GDP growth.

kW h/ h sehold ou 4000 3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 1997

S pecificconsum ptionof electricenergyinH U E O Ssector O S H LD For theperiod1997- 2003

1998

1999

2000 year

2001

2002

2003

On the above graphics is shown the specific consumption of electric energy in households. The downtrend is clearly visible, which is due to the increased electric energy prices for households and the resulted decrease of electric energy used for heating. The electric energy consumption in households is divided as follows:

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15 % for heating 75% for house appliances, incl. cooking and hot water 10% for lighting

Over 75% for the consumed in households fuels and energies are for heating and DHW. After 2001 there is an increase of the use of thermal energy with about 13% annually, which is significantly faster that the average increase. The conclusion that households quickly recover the lost thermal comfort may be drawn. This is valid for the consumers of thermal energy after 2002 too. In the following is shown prognosis for the development of households consumption until 2015. An increase in the end energy consumption is proscribed. Along with the common tendency there is an increase of the use of all fuels and energies, except of electric energy. It trend will decrease because of the rapid introduction of public gas services. The natural gas is strong competitor of electric energy (where it is used for heating, DHW and cooking).

Fuels and energy consumption in sector HOUSEHOLDS. Prognosis


ktoe

3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 year coals Electric energy Heat energy timber total gas Liquid fuels

c) Relevant regulations for the solar market in building sector


After 1990 in Bulgaria started reforms, toward the implementation of market economy. The prices of energy sources increased considerably during the last decade and the trend is that this increase will continue. On the other hand, as a country in process of accession to the EU, Bulgaria has to improve its legislative framework and to harmonize it with the legislation of the member states of the EU. Understanding these problems the government passed the Energy and Energy Efficiency Law in July

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1999. This law was modified and complemented in December 2001. In the law is stated that: one of the aims of the law is the improvement of the energy efficiency. Articles 139 and 140 state State Policy for promotion of energy efficiency and production of electric energy and thermal energy from renewable energy sources is a component of the energy policy of the country and is implemented by the Minister of Industry and Energy. In order to improve the legislative framework concerning the energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources and the rational use of energy, the Bulgarian government passed two new laws: Energy Law Energy Efficiency Act

In the present moment they are amendments underway to the Energy Law. There is a new special law in preparation for Renewable Energy Sources. The aim of this law is to stimulate the use of RES. It is provided the law to be brought before the Parliament in September 2006 and to be adopted until the end of 2006. In Bulgarian legislation respective regulations are included the principles of: Directive 2002/ 91/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of EU from 16.12.2002, regarding the energy characteristics of the buildings. Directive 2003/ 87/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of EU from 13.10.2003, which introduce scheme for trading with the greenhouse gases emissions in the Union.

d) Housing sector organization

Information about the ownership structure of the housing sector Important associations or organizations of the housing sector Have these actors been involved in solar thermal campaigns or programs in the past?

According to the statistic 97% of the dwellings are private. From them the owner occupied are 91%, 5% are rented and 1% are occupied by owner and tenant. Municipalities or state owns the rest 3%. In Bulgaria there are none important associations or organizations of the housing sector.

2.3.3. Other sectors to be considered


The sectors to be considered are the one with clear and monthly permanent hot water needs. Other sectors to be potentially concerned by collective solar thermal installations are:

Health (hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, retirement homes) Sport (dressing room showers in stadiums and gymnasiums, public swimming pools) Education (boarding schools, canteens) Industry (laundries, fruit and vegetable processing, car cleaning) Other public buildings (army barracks)

During the recent years, within the PHARE projects different solar thermal demo projects have been implemented. In Annex 2.2.1.1 are presented technical data and financial and ecological benefits for projects in hospitals in Southern Bulgaria. The Health Institutions (hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, etc.) are not privately owned and now they suffer hardships, and have financial difficulties in their work. The state health institutions dont have funds to invest, so they dont have any possibility to build solar thermal systems. Private health institutions are small in size and number. In the adopted from the government Energy Efficiency Programme is provided for health institutions to implement energy efficient measures. The implementation of solar systems is by far considered energy

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efficient measure, so theProgramme realization need to be taken into account the possibility of implementing of solar thermal systems. In Annex 2.2.1.2 are given the financial and technical data for 5 projects (one in kindergarten, three in industry and one in sanatorium). It should be stated that the mentioned projects are just a single cases. From their part, they may serve as an example for solar thermal systems implementation.

Solar systems at: Residential building in Sofia (top left); Home for elderly people Plovdiv (bottom right); Home for elderly people Silistra (bottom left); Residential building in Simeonovo district (top right).

2.3.4. Domestic hot water needs evolution by sector


For each sector, it will be necessary to have proactive scenarios and estimations of domestic hot water needs according to the national evolution for each sector for the next 10 years. Based on these scenarios, the global financial requirements will be sized in connection with national strategy and objectives. Specific factors such as unsatisfied hot water needs (when existing) or electric networks overload in connection with the thermal uses of electricity for hot water production will be analyzed from an economic point of view. To get a complete market overview on the main reasons of utilization of Solar Thermal Equipment, the following should be mentioned: For domestic system ensuring the needs of hot water is assumed that the necessary volume of hot water per day for one person is around 60 liters with temperature 45oC. In accordance with the type of the used collector this is achieved with 1 to 2 m2 of collector surface. When it concerns

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big systems like hotels, restaurants and others, calculations are made evaluating more factors like coefficient of filling in, season and etc. With the choice of a system and components, the geographical region is taken into account; whether the system will be used all the year around (the utilization of vacuum tube collectors is recommended). The monthly savings depend on the quantity of hot water, which will be used, the volume of the boiler and the price of the conventional energy, which is used for additional heating of the water. For a four member family, the used water is around 240 liters/ day, which makes in average 3,500 kWh/ year or 245 / year, if electrical energy is used at an average price of 0,07 / kWh. A well-designed system should ensure between 50% and 85% solar contribution and saving from the traditional bill. This makes a pure profit between 130 /year and 230 /year. Much more accurate and optimistic is the method of discount of the cash flows, which assess the inflation, the increase of the prices of the conventional fuels and electrical energy. Solar water heating systems are always installed with an additional source of heating. It supplies hot water in case of exhaustion, a bad day, so that there is always water in the boiler ready for use. In any case, for optional utilization of the solar system and for more savings, the consumption of hot water should be evenly distributed in the days of the week. This would decrease the utilization of a source for additional heating. The price of a mounted solar installation (250 litres) depends on the type of collectors, the type of the system and the concrete conditions of the site, but in general it is between 770 and 2 560 . Why is the difference so big? The price and the effectiveness of the system depend on some variables:

Number of months, during which solar heated water will be used; Size and type of the system thermo siphon does not require specialized automation; Type of collectors the flat plate collectors operate from April till October, in comparison to the all the year- around vacuum tube collectors; Type of roof on which the collectors will be installed are there any additional stands needed; Professional or Do it yourself system.

The main problem for the implementation of Solar Thermal Systems is the required investments. Unfortunately, in Bulgaria the government does not offer any financial alleviation. Except for own funding, some firms offer leasing with a period equal to the one expected for pay back of the investment, but not longer than 3 years. Before taking the decision what type of collectors to be bought, an answer to the following main question should be given: What is the purpose of the system and how much time will it be used during the year? With seasonal use, like bungalow, villa at the seaside or in the Balkan, a not expensive and efficient in the summer collector should be chosen. Such are the flat plate collectors with black painted absorbers. Most of the collectors used in the country are of this type. They are produced in the country or are imported from neighboring countries with significantly more favorable for their utilization climate Greece, Turkey. If the necessities are in a greater time period, for example they include also the transitional seasons (spring, autumn); a good choice is investment in selective flat plate collectors. In Bulgaria there is no technology and capacity for production of selective absorbers, yet. Around ten companies are known in the world, which produce such absorbers. In Bulgaria there are two importers of selective absorbers, but the produced collector, is far away from the world level for quality and does not meet the standards of the industry. 55

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For the winter, the collectors, which could operate in an extreme climate, even in cloudy weather, are vacuum tube collectors with heating tubes. The Solar Thermal Equipment market in Bulgaria is rapidly developing, but it is still in an initial phase. Apart from the professional producers in Bulgaria and the professional distributors, as well, there are a number of producers and suppliers who work unprofessionally. Of particular importance is that the clients contacts an engineering company, which will not only offer delivery of the components of a Solar Thermal System, but will also design it, install it and will maintain the installations. Otherwise, the system could be not accurately sized or mounted unprofessionally and the expected effect will not be achieved. For Bulgaria, of special importance is the way of protection of the systems against freezing. The most popular way is the utilization of propylene glycol mixture with water. The system as a type should be executed in a way that it implements an indirect contact between the working (solar) fluid with the domestic water through heat exchanger.

