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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY..............................................................................................2 PART A. THEORY.........................................................................................................................2 Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary?.......................................................................2 Q.2. State the origin of English words?.......................................................................................2 Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings?.............................................................................3 Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation?....................................3 Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes?.........................................................................3 Q.6. Whats allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditioned allomorph?....................................................................................................................................4 Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds?.............................................................5 Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping?....................................................................6 Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion?..................................6 Q.10. What is meaning?...............................................................................................................7 Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word?..........................................................................................7 Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor?............................................................................7 Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy?........................................................................7 Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym?.........................8 Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym?.....10 Q.16. What are the types of connotation?.................................................................................10 Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism?.................................................11 Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym?........................................................11 Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be distinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)?........................................................................12 Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs?.................................................................................13 Q.21. Structural classification of PUs?......................................................................................13 PART B. EXERCISES..................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS............................................................................................14 CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS.................................................15 CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS...................................16 CHAPTER IV. WORD BUILDING......................................................................................17 CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS MEANING.............................................................................24 CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS..................................................................................................25 CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS................................................................26 CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY......................................................28

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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY

PART A. THEORY Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary? - Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of language and the properties of words as the main units of language. - Word is the term used to denote the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. - Vocabulary is the term used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language processes

Q.2. State the origin of English words? 2.1. Native words: - Definition: Native words are words belonging to original English - Native words are sub-divided into 3 groups: + Indo-European element: are words having cognate (same origin) in the vocabulary of different Indo-European languages. Eg. Father, mother, brother, son, daughter, foot, heart, cow, day, night, sun, moon, star, sheep, wolf, man, two, three, tree, etc. + Germanic element: are words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages. Eg. Head, arm, bear, oak, rain, winter, spring, sea, land, house, boat, green, blue, earth, little, strong, long, etc. + English proper: are words having no cognates in other languages. Eg. Bird, boy, girl, lady, woman, lord, apple, dog, bread, etc. 2.1. Borrowed words (borrowing / loan words): - Definition: Borrowed words are those taken from other languages and modified in phonetic shape, graphic, morphologicalaccording to standards of the English language. - Borrowed words can be taken from various languages such as: Latin, French, Russian, Greek, Spanish, etc. Eg. + Latin: butter, plum, beef + Spanish: tomato, potato + French: desire, adore, baron, count 2.3. International words: - International words are words of identical origin that occurs in several languages as a result of simultaneous and successive borrowing from one ultimate source: Football, email, internet.
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Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings? The term assimilation of loan words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.

Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation? According to degree of assimilation, borrowed words can be classified into: completely assimilated words, partially assimilated words and unassimilated words. - Completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. Eg. + Latin: cheese, street, wall, wine + Scandinavian: husband, fellow, gate, root, wing + French: table, chair, face - Partially assimilated words are aub-divided into 4 subgroups: + Loan words not assimilated semantically: denote the objects, notion of country theyre from Eg. Kimono (Japanese), rickshaw (Chinese) + Loan words not assimilated grammatically: Eg. Formula formulae; index indice; phenomenon phenomena (plural form is kept constant). + Loan words not completely assimilated phonetically: Eg. machine, cartoon, police (stress / accent is kept on original syllabe) + Loan words not completely assimilated graphically: Eg. Caf, clich (keep a diacritical mark) - Unassimilated words / barbarisms: are words from other langusges used by English people in conversation or writing, but not assoimilated in any way. (additional) Eg. ciao (Italian) good bye

Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes? - Definition: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a given language. - Classification: 5.1. According to its function: - Grammatical morphemes: show how the words can be combined with other, how it is changed. They are funtional words. Eg. books Eg. books
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-s is grammatical morpheme book is lexical morpheme 3

- Lexical morphemes: are content words.

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5.2. According to its distribution: - Free morphemes: can stand alone as independent words - Bound morpheme: cant stand alone as independent words, can only be added to other words to form new forms of word or new words. Eg. booked book free morpheme; -ed bound morpheme 5.3. According to word-buiding: - Affixes cant stand alone as independent words, are sub-divided into inflectional and derivational morphemes. + Inflectional morpheme is used to add to the root to form new form. Eg. translated, booked + Derivational morpheme is used to add to the root to form new word. Eg. translation - Root (base): can stand alone as independent word. Base is the morpheme which carries the principle meaning in the word and to which a suffix or prefix can be added. Eg. happy (base) happiness Free base can stand by itself while bound base must be preceded by prefix or followed by suffix. 5.4. IC Immediate Constituent division: Each hierarchy is the layer or structure by which a word has been composed, we can make successful division into parts, each of which called IC and this division is called IC division. To divide, we must: - Find inflectional morpheme - Find derivational morpheme - Find the root.