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3. Identification of economic and financial requirements for a wide dissemination of the GSR concept (subtask 2.2) 3.1.

The institutions
Ministerial structures Institutions totally or partially concerned by solar energy Energy companies (electricity, gas) Energy agencies (national or local)

The Bulgarian cabinet is consisted of following ministries and agencies: 1. Ministry of Education 2. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry 3. Ministry of Culture 4. Ministry of Defense 5. Ministry of Disaster Management Policy 6. Ministry of Economy & Energy Address: Sofia, 8 Slavianska Str. Phone: ++359294071 web: www.mi.government.bg 7. Ministry of Environment & Waters Address: Sofia, 67 Gladstone Str. Phone: ++35929406331 web: www.moew.government.bg 8. Ministry of European Affairs 9. Ministry of Finance 10. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 11. Ministry of Health 12. Ministry of Interior 13. Ministry of Justice 14. Ministry of Labor & Social Policy 15. Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works 16. Ministry of Public Administration 17. Ministry of Transport 18. State Agency for Youth and Sport 19. State Agency for Tourism Ministries more closely related to solar thermal utilization in Bulgaria are Ministry of Economy & Energy and Ministry of Environment & Waters. At present there are 3 energy companies in Bulgaria: CEZ Bulgaria web: http://www.cezbg.com/ (part of CEZ, Czech Republic), which operates energy distribution grid in Western Bulgaria (Sofia region, Sofia city and Pleven), E. On AG web: http://www.eon-bulgaria.com/english/index.htm (part of E.On, Germany), which operates energy distribution grid in Eastern Bulgaria (Gorna Oriakhovitza and Varna) and EVN web: http://www.evn.bg/ (part of EVN, Austria), which operates energy distribution grid in Southern Bulgaria (Plovdiv, Stara Zagora). The main gas company in Bulgaria with state license for conservation, distribution and transit of natural gas is BULGARGAS Address: Sofia, Lyulin, 2 Pancho Vladigerov Blvd.

Web: http://bulgargas.com/header.php .
The biggest private company in the field of Natural gas is OVERGAS web: http://www.overgas.bg. OVERGAS has license and its built natural gas distribution networks in many Bulgarian cities.

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In the period 2001 2005 in Bulgaria were founded Energy Agencies for the promotion of energy strategies, practices and local policies in the cities of Sofia, Ruse, Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Pazardjik, Popovo, Karlovo, Dobrich and Bourgas. The following have web sites:

Energy Agency of Plovdiv; web: http://www.eap-save.org/ Energy Agency of Sofia; web: http://www.sofena.com/ Energy Agency of Ruse; web: http://www.mea.bg/

There are also regional energy centers as:

Foundation Regional Energy Center The Foundation Regional Energy Center located in Lovech acquires and transfers information, technology and know how to the region and Bulgaria. Regional Energy Centre Haskovo - The Regional Energy Centre Haskovo offers research, expert appraisal in the field of energy, energy efficiency, management and protection of environment. Sofia Energy Centre (SEC) (web: www.sec.bg ) Sofia Energy Centre was established in 1997 as a successor of European Community Energy Centre Sofia (established 1992) and has gained a lot of experience in the execution and implementation of different European energy projects in Bulgaria. During its activity period the company has been involved very successfully in different PHARE, THERMIE, SYNERGY, SAVE, ALTERNER, FP4, FP5, FP6 and IEE projects and actions. In order to ensure that we put our best efforts under each project and task it became necessary to establish a permanent co ordination team of few highly qualified experts and to involve relevant specialists depending on the specific requirements of the projects. Black Sea Regional Energy Centre The activities of Black Sea Regional Centre (http://www.bsrec.bg/ ) include energy policy and energy co operation encouragement. The Centre was established at the initiative of the European Commission (EC), under its SYNERGY Programme by Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine, and the EC. Later, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and FR Yugoslavia became a member.

Energy Related Funds and Programs Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund


The Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund (http://www.bgeef.com/) was established in November 2004 and ready for starting operation since November 2005 after ratification of all relevant treaties. The decision to create BEEF is supported by the Bulgarian legislation through the Energy Efficiency Act adopted by the Parliament in February 2004. BEEF is established and initially capitalized entirely through grants the main donors being the IBRD (World Bank), the Government of Austria, the Bulgarian Government and private Bulgarian enterprises.

3.2.

Standards and regulations


Domestic hot water regulations (in general and regarding solar energy) Existing standards concerning materials and solar installations Control organizations

Domestic hot water is covered in general by sanitary regulations. In Annex 3.2.1 is given list of existing Bulgarian Standards for Thermal Solar systems and components. The production of solar systems in Bulgaria has started since 1977. Despite that fact, up to the present moment, there are no authorized laboratories for quality control of the produced equipment and respectively the standards have not been applied.

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At the present moment, the Central Laboratory on Solar Energy and New Energy Sources to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences implements a project of the European Union, according to which an experimental test laboratory is being created (one stand) for testing of solar collectors in real conditions, according to the European standards. Up to present moment there is no control organization over production, application and exploitation of thermal solar systems.

3.3.

Economic analysis in housing and hotel sectors


Interest rates for real state investments Expected pay back times for refurbishment investments Common equity rates in housing and in the hotel sector

The interest rates for real estate investments in Bulgaria are between 6% and 14%. The rate depends from lots of factors, such as: rending period; fixed or floating; the creditability, etc. The expected pay back periods for housings are different in different districts of Bulgaria and very much depends from the state and the rate of development of the local economy. For Sofia the expected pay back period is 15 years, for Plovdiv between 16 and 18 years, for the city of Pleven is over 20 years. For the hotels in Bulgaria the pay back period is from 12 to 20 years. It depends very much from the duration of active tourist season and from the hotel location. The Common equity in the housing sector in Bulgaria hasnt been applied up to now and in the present moment dont exist here. Regarding the hotel it has been started in recent years.

3.4.

Taxes and customs duty

The custom duty when solar products and components come from EU is 0%, when they come from China they are imposed with 11,9% duty tax.

3.5.

Energy prices

The electricity prices in Bulgaria are different for households and for the industrial sector. In the following table are given the prices for active electric energy, in households and industrial sector. VAT (which is 20%) is included in the prices.
Way of measuring With three scales With two scales With one scale Zones High voltage / kWh 6.24 3.89 2.35 5.01 2.35 4.76 Middle voltage / kWh 7.0 4.35 2.66 5.57 2.66 5.32 Low voltage / kWh 8.33 5.16 3.17 6.65 3.17 6.34

Peak Day Night Day Night

The prices for households, connected to low voltage power grids, with VAT included, are as follows:
Way of measuring With two scales With one scale Zones

Day Night

Monthly consumption To 75 kWh More than 75 kWh Total consumption To 75 kWh More than 75 kWh

/ kWh 5.01 8.90 4.76 5.01 8.90

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The electricity price for big consumers (with liberalized market) is settled individually. In Annex 3.5.1 are given the prices for selling electric energy from APP Kozlodui, big TPPs, HPPs and wind power plants.

Prices for heat energy


Up to present moment, in accordance with the adopted regulatory rules a two component tariff is force for heat energy: price for capacity (/ m3 heated volume) and price for energy (/ MWh). The two component tariff result in more even monthly payments and reduction in the share of expenses for heating in the budget structure of households during the heating season. The reading of heat energy consumed is once a year, after the heating season is over, after that the annual equalization follows. From the following table is visible the evolution of the average prices (without VAT) of heat energy from 1997 onwards.

Heat Prices 1997 2005


Year / MWh 1997 7.82 1998 11.87 1999 14.53 2000 15.51 2001 15.94 2005 25.79

For households, the upper limit of two scale-selling price of heat energy from TPPs is:
1. Monthly price for power 0.03 per m3 heated volume, VAT included. 2. Price for energy 23.17 per MWh, VAT included. Energy price is paid on tariffs, depending on monthly-consumed heat energy for heating, as follows: 1. To 250 kWh/ month 17.41 per MWh, VAT included. 2. More than 250 kWh/ month 24.46 per MWh, VAT included.

Prices for natural gas


The changes in the natural gas prices in 1997 2005 are shown in the table below:

Natural gas prices for end users 1997 2005


Year / 1000 m3 1997 88.16 1998 91.85 1999 76.72 2000 109.72 2001 131.36 2005 257.18

It should be stated that there is a development in recent years of city gas power nets, mainly in areas without district heating. That will lead to use of domestic consumers of natural gas for heat energy (heating, hot water, etc.). A key factor for commercial and competitive development of the low pressure gas market, for restoring the competitiveness of the chemical industry and the production of chemical fertilizers, as well as for the rise in the interest in co generation plants burning natural gas will be the forthcoming adoption of ordinances on access to transmission and transit networks and gas storage facilities which will allow for direct contracting between suppliers and eligible customers. In the following table prices of fuels and energy for end users are given. The end user is those, who will use the heat energy from the solar collectors and will compare it to the energy price from different sources. Because of this for him are important the prices for end users.

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WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential Average prices* for end user in / kWh

Natural gas Coal Electric energy (night) Electric energy (day) Propane butane Naphtha

0.035 0.025 0.048 0.089 0.094 0.096

The prices are for 26th of July 2006.

In Annex 3.5.2 are given the developments of consumer prices during the last three years and prognosis for 2006 2008. The prices are without VAT. In Bulgaria the VAT rate is 20% for all energy carriers. It should be stated that the average energy costs for households in Bulgaria are 12% from the household budget.

Prime cost of the produced energy from RES


For comparison in the table bellow are given the average prime costs of the produced energy from RES, equalized to .
RES Hydro energy Biomass Solar panels From PV Wind energy Geothermal energy Electricity Production in / kWh 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.20 1.00 0.05 0.15 0.01 0.07 Direct heat production in lv/kWh 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.15

0.005 0.06

Below are graphics for minimal and maximal prime costs.


Comparison of the prices for produced Heat energy
0,15 /kWh 0,10 0,05

Geothermal minimal

Biomass

Solar Panels maximal

3.6.

Incentives and funding

At present there is no fund to assist the investment in RES (including solar thermal systems) but various possibilities exist, namely: The Kozloduy International Decomissioning Support Fund (KIDSF) administered by EBRD. The financial support under KIDSF could also be for utilization of RES (e.g. wind, hydro, biomass, solar). The support could be pure grant or partial financing in various co-financing structures with other loan applications;

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Usually the owners of RES projects receive a 20% discount on the principal of the loan after the completion of the project. One example of this is the solar system of 460 m2 solar collectors in Iberostar hotel in Sunny Beach. The program between USAID and some banks (credit lines). Under the programme USAID will guarantee for up to 50% of the credit. Additionally a consultant helps the clients develop the respective project; Introduction of solar collectors in the building sector is considered energy efficient and is supported by Energy Efficiency Fund; Adopting a new law on RES will help to overcome the corresponding financial incentives.

3.7.

Improvement margins
With the existing buildings analysis and optimization of the heating flows of DHW; With new buildings optimal integration of the system within the architectural and construction plan and the hot water plan: Application of the European Standards and Certification procedures. Clean energy generation, which contributes to the environmental protection; Positive socio economic impact on socially weak groups from the population; Financial support (reduces the quantities of bought imported energy resources) to the social housing; Opportunity for ESCOs to build and operate big solar thermal installations to ensure DHW for social housing and buildings with high hot water consumption (hospitals, kindergartens, etc.); From national point of view, local energy potentials are utilized and the energy independency is increased, new job opportunities are offered, pollution to the environment is reduced and most importantly, the attitude of people toward the utilization of energy and especially RES is changed.

The following recommendations could be made:

Besides, the utilization of Big Solar Thermal Installations has positive impacts as:

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4. Conclusion Bulgarian Solar Thermal Market and Guaranteed Solar Results


The energy market and especially that of solar thermal energy depends from one side on the energy demand and from other side to the different energy supply. Despite the different national situations the EU countries have yet common challenges: 12 % of the total energy consumption in 2010 to be from RES and at least 20 % in 2020. The biggest renewable energy source is solar energy therefore the creation of a strong and well structured solar thermal market is a challenge for all EU countries and especially of the new member-states.

1. The Bulgarian strategy and objectives on the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are based on the accessible potential of different types of RES. For heat energy consumption it is foreseen to increase with speed at about 4%. The prognosis is based on the significantly lower levels of heat energy consumption in Bulgaria that an average for EU countries which suggests sharp recovery of worsened for previous years thermal comfort.
The data for energy situation, the primary and final energy consumption as well as for the heat energy shows that:

o The energy consumption decreases during the transition period (1990-2000) and stabilize after 2000. o The solar energy does not participate (its share is too little) in covering of the diagram (19972015) for heat energy. From RES only biomass participates.
The data for solar energy potential shows that in Bulgaria the average annual period of sunshine is 2150 hours. Annually on horizontal surface the total solar radiation varies between 1400 kWh/m and 1674 kWh/m. On the basis of the carried out experiments it can be said that in a selective type of collectors, on average annually 583 kWh/m2 are produced, while in non-selective type SC 364 kWh/m2 are produced.

The prognoses for solar thermal systems in Bulgaria are in 2010 year to have 260 000 m SC and in 2015 470 000 m SC. At 56 000 m in 2005 this means that it is foreseen to install in average 40 000 m SC annually. This is an optimistic prognosis. 2. Actual national market. In Bulgaria 50 000 m of solar collectors (SC) were produced and installed during 1977-1990 mainly in the tourist facilities for DHW at the Black sea coast. In the period 19902000 different solar thermal demo projects have been implemented after which the market of solar thermal systems started to grow with annual average number of 5 000 m SC installed. Expert estimations show that in 2005 in Bulgaria there were 56 000 m SC. The actual expected installation of SC is 5000 m2/year by 2010 and 8000 m2/year by 2015. So in reality it is expected in 2010 Bulgaria to have 80 000 m2 SC and in 2015 to have 120 000 m2 SC installed. Statistical data for the market of solar thermal systems is not available. Estimation of the market development of SC is done by reviewing respective sectors. 3. Development potential of solar thermal systems by sectors The following sectors are distinguished as most suitable for application of large-scale solar thermal systems:

o Hotels, holiday houses, campaigns, swimming pools, etc.; o State and municipal buildings (hospitals, kindergartens, social houses, etc.)