Q.6. Whats allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditioned allomorph? 6.1. Definition: Allomorphs are various phonemic shapes that represent the same morpheme. An allomorph is a structure which is similar semantically but phonologically different. Eg. /z/, /s/, /iz/ - are allomorph of {s} 6.2. Kinds of allomorph: - Phonologically conditioned allomorph (PCA): a morpheme is phonologically conditioned when its distribution depends on the phonological nature of the preceding phoneme.

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- Morphologically conditioned allomorph (MCA): a morpheme is morphologically conditioned when it is determined by a specific morpheme. 6.3. Classify MCA: - Zero allomorph: no change in writing symbol Eg. sheep sheep of {}

of {-s}

- Additive allomorph: {-s} /n/ Eg. child children - Peplacive allomorph: + Vowel: v v + Consonant: c c Eg. man men Eg. tooth teeth // /e/ // //

Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds? - Composition or word compound is the combination of at least 2 free bases. - Classification: 7.1. According to the structural aspect: neutral, morpgologicall and syntactic. - Neutral compounds: + Simple nautral compounds: consist of simple affixless stems. Eg. blackbird, ladybird, windshield + Derivational compounds: one constituent is derivational stem. Eg. lady-killer, air-conditioner, chainsmoker + Neutral contracted compounds: one constituent is clipped stem. Eg. V-day, H-bomb, U-turn - Morphorlogical compounds: stems are linked by a vowel or a consonant. Eg. handicraft, spokesman, handiwork - Syntactic compounds: mother-in-law, lady-in-waiting, good-for-nothing 7.2. According to semantic aspect: idiomatic and non-idiomatic - Non-idiomatic compounds: whose meaning can really be described as the sum of their constituent meanings. Eg. bedroom, reasinglamp, earthquake - Idiomatic compounds: whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent parts. Eg. blackboard, tallboy, lazybone, butter-finger 7.3. According to IC: - Compounds of simple stems. Eg. film-star, windshield
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- Compounds which at least one constituent is derived stem. Eg. chainsmoker, bank-robber - Compounds which at least one constituent is clipped stem. Eg. H-bag, D-day - Compounds which at least one constituent is compound stem. Eg. wastepaper-basket

Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping? - Clipping is the cutting-off the beginning or the end of the word or both, leaving a part to stand for the word. - Kinds of clipping: + Initial clipping: retains the final part of the word (the initial part is cut). Eg. telephone phone; violoncello cello + Final clipping: retains the initial part of the word (the final part is cut). Eg. advertisement ad; examination exam; laboratory lab + Inito-final clipping: retains the medial part of the word (the initial and final parts are cut). Eg. influenza flu; refridgerator fridge + Medial clipping: retains the initial and final parts of the word (the medial part is cut). Eg. mathematics maths; spectacles specs

Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion? - Conversion is the process by which a word is extended its grammatical function. Eg. book (n) to book (v) - Semantic relationship: + N name of tool or implement; V denotes action performed by it. Eg. hammer to hammer, comb to comb, brush to brush + N name of animal; V denotes action or aspect of behaviour considered typical of it. Eg. dog to dog, ape to ape (except: fish to fish _try to catch fish). + N name of part of human body; V denoted action performed by it. Eg. head to head, eye to eye, leg to leg + N name of a profession of occupation; V denotes an activity typical of it. Eg. cook to cook, nurse to nurse + N name of place; V the process of occupying it or put sb/sth into it. Eg. room to room, table to table

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+ N name of container; V the act of putting sth within the container. Eg. can to can, bottle to bottle + N name of meal; V the process of making it. Eg. lunch to lunch

Q.10. What is meaning? Meaning can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept is communicated.

Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word? Lexical meaning of a word is the relization of the notion by mean of the definite language system. The notion content of the word is expressed by the denitative meaning and the emotional content of the word is expressed by the connotative meaning.

Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor? - Metaphor is the transfer of name basedon the association of similarity and thus is actually a hidden comparison. - Types of metaphor: + Similarity of shape or function. Eg. head of cabbage, the key to a mystery + Similarity of position. Eg. foot of a page, foot of mountain + Similarity of behaviour. Eg. a bookworm, a fox + Transition of proper name into common one. Eg. Don Juan, Vandal

Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy? - Metonymy is the transfer based upon the association of contiguity. It is a shift of names between things that are known to be in some way or other connected in reality. The transfer may be conditioned by spatial, temporal, causal, symbolic, instrumental, functional and other relations. - Types of metonymy: + Spatial relations: the name of place is used for the people occupying it. Eg. chair
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+ Causal relations: State or properties serves as names for objects and people possessing them. Eg. youth, authoritied, forces Name of action serves to name result of the action. Eg. kill (O.E means hit on the head) Emotion may be named by movements that accompanied them. Eg. to start, to frown + Symbolic relation: Instrument for the product. Eg. hand for handwriting Material for particular article. Eg. glass, iron, nickel + Functional change: the shift is between names of things substituting one another inhuman practice. Common name derived from proper one, named after the inventor. Eg. macadam, diesel Physical, technical units are named after great scientists. Eg. volt, watt, ohm, ampare, farad Name of establishment is used not only for the establishment itself but also its staff or the policy. Eg. the White House, the Pentagon, the Downing Street Geographical names used for goods originating where there are axceedingly numerous. Eg. china, bikini, boston Garments came to be known by the name of those who brought them into fashion. Eg. mackintosh, wellingtons, CK

Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym? 14.1. Definition: Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and (in many cases) origin are called homonym. 14.2. Classification: - According to the sound: (sound form) + Homonym proper: same sound and spelling, but different meaning. Eg. back (adv) back (v)
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+ Homophone: same sound, but different spelling and meaning. Eg. by buy bye + Homograph: same spelling, but different sound and meaning. Eg. row (n) /r / - row (v) /ra /; - According to lexico-grammatical criteria: + Full homonym: same sound, spelling and grammatical function (part of speech), but different meaning. Eg. match (n): in football match and matchbox spring (n): wound wire device and first season of the year + Partial homonym: Simple lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning. Eg. found (v): PP of to find to found: to build, to establish Complex lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound and spelling, but different part of speech and meaning. Eg. rose (n) rose (v)_past tense of rise Partial-lexical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning and change in part of speech. Eg. to lie lay laid to lie lied lied 14.3. Origin of homonym: Convergent development of sound form: - Homonyms through convergent sound development when 2 or 3 words of different origins accidently concide in sound. - It may consist of: + Phonetic change. + Phonetic change combined with loss of affixes. + Independent formation from homonymous bases by means of homonymous morpheme. Devergent semantic development: - Homonyms developed from polysemy through devergent sense development, both may be combined with loss of ending and other morphorlogical process. - It may be: + Limited within lexico-grammatical class of words. lead (n) /led/ - lead (v) /li:d/

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+ Combined with differences in lexico-grammatical class and therefore different in grammatical function and distribution. + Based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous morpheme.

Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym? - Definition: Synonym can be defined as 2 or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meaning, interchangeable, at least in some contexts, without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotation, affective value, style, valency and idiomatic use. - Criteria of synonym: + Interchangeability: only in some contexts synonym can be changed without any alteration in denotational meaning. + Substitution: only in some contexts, and in others the substitution may destroy the precision. + Notional criterion: synonyms convey the same notion but different shade of meaning or stylistic charateristic. - Types of synonyms: + Absolute (total) synnonym: the member of synonymic group can replace each other in any given context without any alteration in denotational meaning. This is rare in vocabulary. Eg. only noun can total replaces substantive. + Contextual synonym: is similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions. Eg. to buy ticket to get ticket.

Q.16. What are the types of connotation? - The connotation of degree or intensity. Eg. to surprise to astonish to amaze to astound to like to admire to love to adore to worship - The connotation of duration. Eg. to stare: quick look to glance: longer look - Emotive connotation. Eg. daddy (emotion) father; mum (emotion) mother - Evaluative connotation. Eg. well-known, famous, celebrate positive meaning
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notorious negative meaning - Causative connotation. Eg. to shiver: to shake (with cold) to shudder (with fear) - Connotation of manner. Eg. to stare to glare to gaze to glance to peep : # ways of looking at sth. - Connotation of attendant circumstances. Eg. to peep: to look at sth quickly, secretary (through a small opening) to peer: to look at sth carefully when it is unable to see well - Connotation of attendant feature. Eg. pretty: delicate feature beautiful: classical feature - Stylistic connotation. Eg. snack, bite (colloqual); snap (dialect); refreshment (formal) Kid (slang); child (neutral); infant (literature)

Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism? - Definition: A source of synonyms from social linguistics is euphemism in which by a shift of meaning, a word of more or less pleasant or at leasr inoffensive connotation substitutes one harsh, obsence, indelicate or unleasant. - Reasons for euphemism: + To avoid social taboos: eg. in the family way (pregnant). + To avoid getting hurt someones feeling: eg. to die is replaced by to pass away + Religious taboos: eg. Devil replaced by the Prince of Darkness, Old Nick + For mental diseases: eg. mad described as unbalanced, insane. The use and existence of euphemisms are caused by social conventions or by certain psychological factors.

Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym? - Antonyms may be defined as 2 or rarely more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and use together so that their denotative meanings render (form) contrary or contradictory notions. The antonyms are used to increase the positive or nagative aspect. - Types of antonyms: + Absolute antonyms: formulae (A,B antonyms; X,Y the words they serve to qualify respectively).
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A and (or) B = all.