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o Multi-story buildings (new and old ones). It should be mentioned that: o Solar thermal systems are used mainly for DHW production; o For the calculation purposes it is accepted 500 kWh average annual productivity per m SC.
Hotel sector In the hotel sector for three-year period 2002-2005 the number of accommodation facilities is increased with 70 % (from 914 to 1555). The number of beds with 54 % (from 143 707 to 221 144) and the number of night lodgings with 56 % (from 10 285 668 to 16 071 313). The average electricity consumption is 3,3 kWh/overnight. DHW, when it is obtained from electricity, accounts for 45-55 % of the electricity consumption. The calculations made show that in order to satisfy 60% of the needs for DHW for all new accommodations for the period May-September, it is necessary annually to construct 13,000 m2 SC. State and municipal buildings The number of state and municipal buildings is substantial. As suitable for applying big solar systems can be named the following ones which number in 2004 was:
3301 kinder-gardens; 303 hospital establishments with 47709 beds; 241 social establishments with 55192 beds.

Assuming that 1/3 of the state and municipal buildings without kindergartens are suitable for SC and a ten-year program for their construction is followed, it means that annually 1700 m2 SC have to be constructed. Multi-storied residential buildings.
The Bulgarian experience with setting up a big solar thermal system in an existing residential building in Sofia Levski B district, building 25, shows that:

In most cases the existing conditions on the roofs and in the basements are not suitable for building solar collectors and boilers; The resulting pipe system is too big and has substantial heat losses; Reaching consensus between all owners of flats (20 to 100 people) in a single block of flats for building solar collector system is extremely hard (almost impossible)

Building solar system in new residential building (Sofia Simeonovo district) is very expedient, because the corresponding part of the solar system is included in the price of the individual apartments. Therefore the new owners have flats with the corresponding part of the solar system. The cost of the solar system represents only about 1% of the cost for one 100 m2 apartment and the payback period is 57 years. The next table shows the completed residential buildings and dwellings during the last four years.

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EAST GSR Project Completed in 2004 2003 2002 2001 New 1394 677 597 657

WP2 Bulgarian market situation & GSR Potential Enlargement 106 58 37 30 Number of dwellings 8267 6296 6153 5937 Total useful floor area (m2) 728947 575446 562060 541324

From the table it is seen that even if big solar thermal systems are installed in a small percent of the buildings, it will have considerable impact on the final consumption of heat energy.
The necessary volume of hot water per day for one person is about 60 litres. In accordance with the type of the used solar collectors this is achieved by 1 to 2 m2 SC. From the above presented it can be concluded that it is advisable to promote building up of largescale solar thermal systems simultaneously with construction of new residential buildings.

At 8000 new dwellings constructed per year and at 2,7 persons/dwelling it is necessary to build up between 20 000 to 30 000 m2 SC annually. From the abovementioned it can be concluded that the potential for construction of big solar thermal systems is approximately 40,000 m2 SC/year. This is in line with the optimistic prognosis of the National Program. 4. Incentives and regulation framework to be implemented. In order to determine the incentives and the regulation framework it should be determined the barriers to overcome and the conditions, which assist the development of RES.
4.1. The main barriers for development of solar thermal systems are as follows:

o The Energy Law (adopted in 2003) treats only the promotion of electric energy generation from RES and cogeneration of heat and electricity; o The Law on Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels also does not treat the solar thermal energy. o The various state institutions although having a positive attitude towards RES still dont pay the necessary attention to solar thermal energy; o There are no state funds in Bulgaria for RES utilization including solar thermal systems, but some other financial schemes are established, such as the Kozloduy International Decommissioning Support Fund. The financial support for utilization of RES can be a grant or a partial financing system shared by various co-financing structures with other loan applications. It is quite usual that the owners of RES projects receive a 30% discount on the principal of the loan after the completion of the project. o Insufficiently developed commercial network and connected to it market activities; o Insufficient highly qualified technical service; o Insufficient information. o The produced in Bulgaria SC cannot be certified as there is only one experimental laboratory in Bulgaria equipped for testing the characteristics of SC but it is not recognized as certification body. In Bulgaria there is no production of selective absorbers as well as vacuum tube SC and they are imported. o There is no practice of concluding agreements for Guaranteed Solar Results.

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4.1.1 Background for GSR The GSR contracts have not been applied in Bulgaria until now. The GSR is a quality approach and is a complementary and powerful tool for dissemination and promoting high quality solar thermal systems. The application of GSR contracts in the practice, however, will be a difficult and long process. The consumer, i.e. the end-user, should ask for GSR. In order to define GSR, it is necessary that the end-user defines the quantities of DHW, which will be needed and the respective temperature. Also it should be defined what percentage of DHW will be heated by the solar collectors, in order for the solar thermal system to have highest efficiency and to be economically most profitable. At present in Bulgaria there is no monitoring of the quantities of DHW and defining them precisely is a precondition for defining GSR. Regular information to the stakeholders and the end-users will be very important for large implementation of GSR method. 4.2. Conditions which assist the development of RES

o The prices of conventional energy have increased many times in Bulgaria. For example natural gas prices for end-users for the period 1997-2005 increased 3 times from 88,2 Euro/1000m to 257,2 Euro/1000m. o The liberalization of energy sector will lead to increase of price of electricity and soon it will be in line with international levels and RES energy will be more competitive; o The dynamics of increase of the prices of solar thermal systems prices is lower that that of conventional energy carriers. This leads to shorter pay-back period of solar systems which is one of the main prerequisites for enlargement of solar thermal markets. As an example the simple pay-back period of 16 years for 3 hospitals in Southern Bulgaria, constructed in the period 19951997 while the pay-back period is 2,9 years for the SC system in the elderly peoples home St. Vassilii Veliki, which was built in 2002 year. o Environmental awareness is growing and RES are seen as a clean future source of energy; o Decentralization and larger autonomy of local and regional authorities leads to development of RES as they see triple dividends: environmental improvement, economic development and increased employment.
From the above presented in can be concluded that the main incentive is the financial support for the solar thermal systems, i.e. a National Fund for supporting RES utilisation should be established including solar thermal energy. The regulation framework should include:

Creation of local and regional authorities to be responsible for RES development, including solar thermal systems; Establishment of an association for solar thermal systems; Creation of conditions for increasing and guarantee of quality both of solar thermal systems and of respective technical services (design, construction and maintenance); Creation of a laboratory for testing and certification of solar collectors; Information campaigns;

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4.2.1 Institutional, technical and financial requirements for a wide dissemination of the GSR concept The energy sector in Bulgaria is covered by the Ministry of Economy and Energy. The utilization of Renewable Energy Resources is under the Directorate Energy Efficiency and Environmental Protection.
To achieve successful thermal energy policy and especially solar thermal it is necessary for the government institutions to treat thermal energy as substitute for electricity or the energy from natural gas or liquid fuels. This means that the preferential treatment and financial incentives of the different types of energy should be on equal level. Currently the financial incentives for the green electricity in Bulgaria led to significant development of the wind energy, PV-systems and co-generation on the biomass base. At present in Bulgaria there is Energy Efficiency Fund but there is not one for renewable energy resources. It is recommended that such a fund is established. In its new application it can be based on the GSR concept. When applying the Energy Efficiency Law for refurbishment and increasing the energy efficiency of state and municipal buildings with constructed area of more than 1000 m2 it is recommended to consider the construction of solar thermal systems for DHW. The GSR will be part of the overall increase of energy efficiency of public buildings. The establishment of Association for solar thermal systems, which will protect both the interests of the stakeholders and those of the end-users, will contribute to the successful implementation of GSR concept.

5. The contribution of GSR: The benefit of GSR will be above all the increased quality of the installed big solar thermal systems and the increased confidence of the client in the payback period of the investments made. The guaranteed quality leads to a longer acceptable payback period. The acceptable payback period for this type of investments (energy efficiency, RES) is about 5 years. Having in mind the constant increase in the costs for heat energy and electricity, as well as the forecast for decrease in the cost of solar collectors (due to the increase in industrial manufacturing) it is expected that the payback period of a big solar thermal installation to decrease to an acceptable for the investor period; GSR contract leads to mandatory CO2 reduction. The summarized estimates show that 100m2 solar collectors save 10 tones of fuel and around 20 tones of CO2 emissions each year; GSR contract requires good engineering services and good maintenance; GSR application will inevitably lead to wide acceptance of quality big solar collector systems; GSR contract is a prerequisite for obtaining a favorable bank loan; GSR contract is a basis for ESCO implementation.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations


DHW ..................................... Domestic Hot Water R&D ...................................... Research and Development RES ....................................... Renewable Energy Sources TPF........................................ Third Party Financing toe.......................................... ton oil equivalent BGN ...................................... Bulgarian leva EEA....................................... Energy Efficiency Agency EE.......................................... Energy Efficiency SCEWR................................. State Commission on Energy and Water Regulation CLSENES ............................. Central Laboratory on Solar Energy and New Energy Sources BAS....................................... Bulgarian Academy of Sciences SHW...................................... Solar Hot Water

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Annex 1.1
Population structure as of 31.12

6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Urban residence Rural residence

Population and employed thousands


9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1991 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Average Annual population Employed - average annual number

Active working population

Year Number %
Total 2,978,562 100

2002 Public sector 737,252 24,75

Private sector

2,241,310 75,25

Total 3,166,499 100

2003 Public sector 771,691 24,37

Private sector 2,394,808 75,63

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Annex 1.2
Basic Indicators about Economic Development

1999
GDP at current prices/ mil. GDP per capita in

2000
13,679 1,674 804,8 78,0

2001
15,190 1,919 812,4 73,3

2002
16,533 2,101 1014,9 86,6

2003
17,594 2,249 1088,5 90,7

12,164 1,482 768,0 82,1

Total household income per capita in Household income per capita (1995 = 100)

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Annex 2.1.1.1

Map of Power Grid, Gas pipelines and Transit pipelines

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Annex 2.1.1.2 Historic evolution and prognosis for the electric energy final consumption in Bulgaria
Electric energy final consumption. Historic evolution and prediction

ktoe 3200

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 year

The prognosis for the development of electric energy sector (based on data of NEK) is on base of existing production capacities and of introduction of new TPP, operating with lignite coals in 2008 in Maritza east complex on the place of TPP Maritza east 1 (the construction already loiters and most probably the starting date will be scheduled for 2010), HPP Tsankov kamuk for 2009 and first block of APP Belene for 2010 and second for 2015.

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Annex 2.1.1.3
Consumption of Electricity in Bulgaria, compared to other countries

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Annex 2.1.1.4
Data for Energy Production and Consumption for Bulgaria, Europe and the World

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Annex 2.1.2.1 Accessible potential of RES in Bulgaria


RES Hydro energy Biomass Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy TOTAL Accessible potential in Bulgaria ktoe 26 540 GWh 2 282 113 000 TJ 2 700 4 535 GWh 390 3 283 GWh 283 14 667 TJ 350 6 005

Accessible energy potential


ktoe 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 WPP Biomass Solar W ind Geothermal

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Annex 2.2.1.1
Financial, technical and ecological data and results for projects in 3 hospitals in Southern Bulgaria
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Parameters Measure Stara Zagora 116970 38.0 7994 16.4 405 7000 Radnevo Krumovgrad

Investments Fuel savings oil gas Cost savings Simple pay back period Solar collectors area Accumulation volume Hot water consumption inc. distribution losses Measured production Measured production SC cover summer/ winter Reduced CO2 emissions Reduced CO2 emissions Reduced NOx emissions Particles

EUR t/ year EUR/ year Years m2 I MWh/ y KWh/ m2 /y MWh/ y % t/ year t/ year t/ year t/ year

62190 19.1 4750 15.9 210 5000 198 550 116 100/ 25 40.44 0.27 0.82 0.05

34005 10.5 2973 16.0 110 3500 92 572 62 100/ 32 22.03 0.15 0.45 0.03

352 501 203 100/ 25 71.01 0.48 1.44 0.10

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Annex 2.2.1.2 Financial and technical data for 5 projects


Kindergarten Eugenia Kissimova,Ve liko Turnovo ELIOT Ltd, Veliko Turnovo Sanatorium in Ovcha mogila village Zemus Ltd. Enterprise EMOS Solar Dryer

No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Parameter

Measure

Investments Fuel savings Cost savings

EUR t/ year EUR/ year

5561 1.6 411 13.5 21 1500 400 8410 54/0

5561 1.8 444 12.5 21 1200 432 9065 56/0

4661 1.1 282 16.5 15 1200 401 6008 52/0

5702 1.2 304 19.0 13 640 462 6007 34/0

5000 6.5 1625 3.1 100 100/0

Simple pay back Years period Solar collectors m2 area Accumulation I volume Measured KWh/ m2 production Measured MWh/ y production SC cover summer/ % winter

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Annex 2.2.2.3 Classification of solar systems and principles of operation


Generally, solar systems for water heating can be classified according to three elements:
Type of circulation of the heat transfer fluid from the collectors to accumulators (hot water storage tanks) and vice versa; Manner of heat transfers from the working fluid to accumulator and vice versa; Number and type of consumers. According to the first criterion, they fall into two categories: gravity systems (thermosiphons) and pump circulation systems. According to the second criterion they fall into two categories: direct systems (open loop) and indirect systems (closed loop, through a heat exchanger) by giving out heat to the accumulator (hot water storage tank, boiler). According to the third criterion, they fall again into two categories: individual (domestic systems) and multiple-consumer collectors (large systems). Direct pump systems consist of solar collectors, hot water accumulators and pumps.

Principle of Operation: Cold water in the accumulator is sucked from its lowest point through a pump and passed on to the solar collectors, where it is heated. The heated water returns to the accumulator again. In this way the upper part of the accumulator begins to fill up with hot water. The lower part remains slightly colder. The main characteristic for this system is that water is directly heated in the solar collector. Advantages: The systems are simpler from a technical point of view. No heat exchanger is required. Disadvantages: The systems (accumulators, collectors, pipe-lines, etc.) are made of material in line with the requirements of potable water. Direct systems are not automatically protected from freezing weather conditions. Deposits might block the absorber tubes in areas with hard water (constant decrease in the efficiency of the solar hot water system). Direct solar water heating system with pump

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Indirect pump systems


Indirect pump systems consist of solar collectors, heat exchanger (external or internal with respect to the accumulator), hot water accumulator and pump.

Principle of operation: The heat transfer fluid, heated in the collectors, flows through the heat exchanger in the boiler and gives out the heat to the water for consumption. Advantages: The use of a heat exchanger allows the use of a separate (from the hot water) heat transfer fluid to carry heat from the solar collectors to the storage tank. The use of inhibitory additives provides flexibility for the selection of absorber materials. The use of antifreeze additives can reliably protect the solar system from freezing weather conditions. Disadvantages: The system includes a heat exchanger, which means some additional cost and possibly some small reduction in the thermal efficiency.
There is another indirect system where the heat exchanger is outside from the accumulator.

Indirect solar water heating system with pump. The heat exchanger is inside the boiler

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Direct gravity systems (thermo siphons, open loop)


Direct gravity systems comprise of a water accumulator and a collector, however without a circulation pump. For the functioning of the system it is absolutely necessary to mount the accumulator higher than the level of the installed collectors.

Thermosiphon system for solar water heating (direct or indirect system).

Principle of operation: In this case the circulation of the heating fluid (water) is automatic and it is based on the fact that there is a difference in density between the heated water (in the collectors) and the cold water (in the accumulator). Advantages: No extra energy is necessary (there are no pump units). It functions in an independent mode. Practically, from a technical point of view, this is the simplest system. Disadvantages: The accumulator must be installed on a higher level than the collectors.
The building materials of the equipment should be in line with potable water requirements. Deposits in the collector pipes and freezing weather conditions should be properly handled. The systems are made with small-area solar collectors.

Indirect gravity systems (thermo siphons, closed loop)

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An indirect gravity system comprises of an accumulator with incorporated heat exchanger and collectors. The accumulator should be mounted on a higher level than the collectors.