Eg. good and bad; pros and cons eg. it is not big but small

Not A but (on the contrary) B. A or B. eg. right or wrong

X is A, and Y (on the contrary) is B. eg. unity is strong, and seperation is weak; the whole is big, onself is little + Derivational antonyms: the affixes in them serve to deny the quality stated in stem. Negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, un-, ir-. Eg. polite impolite; courage discourage Suffix -less. Eg. useful useless; hopeful hopeless

Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can be distinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)? 19.1. Charateristics: - Double sense: the current mening of constituent words build up certain picture but the atual meaning (hidden one) of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture, it creates an entirely new image. - Using PUs with care especially to foreigner to aviod misunderstanding. 19.2. The differnces between the PUs and FWGs: - Semantic criterion: + FWG has one sense meaning which can be total meaning of the constituents expressing in the utterances. + PUs has double sense (real and imagine), it can be total or partial change with the meaning of the constituents. - Strutural criterion: + Restriction in substitution: PUs convey single notion, the constitution cant be changed if they are changed, the total meaning will be changed. FWGs: the constituents can be changed without any considerable change in total meaning. + Reatriction in introducing any additional components: FWGs: such change can be made without affecting the general meaning of the utterance. PUs: no additional components can be introduced. + Restriction in grammatical invariability: FWGs: grammar can be changed PUs: grammar cant be changed.
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Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs? - Traditional principle: + Based on original content of PUs, may be alluded as thematic. + Has real merit but it doest take into consideration the linguistic charateristic feature of PUs. - Semantic principle: + Phraseological combinations: are word-group with a partially changed meaning. Eg. to be good at sth + Phraseological unities: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, the meaning of the unit doesnt correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. The whole meaning of the unit can be duduced from its components. Eg. to stick to ones gun + Phraseological fusions: are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, but in contrast to unities, their meaning cant be deduced from the meanings of the constituents. Eg. neck and crop (entirely) - Structural principle: + Verbal: eg. to run for ones life + Substantive (noun): eg. cat and dog + Adjectival: eg. safe and sound, brand new + Adverbial: eg. high or low, for love or money + Interjectional: eg. my god!, good heavens!

Q.21. Structural classification of PUs? - Functioning like nouns: N+N Ns + N Ns + N eg. maiden name, calf love, brain trust eg. cats paw (personized) eg. ladies man eg. the day after the fair (miss the chance)

N + preposition + N N + adj

eg. brand new, knight errant eg. lord and master (husband), neck and crop (completely)

N + and + N Adj + N

eg. brown study, green room (the general reception room of a theatre) eg. the ship that pass in the night

N + subordinate clause - Functioning like verbs: V+N

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V + postpositive V + and/or + V

eg. to give up eg. to pick and choose, to kill or cure eg. to snap ones fingers at

V + (ones) + N + (prep) V + one + N

eg. to give one the bird to fire smb eg. to see how the land lies (to discover the state of affairs)

V + subordinate clause - Functioning like adjectives: Adj + and + adj (As) + adj + as + N - Functioning like adverbs: N+N Prep + N

eg. safe and sound, high and mighty eg. as old as the hills, as mad as hatter

eg. tooth and nail eg. by heart, of course eg. once in a blue moon

Adv + preposition + adj + N

Prep + N + or + N eg. by hook or by crook Conj + clause Prep + N + prep eg. before one can say jack Robinson eg. in consequence of eg. god bless you, take your time

- Funtioning like prepositions: - Functioning like interjections:

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PART B. EXERCISES CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS E 3. What is the external structure (morphological structure) of the word irresistible? What is the internal structure (semantic structure) of this word? The external structure of the word irresistible consists of morphemes: the prefixes ir-, re-, the root sist, and the adjective-forming suffix ible. The internal structure of the word: ir- means not, re- means again, sist meaningless, means capable. The word means so strong that it cant be stopped or resisted. E 5. Explain why the word blackboard can be considered a unity and why the combination of words black board doesnt possess such a unity?
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The word blackboard, which is characterized by unity, possess a single grammatical framing: blackboard. The first constituent black is not subjected to any grammatical changes. In the word-group black board each constituent can acquire grammatical forms of it own: the blackest board. Other words can be inserted between the components which is immpossible so far as the word concerned as would violate its unity: a black wide board. In the word-group black board, each component conveys a separate concept: black a colour, board a flat abject. The word blackboard conveys only one concept: a type of board.

CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS E 1. Explain the origin of the following words: father, mother, brother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, home, life, earth, man, apple, bread, live, go, give, begin, come, quick, strong, long, wide, to, for, two, three, well, much, little. - All the above words belong to native English origin, but they are divided into such group: English proper dog, bread, apple, come. Indo-European father, mother, brother, wolf, man, live, go, give, quick, wide, for, two, three, much, well. E 2. - State the origin of the following doublets - Comment on the different formation of the doublets and on the difference in meaning if any. 1. abbreviate (L) abridge (Fr) 3. cavalry (L) chivalry (Fr) 5. cart (Scand) chart (Fr) 7. fragile (L) frail (Fr) 9. suit (OE) suite (Fr) 11. shade (OE) shadow (OE) 13. dike (OE/Ger) ditch (E) 2. hospital (L) hotel (Fr) hostel (Fr) 4. major (L) mayor (Fr) 6. senior (L) sir (Fr) 8. canal (Fr) channel (E) 10. legal (L) loyal (Fr) 12. skirt (Scand) shirt (OE) 14. screw (Fr) shrew (OE) Germanic house, cat, sheep, home, life, earth, begin, strong, long, to, little.