Principle of operation: The same as described in direct gravity systems. Advantages: No extra power consumption (there is no pump). It is possible to use antifreeze and an inhibiting substance in the collector loop. Disadvantages: The system has a heat exchanger (additional cost, some reduction in the thermal efficiency. The systems are made with small-area solar collectors.
The solar part of a system consists of two main units a solar collector and a heat accumulator (hot water storage tank), which are discussed next in this report.
Solar collector

The collector is designed to absorb solar energy and to transform it into heat, which heats the fluid flowing through the collector. The collectors are mounted either on open ground or on the roof and should receive solar energy during the whole day. There exist three types of collectors for heating of hot water: Flat-plate collectors, Evacuated tube and Concentrating collectors.

Flat plate collectors could be manufactured from different materials like copper, aluminum, iron or plastic. They usually have black surface, painted or selective, laid on through galvanization or evaporations in vacuum. The selective collectors have slightly better heat absorption qualities and greatly reduced losses. The insulation of the collectors is important, because it decreases the losses to environment. Most of the collectors are covered with glass or other transparent material.
The solar energy passes through the transparent cover and heats up the absorber of the collector. In the in-built tubes in the absorber circulates water or special heat transfer fluid. The heat carrier could move thanks to the gravity or with the help of a pump. Flat plate collectors are an economical choice and reach moderate temperatures of about 800 C. Because of their relatively high heat loss coefficient, higher temperatures could hardly be achieved. Flat plate collectors are the most common in Bulgaria. This is due to their lower price and simpler manufacturing technology. They require also small maintenance.

Vacuum tube collectors have absorbers, which are mounted in a glass tube, from which the air is evacuated and vacuum is created. Like the flat plate collectors, the solar energy heats up the liquid in the absorber and it is transferred to the domestic water. There are two methods of this process:
The solar fluid circulates in an ordinary tube, built-in in the absorber like the flat plate collectors. The only difference is that the collector is insulated from the environment via vacuum. The integrated in the absorber heat tube transfers the useful heat while using the principles known in the refrigerator techniques evaporation of the heat carrier at low temperatures (around 20C- 30C) and condensation of the vapors in condensers contacting with the built-in in the collector heat exchangers.

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This is the most effective transfer of heat energy and it is 20.000 30.000 times better than the heat carrying characteristics of silver. Usually, evacuated tube collectors are set in systems, whose production of hot water is necessary all the year around. They operate effectively even at temperatures below zero.

Types of collectors i.e. flat plate and vacuum tube.

Concentrating collectors concentrate optically the solar radiation to a small target or receiver where it is transformed into heat. A mechanism for tracking the sun is usually used. Thermal losses are reduced when the area that is heated is smaller. Therefore concentrating collectors are associated with high temperatures. Heat storage equipment
The water, heated by the collector, reaches the storage tanks, which have the function to retain for some time the heat obtained from the sun. Heat storage tanks are mounted separately. Heat storage tanks are produced by a number of companies in Bulgaria. Need for corrosion protection at the temperatures developed by the solar system (80o C 95o C).

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Annex 2.3.1.1 Accommodation facilities in Bulgaria for the period 2002 2005
Accomodation facilities 914 1059 1306 1555 Beds nights Realized night lodgings Incl. Total foreigners Overnight persons Total Foreigners Incomes from night lodgings, leva Total Incl. foreigners 165 723 515 235 885 767 316 460 083 385 523 692

Year

Beds

2002 2003 2004 2005

143 707 36 038 073 10 285 668 7 055 140 2 521 625 1 039 703 221 467 120 158 865 38 667 492 12 521 479 9 142 170 2 972 644 1 397 985 298 762 989 190 040 42 015 511 14 160 067 10 303 560 3 346 525 1 694 549 394 004 106 221 144 45 451 972 16 071 313 11 642 051 3 892 429 1 935 652 484 705 436

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Annex 2.3.1.2 Total number of accommodation facilities in Bulgaria for 2005 (and in regional distribution)
Accomodation Beds facilities Beds nights Realized night lodgings Total TOTAL
BLAGOEVGRAD BOURGAS VARNA VELIKO TARNOVO VIDIN VRATZA GABROVO DOBRICH KARDJALI KYUSTENDIL LOVECH MONTANA PAZARDJIK PERNIK PLEVEN PLOVDIV RAZGRAD RUSE SILISTRA SLIVEN SMOLYAN SOFIA CITY SOFIA STARA ZAGORA TURGOVISHTE HASKOVO SHUMEN YAMBOL

Overnight persons Total Foreigners

Districts

Incomes from night lodgings, leva Total Incl. foreigners


3 670 626

Incl. foreigners
130 018

1 555 221 144 45 451 972 16 071 313 11 624 051 3 829 429 1 935 652 484 705 436 385 523 692
64 5 632 2 015 792 306 147 141 341 706 581 763 570 114 615 20 314 19 248 72 407 213 295 26 544 28 335 53 072 21 849 66 849 6 080 39 204 297 992 13 473 58 637 19 316 25 165 144 960 649 364 109 660 104 114 12 413 42 630 44 746 13 655 51 965 7 489 066 284 78 113 10 928 351 5 362 621 4 755 302 370 60 428 10 699 641 4 915 665 4 102 696 39 17 11 27 15 20 40 20 19 11 9 68 5 22 12 27 159 39 32 10 26 16 13 2 907 1 045 854 467 612 1 714 745 1 393 2 414 896 1 916 732 972 417 1 110 406 965 166 903 211 210 620 875 267 785 462 334 749 543 313 903 690 864 267 180 322 254 149 537 388 539 140 927 330 425 191 927 26 977 39 698 124 433 38 938 51 864 94 224 57 667 203 783 26 669 62 862 541 671 21 647 90 226 27 194 37 157 357 799 401 454 280 623 43 857 83 874 62 320 22 996 31 886 4 794 5 664 20 569 5 553 3 695 6 064 3 212 11 962 4 150 11 071 161 951 1 900 24 970 3 245 7 234 122 931 751 060 225 721 32 146 28 434 15 689 13 023 4 462 560 178 141 798 471 129 358 355 533 269 133 590 685 117 005 933 21 434 2 911 2 216 12 963 3 562 3 000 3 588 2 032 4 492 932 4 700 1 127 11 706 2 050 3 864 4 309 660 577 601 858 618 2 867 801 583 363 578 555 2 411 224 1 262 694 4 181 956 359 071 1 426 283 424 367 3 033 338 823 410 1 374 147 1 251 623 119 614 202 315 772 917 130 590 119 545 254 638 137 921 566 610 92 148 557 902 7 542 524 62 833 1 364 127 174 140 590 156 6 801 661 3 805 111 1 696 079 659 394 445 013 599 542 196 453

92 22 700 3 691 593 1 387 312 1 134 649

143 151 37 832 638 33 396 380

6 835 2 418 822

83 916 16 571 789

7 096 2 188 719 5 503 1 502 295 2 612 468 1 570 1 149 443 847 856 158 635 496 725 380 515 153 360

29 898 12 994 484 43 166 15 241 2 618 10 914 9 710 1 591 6 693 763 6 209 463 1 067 836 1 709 212 1 765 217 689 962

88 10 929 3 841 535 1 209 708

369 458 91 220 762 73 949 542

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Annex 2.3.2.1 Structure of the dwellings by year of construction and by type of ownership
CENSUS YEARS

TOTAL
Total Public Private Total

IN TOWNS
Public Private Total

IN VILLAGES
Public Private

Number
1975 1985 1992 2001
2342819 2724989 2788908 2819107 269555 441493 176936 93252 2073264 2283496 2611972 2725855 1290558 1729983 1840802 1905579 242744 409692 157028 83803 1047814 1320291 1683774 1821776 1052261 995006 948106 913528 26811 31801 19908 9449 1025450 963205 928198 904077