E 3. Give adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns: eg. lip labial. Noun Mouth Eye Tongue Nose
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Noun

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Tooth Body Head Ear Hand Sight Mind Life Youth

Dental Corporal Capital Auricular manual Visible Mental Vital Juvenile

Father Brother Woman Husband House Town Moon Sun Sea Book

Paternal Fraternal Feminine Marital Domestic Urban Lunar Solar Marine Literary

E 4. Classify the following words: - According to their origins - According to their meanings ox, cow, beef, calf, veal, sheep, mutton, pig, bacon, deer, venison, chase, hunt, begin, commence, baker, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady, count. - According to their origins, these words are divided into such groups: Native English and French and Latin English Ox, cow, calf, sheep, pig, bacon, Veal, shoemaker, shepherd, lord, lady. French mutton, venison, Latin chase, beef

deer, hunt, begin, baker, fish-man, commence, tailor, weaver, butcher, painter, mason, baron, count.

- According to their meanings we have such groups: Animal Ox, cow, calf, pig, sheep, deer, Meat Veal, mutton, bacon, venison Occupation & title Baker, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady Verb Chase, hunt, begin, commence, count

CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS E 1. Analyze the structure of the following words: eg. misuse B F Convene B B Recut
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B F Loneliness F B

F F

B B

B F intervene B B

F B

assistant

E 2. Separate word form into its constituent morpheme: Eg. expression = {ex-} {-press} {-ion} - State whether the base is bound or free and what it means - Give at least two English words containing the same base. Detachment = {de-} {-tach} {-ment}, the base {-tach} is a bound one; eg. attachment Expectation = {ex} {-pect} {-ation}, the base {-pect} is a bound base, eg. pectize Portable = {port-} {-able}, the base {port} is free base, eg. import, export Correspondent = {cor-} {-respond} {-dent}, the base {-respond} is free base, eg. irresponsive Revise = {re-} {-vise}, the base {-vise} is bound base, eg. supervise Eject = {e-} {-ject}, the base {-ject} is bound base, eg. inject, project Retainer = {re-} {-tain} {-er}, the base {-tain} is bound base, eg. maintain, contain Contradic = {contra-} {-dict}, the base {-dict} is bound base, eg. predict, dictionary Telephone = {tele-} {-phone}, the base {-phone} is bound base, eg. homophone, headphone Apprehensible = {ap-} {-pre} {-hens} {-ible}, the base {-hens}is bound base, eg. comprehensive, comprehensible Regress = {re-} {-gress}, the base {-gress} is bound base, eg. congress Deceiver = {de-} {-ceiv} {-er}, the base {-ceiv} is bound base, eg. receive, perceive Department = {de-} {-part} {-ment}, the base {-part} is free base, eg. apartment Intervene = {inter-} {-vene}, the base {-vene} is bound base, eg. convene, subvene Consent = {con-} {-sent}, the base {-sent} is bound base, eg. resent, assent

CHAPTER IV. WORD BUILDING IV. 1. Affixation E 1. Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are productive? -tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ess, -ing, -th, -age Suffixes - tion: nation, derivation, station - dom: kingdom, freedom - ness: homelessness, loneliness - ism: criticism, terrorism - ship: friendship, scholarship - er: worker, teacher, lawyer - or: actor, professor, vendor
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- ist: impressionist, specialist - ess: lioness - ing: wedding, functioning - th: sixth, eighth - age: leakage, advatantage