Percentage
1975 1985 1992 2001 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.5 16.2 6.3 3.3 88.5 83.8 93.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.8 23.7 8.5 4.4 81.2 76.3 91.5 95.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.5 3.2 2.1 1.0 97.5 96.8 97.9 99.0

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Annex 2.3.2.2
Number of buildings and dwellings in towns (3 and more storeys), which are subject to complete refurbishment
Total Till 1949 19501959 19601969 19701979 19801984 19851989 19901994 19952001

In towns, total for the country

Building s Dwellin gs Useful area Total area Average floor area per dwelling

161 138 1 334 525 86 887 689 105 702 784

0 0 0 0

12 253 42 320 2 723 407 3 313 148

45 633 218 735 14 174 834 17 244 324

55 305 483 080 31 091 075 37 823 692

23 181 282 700 17 908 491 21 786 486

20 335 231 900 15 628 899 19 013 259

3 242 62 000 4 337 741 5 277 057

1 189 13 790 1 023 240 1 244 818

72,16

71,3

71,8

71,3

70,2

74,7

77,5

82,2

Panel type buildings

Building s Dwellin gs Useful area Total area Average floor area per dwelling

12 243 689 675 42 814 276 52 085 494

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

834 42 735 2 546 151 3 097 508

3 658 239 250 14 332 370 17 435 973

3 155 189 000 11 578 526 14 085 798

3 019 160 000 10 348 641 12 589 587

1 206 50 000 3 396 901 4 132 482

371 8 690 611 688 744 146

68,8

66,0

66,4

67,9

71,7

75,3

78,0

Buildings with reinforced concrete structure slabs, walls and columns

Building s Dwellin gs Useful area Total area Average

29 221 310 000 20 967 278 25 507 638 75,0

0 0 0 0 0

1 385 10 520 674 282 820 294 71,0

5 970 55 000 3 609 570 4 391 205 72,7

9 668 123 730 8 278 641 10 071 339 74,2

4 512 58 100 3 766 305 4 581 880 71,8

4 833 45 550 3 286 086 3 997 672 80,0

2 036 12 000 940 841 1 144 575 87,0

818 5 100 411 553 500 672 89,4

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floor area per dwelling

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Buildings with reinforced concrete slabs and brick walls

Building s Dwellin gs Useful area Total area Average floor area per dwelling

119 674 334 850 23 106 135 28 109 653

0 0 0 0

10 869 31 800 2 049 125 2 492 853

38 829 121 000 8 019 113 9 755 611

41 979 120 100 8 480 064 10 316 380

15 513 35 600 2 563 661 3 118 809

12 484 26 350 1 994 172 2 426 000

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

76,5

71,4

73,4

78,3

79,8

83,9

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Annex 2.3.2.3 National legal framework with respect to EU Directive implementation in Bulgaria
Energy Efficiency Act The act is based on the Energy Strategy of Bulgaria since 2002, as well as the normative regulations of the European Union countries, the directives of the European Parliament and European Council, concerning the energy efficiency, the European Energy Charter and the Kyoto Protocol. The adoption of separate act for energy efficiency has been prompted by the specificity of the regulated public relations that come out from the energy branch framework and the foreseen mechanisms and guarantees for the action of the act, also by the necessity of harmonizing the legal regulation of public relations, connected with the conducting of state policy on energy efficiency enhancement with European one. The Energy Efficiency Act is a contemporary act that covers all aspects of energy efficiency improvement policy and activities and creates a basis for the delivery of assistance by the central and territorial bodies of the executive power and the other state institutions, by the physical and legal persons for the implementation of energy efficient measures.

In chapter one General provisions are defined the subject and objectives of the Act and is declared the support of the state for energy efficiency enhancement as a national priority. In chapter two State management is foreseen the policy of energy efficiency to be implemented through realisation of short and long-term national, branch, regional and municipal programmes and projects. In chapter three Energy Efficiency Measures are stipulated the main energy efficiency measures, through which the implementation of the results coming out from the Act shall be achieved decrease in energy consumption and energy efficiency promotion. In third chapter, first section Energy Efficiency Management is foreseen obligation of energy consumers subject to study under the terms of art. 17 to provide energy efficiency management through: Preparation periodically, but not less than a year, analysis for general and specific energy consumption; Preparation of programs for optimisation of the energy consumption efficiency; Providing all energy saving measures in accordance with the programmes, intended in item 2.
In section two Assessments, Certification, Studies, Energy Efficiency Services article 15 states that: every project for construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation of sites shall be subject to energy efficiency assessment as a part of the assessment for compliance with the requirements to the sites in terms under the requirements and the order of the Law for Organisation of the Territory. The assessment of the object is carried out in line with the requirements of the technical rules and norms for energy annual consumption of the different kind of sites, determined with ordinance for the objects energy characteristics, issued by the Minister of Energy and Energy Resources and the Minister of the Regional Development and Public Works.

Article 16 states that: Every site with common useful space more than 1000 m can be certified by the order of the ordinance for building certification, issued by the Minister of Energy and Energy Resources and the Minister of the Regional development and Public Works. The certificate is issued for a term up to 10 years. Article 17 states that: Every energy consumer whose annual consumption is above the limits is a subject to energy efficiency study. o The study shall point out the specific possibilities at reducing the energy consumption;

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The assessment shall ascertain: 1. Energy consumption; 2. Level of technologies and the energy management; 3. Savings of heat energy and the heat energy conservation; 4. Compliance with energy efficiency standards and requirements o The EE study shall contain recommendations for energy efficiency improvement. o
In conformity with the provisions of Directive 2002/ 91/ EC regarding the energy characteristics of buildings, in the law they are norms, which should be observed by the subjects, when build, reconstruct, modernize and exploit the objects with significant energy consumption. The adoption of the separate Energy Efficiency Law in March 2004 and the changes in the Territory Regulation Law in 2003 led to creation of sub law normative acts, which to develop even further the energy efficiency provisions in the laws. Instruction for energy characteristics of the objects: Instruction for certificate buildings for energy efficiency Instruction for investigation for energy efficiency Instruction for the circumstances and the order for enlistment of the persons, who certificate the buildings and investigation of energy efficiency, and gathering of information. Instruction for thermal savings and energy savings in buildings Instruction for main requirements and certification of building materials. The following more important moments from individual provisions is as follows:
Regulation for certification of buildings for energy efficiency This regulation defines: - The rules for certification of buildings for energy efficiency; - The content of the certificate for the energy characteristics of a building and the categories of certificates; - The control on the activity for building certification. In chapter two, section two Content of the energy certificate, Categories of certificates are stated the following requirements to: The content of the certificate: o Data for the building: general description, purpose, situation, year of erection, general characteristics; o Value of the annual energy consumption per square meter and/or the environmental equivalent in CO2; o Name and address of the expert, date of issue and time of validity. Certificates are category A and B. Certificate category A is issued for: - Buildings with value of their integrated energy characteristic equal or lower than the standard value; - Buildings erected before 1990 with value of their integrated energy characteristic equal or lower than the standard value required in 1999. o Certificate category B is issued for buildings with value of their integrated energy characteristic equal or lower than the standard value required at the time of construction.

Certificate is not issued for buildings that dont meet the requirements for category B.

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Regulation for energy efficiency investigation


This regulation defines:

The conditions and the method for completing energy efficiency investigation of energy consumers by sites; The control on the activity of energy efficiency investigation; The energy efficiency investigation defines and analyses the energy flows and consumption at: production of goods, performance of services, maintenance of microclimate in buildings and elaboration of measures for energy saving with guarantee the quality of the final product.