productive productive -

E 2. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following words Childhood, friendship, freedom, toward, backward, brotherly, rider, granny, teacher, aunty, hierling, village, hindrance, drunkard, limitation, reinforcement, cheerfulness. 1. Native suffixes: - hood: state or quality of , condition - ship: state or quality of , condition - dom: condition or state of - ward: in the direction of - ly: in the way mantioned, having the quality of - er: denoting agent, residence of, device - y: full of, having quality of - ing: denoting agent, action, fact - ness: the quality, state or charater of - ard: having the quality 2. Borrowing suffixes: - age: action or result of action (Latin) - ance: state or charater (Latin) - ion: action or process (Latin) - ment: action, process (Latin) E 3. Give adjectives or adverbs with the following suffixes: - y: sleepy, cloudy, sunny, windy - ed: talented, interested - ward: backward, onward, upward - long: age-long - wise: clockwise, likewise - ly: windy, manly, brotherly, slowly E 4. Give verbs with the following suffixes: - ize: legalize, civilize, industrialize - en: lengthen, darken, widen
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- fy: clarify, testify, modify - ish: poverish, publish, polish - ate: generate, activate, demenstrate E 5. Form some adjectives from noun stems by adding the suffix ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives. Child childish girl girlish baby babyishcat cattish In this form, suffix ish is added to the noun to make the adjective have meaning similar to or behave like. (use antonyms or synonyms to explain) E 6. Form some adjectives from adjective stems by adding the suffix ish. Explain the meaning of the derivatives. Cool coolish meaning of the stem. E 7. Pick out the productive and non-productive prefixes: Un-, be-, pre-, al-, non-, mis-, post-, a-, anti-, out-, ex-, for-, re-, up-, counter-, extra-, super-, dis, trans-, inter-, ante-, ultra-, infra-, under-, introProductive prefixes: Un-: unhappy unhappily, uneasy uneasiness uneasily Be-: beget begetter Pre-: preheat preheating Al-: allocate allocation, almighty almightily almightiness Non-: non-productive non-productiveness Mis-: misunderstand misunderstanding Post-: postposition postpositional A-: achromatic achromatize achromatism Out-: outfight outfighting, outfit outfitter Ex-: ex-service exserviceman For-: forbidding forbiddingness Re-: rearrange rearrangement Up-: upland uplander Super-: supercharge supercharger Dis-: disable disability Trans-: transact transaction
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red reddish

yellow yellowish

fool foolish

When suffix ish is added to adjective stem to make adjective it will add an depreciation to the

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Inter-: interact interactive interaction The rest in bold are non-productive prefixes. E 7. Classify the following prefixes according to their origin: Re-, under-, with-, in-, over-, trans-, anti-, a-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, mis-, co-, exNative prefixes: under-, with-, over-, a-, misBorrowing prefixes: re-, in-, trans-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, co-, ex- (Latin). anti- (Greek) IV.2. Composition compound E 1. Arrange the compounds given below into groups: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total. Idiomatic Total change Partial change Light-hearted Homebody Butterfly Tallboy Bluestocking Dragonfly Bluebell Free-way Highway Blackberry Lazy-bone Good-for-nothing

Non-idiomatic Medium-size Wolf-dog Earthquake Looking-glass Necklace Greengrocer

E 2. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in three columns: simple neutral compounds, neutral derived compounds and neutral contracted compounds. Simple neutral A cars windshield A heavy topcoat A snow-white handkerchief A howl long and wolf-like Neutral derived An air-conditioned hall A high pitched voice Thoudsands seekers A lightish-colored man A glass-walled room A radio-equipped car A big hunting-knife
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Neutral contracted To fight against H-bomb Big A.A. guns

of

gold- To go into frantic U-turns To fix M-day

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E 3. Analyze the structure of the following words: Get-at-table, undertaker, looking-glass, sea-coast, fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live, heart-broken, hairs breadth, birds eye, penny-a-liner, butter-fingers, mother-of-thousands, sunfish, ladybird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, gaslight, office-incharge, workday. These above words are compounds, and they can be divided in to 3 groups according to the structural aspects: neutral, morphological and syntactic compounds. Neutral compounds Simple Derived Sea-coast, Undertaker, fountain-pen, red-hot, sunfish, ladybird, gaslight, workday looking-glass, heart-broken, hairs breadth, birds eye, butter-fingers # Morphological compounds Syntactic compounds Get-at-table, stay-at-home, will-tolive, penny-a-liner, mother-ofthousands, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, upto-date, office-in-charge

E 4. - Comment on the meaning and the form of the following compounds - Compare the meaning of the compound with that of its components. + butterball, butterfinger: N + N, idiomatic, total change buttermilk, butter-woman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change + dustman, motorman, milkman, fisherman, shipman, postman, oilman, woodman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change nobleman, madman: Adj + N, non-idiomatic. + craftsman, salesman, batsman, oarsman, kinsman, herdsman, statesman, sportsman: N + infix + N, idiomatic, partial change. + pot-boy, stable-boy, post-boy, cowboy, doughboy: N + N, idiomatic, partial change. + ladybird, lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love: mixed up, idiomatic, total change. + hot-blooded, cold-blooded, thick-headed, woodened-headed, pig-headed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change. + cross-eyed, eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed, single-eyed, wild-eyed, green-eyed (idiomatic, total change), round-eyed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, partial change. hollow-eyed, dim-eyed, sleepy-eyed: Adj + N_ed, non-idiomatic. + black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-hearted, chicken-hearted, cold-hearted, light-hearted, cruelhearted: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

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E 5. Form as many compounds as possible, using the follwing stems as their first component: Grass-, hand-, ink-, horse-, mother-, pack-, steam-, steelGrass-: grassroots, grasswidow, grasshopper Hand-: handwriting, handicraft, handbag, handball, handbrake Ink-: inkpot, inkbottle, inkpad, inkwell Horse-: horsepower, horseback, horsebean, horse opera, horse race, horse-tail Mother-: mother-in-law, mother-of-thousands, motherland, mother tongue, mother-to-be Pack-: pack horse, pack saddle, pack job, pack rat, pack train Steam-: steam engine, steam bath, steamturbine, steam jacket Steel-: steelworker, steel band, steelhead E 6. Form as many compounds as possible, using the following stems as their second components: -man, -berry,- woman, - boy,- room, -looking -man: salesman, policeman, businessman, spokesman -berry: blackberry, strawberry, cranberry -woman: policewoman, businesswoman, chairwoman -boy: pot-boy, cowboy, post-boy -room: livingroom, bathroom, bedroom -looking: good looking, forward-looking IV.3. Words formed by special processes: IV.3.1. Conversion: E 1. State the relationships in conversion of the following words: Noun - ape - ass - duck - fish - eye - finger - shoulder - top - dress - pocket - line - square - star - cork Verb to ape to ass to duck to fish to eye to finger to shoulder to top to dress to pocket to line to square to star to cork Relationship Nouns are the names of animals, verbs denote typical actions or behaviour. Try to catch fish N name of part of the human body, V an action performed by it. N name of place, V the process of occupying the place or of putting sth/ smb in it. N name of container, V act of putting sth within the container N name of symbol, V process of making it. N name of tool, V action performed by the tool.

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E 2. Compare the meaning of the words in the bold type with that of the corresponding nouns. - to head an army: means to lead - to toe a mark: means to make or press - to eye a foe: means to watch - to table a resolution: means to discuss - to foot a stocking: means to wear - to mind a command: means to notice - to fish a compliment: means to try to get - to stone a martyr: means to kill the noun head part of body. the noun toe part of body. the noun eye part of body. the noun table name of place. the noun foot part of body. the noun mind part of body. the noun fish name of animal. the noun stone name of tool.

- to chair a candidate: means to point the noun chair name of place.

- to dress a wound: means to cover or wear the noun dress name of container. IV.3.2. Shortening Write out in full the following shortened words. Define the type of shortening. - N.C.O: Non Commissioned Officer - pub: public house - ad: advertisement - fancy: fantasy - H-bomb: Hydrogen bomb - V-day: Victory day - USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - UNO: United Nations Organizartion - UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizaton - mike: microphone - lab: laboratory - FIFA: International Football Association - USA: United Nations of America - ml: millilitre - UFO: Unidentified Flying Object - TEFL: Teaching (of) English as a Foreign Language - UEFA: Union of European Football Associations acronym shortening spoken language final clipping acronym acronym acronym acronym acronym acronym ellipsis final clipping contraction rhythm initial abbreviation initial abbreviation acronym acronym acronym

(Fdration Internationale de Football Association)

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CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS MEANING V.1. Metaphor E 1. Pick out the metaphors from the following word combinations: - a green bush, a green man, a green apple, green with envy. - seeds of a plant, seeds of evil. - a fruitful tree, fruitful work. - a fruitless tree, a fruitless effort. - the root of a tree, the root of a word. - a blooming rose, blooming health. - a fading or faded flower, fading or faded beauty. E 2. What do we mean when we say a person is: Like a fox, like a bull in a china shop? - When we say a person like a fox, we mean he/she is a cunning or smart one and if we say someone like a bull in a china shop we imply that he/she is a very careless person who always break every thing. V.2. Metonymy E 1. Comment on the type and meaning of the following cases of metonymy: - sandwich, mackintosh, boycott, hooligan: thing known by the name of person who brought it to public/fashion. - cheviot, madeira, champagne, bordeaux, Havana: geographical name is used for goods originating from place where they are exceedingly numerous. E 2. Discuss the following cases of metonymy: - He is the hope of family: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing them. - She was the pride of her school: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing them. - I have never read Balzac in the original: common name derived from proper name. - My sister is fond of old china: geographical name is used for goods originating from place where they are exceedingly numerous. - the coffee pot is boiling: symbol for thing symbolized instrument for the product.

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CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS E 1. Find the homonyms proper for the following words: - band: a company of musician - seal: a warm-blooded fish-eating animal - ear: part of human body - cut: the result of cutting - to bore: to make a long round hole - fall: the act of falling - to hail: to greet - ray: a kind of fish band: a thin flat strip of cloth seal: close ear: plant part containing grain cut: change scene bore: to make somebody uninterested corn: a type of cereal

- corn: a hard, horny thickening of the skin, esp. on the foot hail: pellets of ice

fall: autumn the 3rd season in the year ray: single line or narrow beam of light draw: finish with equal score (sports).