In chapter two, section one is given the energy consumers subject to energy efficiency investigation. Each energy consumer can be investigated. Energy efficiency investigation is required for:

Producers of goods and services, which annual energy consumption is higher than 3 000 MWh, each 3 years; Each site state or municipal property, which is in operation, with common useful space above 1000 square meters, each 10 years.
In chapter two, section two is given:

The aim of the investigation is to assess the potential possibilities for decreasing the energy consumption and to suggest measures for increase the energy efficiency and to reach a high level of environmental protection. Depending on the content the investigation can be simplified, detailed and control: o The simplified investigation includes taking plans, measurements and energy calculations in restricted size for definition of the potential for decreasing the energy consumption with a precision of 15% and a list of measures for energy saving with approximate costs of the measures. Simplified investigations are executed only for feasibility studies and fast assessments. o Detailed investigation is required for sites with annual energy consumption higher than 3 000 MWh and sites with common useful space above 1000 square meters. This investigation requires detailed measurements and calculations for definition of the potential for decreasing the energy consumption with a precision of 5% and a list of measures for energy saving with exact costs and payback periods of the measures. Other chapters examine stages, contents, method for execution of energy efficiency investigation and control on the work, as well as the responsibilities of the different experts As appendixes to the regulation are given:

Declaration of the applicant for energy efficiency investigation, including data for the energy consumption of the site;

Sample format for report on energy efficiency investigation, including data on: o The energy consumer; o The organisation that executed the investigation; o The characteristics of the produced goods and services; o The characteristics of the energy consumption; o List of energy saving measures Plan for implementation of the suggested energy saving measures. The Regulation for heat conservation and energy saving in buildings is elaborated by experts from the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works and is in force since 1 March 2005. 90

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In chapter one General Provisions is stated that:

The requirements of the regulation are applied at designing and construction of new dwelling buildings and public buildings with:

o Normative temperature of internal air higher than 19oC and specific air humidity under 75%; o Low internal temperature from 12 to 19oC depending on the buildings purpose that are heated at least three month per year. This regulation is applied at designing and construction of new buildings and at refurbishment, general renovation or reconstruction of existing buildings.

In chapter two Requirements for energy saving, section one Requirements at designing of new buildings is stated:

The technical criterion for definition of the main indicators for energy consumption and heat conservation depending on the type of building are:

o Annual heat consumption for heating per square meter useful area for dwelling buildings; o The coefficient of specific heat losses from heat transmission of the elements of the building envelope for non-dwelling buildings; o The annual heat consumption for heating one cubic meter heated volume for buildings with low temperatures.
The maximum values for annual heat consumption for heating of one square meter useful area (Qhmax/ Au) depending on the shape of the building o and the degree days (DD) are given in the following table where:

o Qh is the annual heat consumption for heating, kWh; o Au is the useful area of the building, m2; o o is factor for shape of the building, m-1, o= A/Ve; o Ve is the heated volume of the building, m3; o A is the whole area of the external building envelope, m2 o DD is degree-day (according to appendix1), Kd.

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o Qhmax/ Au, kWh/ m2 o m-1


2100 2500 51,8 57,3 62,7 68,1 73,5 78,9 84,3 89,7 95,1 97,84
DD, K.d

2900 54,0 59,4 64,8 70,2 75,6 81,1 86,5 91,9 97,3 100

3300 56,5 61,9 67,3 72,7 78,1 83,6 89,0 94,4 99,8 102,5

0,2
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0

50,0 55,4 60,8 66,2 71,6 77,1 82,5 87,9 93,3 96,0

1,05

The maximum values of the coefficient for specific thermal losses from heat transmission (HTmax) for non-dwelling building depending on the shape of the building o and the percentage of glazing are given in the following table:

HTmax, W/(m2K) o m-1 0,2


0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
At glazing of faade 30% At glazing of faade 30%

1,15 0,90 0,78 0,70 0,65 0,61 0,59 0,57 0,55 0,54

1,65 1,25 1,05 0,93 0,85 0,79 0,75 0,72 0,69 0,68

1,05

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Thermal insulation must be estimated for the elements of the building envelope bordering with external air as: - External walls, including these bordering with soil; - Windows and external doors; - Roofs and attics slabs in cases of unheated attics; - Floors on soil, over unheated basement and in cases of border to external air. The maximum values of the coefficient of heat transition (U) of the elements of the buildings envelope must be according to the following table: U, W/(m2K) N Type of enclosing building elements For buildings with normal internal temperature 19oC For low temperature buildings

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

External walls and walls bordering unheated areas Partition walls in heated areas External walls bordering with soil Partition walls in heated attics Slabs on soil Attic s slab on cold roof Slab over unheated underground garage Roof over heated area Glazed or suspended facades Glazed or suspended facades with higher requirements for noise insulation, fire stability, etc.

0,50 1,60 0,70 1,35 0,45 0,35 0,5 0,35 1,9 2,3

0,83 10,00 1,20 2,00 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 1,9 2,3

9.

Windows: - on wooden or PVC frames 10. - on metal frames - with higher requirements for noise insulation, fire stability, etc. 11. External doors

2,0 2,2 2,2 3,5

2,0 2,2 2,2 3,5

The joints between the buildings and the elements of the building envelope should meet the requirements for thermal insulation and airproofing that are in force for the elements of the building envelope. The buildings should be designed in such way, that the effect of the cold bridges is minimized. The values of the linear coefficients of heat transition of cold bridges should not exceed 0,2 W/(mK) for i (internal parameters) and 0,1 W/(mK) for e (external parameters).

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Annex 3.2.1 List of existing Bulgarian Standards for Thermal Solar systems and components
EN 12975 1: 2006 EN 12975 2: 2006 EN 12976 1: 2006 EN 12976 2: 2006 EN 61725: 2004 ENV 12977 1: 2002 ENV 12977 2: 2002 ENV 12977 3: 2002 Thermal solar systems and components Solar collectors Part 1: General Requirements Thermal solar systems and components Solar collectors Part 2: Test methods Thermal solar systems and components Factory made systems Part 1: General Requirements Thermal solar systems and components Factory made systems Part 2: Test methods Analytical expression for daily solar profiles (IEC 61725: 1997) Thermal solar systems and components Custom built systems Part 1: General Requirements Thermal solar systems and components Custom built systems Part 2: Test methods Thermal solar systems and components Custom built systems Part 3: Performance characterization of stores for solar heating systems

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Annex 3.5.1
Prices and sale of electricity from different power plants

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Independent producers of el. energy APP Kozlodui TPP Bobov dol TPP Maritza 3 TPP Ruse TPP Varna TPP Maritza iztok 2 HPP Wind facilities, power to 10 MW
o

Price of energy / MWh 7,30 24,83 25,45 24,76 22,42 15,60 40.90 61,36
Note: VAT in not included

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Annex 3.5.2 Prices for end consumer for different energy carrier
Energy carrier, Prices in / kWh Electricity District heat Natural gas Fuel oil Hard coal Wood 2003 0,048 0,024 0,027 0,044 0,012 0,013 2004 0,058 0,025 0,029 0,057 0,016 0,015 2005 0,064 0,026 0,031 0,074 0,021 0,017 2006 0,07 0,028 0,034 0,097 0,025 0,02 2007 (estimate 0,084 0,032 0,035 1,0 0,028 0,023 2008 (estimate) 0,093 0,035 0,037 1,02 0,03 0,025

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Annex 5.1
Responsible contact person

Organisation name Contact person Name Address E-mail Phone Fax Website Other experts having contributed Organisation name Contact person Name Address E-mail Phone Fax Website Organisation name Contact person Name Address E-mail Phone Fax Website

Sofia Energy Centre Violetta Groseva 37, Galitchitsa Str., Entr.2 vgroseva@sec.bg +359 2 9628443 +359 2 9628447 www.sec.bg

Sofia Energy Centre Denislav Vasilev 37, Galitchitsa Str., Entr.2 dvasilev@sec.bg +359 2 9628443 +359 2 9628447 www.sec.bg Sofia Energy Centre Ivan Stefanov 37, Galitchitsa Str., Entr.2 dvasilev@sec.bg +359 2 9628443 +359 2 9628447 www.sec.bg

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