- draw: something that attracts attention

E 2. Find the homophones to the following words. Explain meaning in English. - heir /e(r)/: person entiled to propertyair /e(r)/: mixture of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding the earth. - dye /dai/: substance used to change color of hair or cloth - cent /sent/: common unit of currency - tale /teil/: story - sun /sn/: star around which earth revolves - meat /mi:t/: edible animal flesh - steel /sti:l/: an alloy of iron and carbon - knight /nait/: honoured military man (hist) - sum /sm/: total some /sm/: several. hair /he(r)/: strands growing on the head or body. right /rait/: true, correct. - hare /he(r)/: mammal like rabbit - sight /sait/: seeing tail /teil/: rear part of animal body. son /sn/: boy in relation with parents. meet /mi:t/: to see another. steal /sti:l/: to take sth illegally. night /nait/: daily period of darkness. die /dai/: stop living. scent /sent/: smell, perfume.

- write /rait/: put words on paper with pen site /sait/: place.

E 3. Find the homographs to the following words and transcribe both - to bow /ba /: to bend the head of the body bow /b /: looped knot - wind /wind/: air in motion wind /waind/: wrap sth with coil - to tear /tr/: to pull apart by force tear /ti/: single drop of fluid from eyes

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- bear /bi/: a large, heavy animal bear /be/: to carry, bring - to dessert /diz :t/: to go away from a person or place desert /dezt/: arid area - row /r /: number of person or things in a line to row /ra /: noisy quarrel. CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS VII.1. Synonyms E 1. In the following groups of synonyms, find the synonymic dominant: - exact, precise, accurate - salvage, uncivilized, barbarous - hide, conceal, disguise - agree, approve, consent - recall, recollect - cry, weep, scream, sheirk - clever, able, intelligent, keen, sharp - uneducated, ignorant, illiterate, misinformed - agile, nimble, alert, quick, brisk, active E 2. Arrange the following synonyms according to their degree of intensity: - ask, implore, beg - longing, desire, wish - wither, decay, fade - handsome, pretty, beautiful - irritate, annoy - pierce, penetrate - alarmed, frightened, terrified - happiness, pleasure, delight - affiction, despair, sadness - astonishment, surprise, consternation - excuse, pardon, forgive - accident, disaster, misfortune - malicious, naughty, nasty, wicked - genius, capability, talent
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ask beg implore wish desire longing fade wither decay pretty handsome / beautiful annoy irritate penetrate pierce fightened alarmed terrified pleasure happiness delight sadness dispare affiction surprise astonishment consternation excuse pardon forgive misfortune accident disaster naughty nasty malicious wicked capability talent genius. 26

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VII.2. Antonyms E 1. Give antonyms to the following words. Arrange them in three columns: derivational antonyms (eg. careful careless), absolute antonyms (eg. slow fast) and mixed (eg. correct incorrect, wrong). Alert, discord, alive, ugly, artless, appearance, assist, arrange, courage, attentive, descend, safety, consistent, aware, convinent, competent, continue, preceding, correct, sufficent, frequent, distinct, expensive, hostile, faithful, wet, enemy, temporary, legal, lower, kind, normal, painful, encourage. Derivational antonyms Artless artful Appearance disappearance Attentive - inattentive Arrange disarrange Descend ascend Consistent inconsistent Convenient inconvenient Competent incompetent Sufficent insufficent Frequent infrequent Distinct indistinct Legal illegal Normal abnormal Encourage - discourage E 2. Give derivational antonyms to the following words: Just, justice, use (v), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, like (v), like (adj), lovely, movable, moved, related, relative. Just unjust Justice injustice Use (v) misuse Use (n) disuse Fortunate unfortunate Fortune misfortune Grateful ungrateful
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Absolute antonyms Discord accord Alive dead Ugly beautiful Assist hinder Courage cowardice Safety danger Preceding following Hostile friendly Wet dry Enemy friend Temporary permanent Lower higher

Mixed antonyms Aware unaware, ignorant Continue discontinue, stop Correct incorrect, wrong Expensive inexpensive, cheap Faithful faithless, disloyal Kind unkind, cruel Painful painless, pleasant

Like (v) dislike Like (adj) anlike Lovely unlovely Movable immovable Moved unmoved Related unrelated Relative - irrelative 27

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CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY E 1. Analyze the structure of the following phraseological units. Give Vietnamese equivalents. 1. It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. Function like noun. N + that clause. Gi no t dy. 2. Can the loepard change his spots? Sentence. nh cht ci nt khng cha 3. To put all ones eggs in one basket. Function like verb. V + ones + N + preposition. c n c ng v khng. 4. Burnt child dreads the fire. Sentence. Chim phi n s ln cy cong. 5. To set the Thames on fire. Function like verb. V + N. Kinh thin ng a / Bn tri khng vn t. 6. It is not the grey coat that makes the gentleman. Funtion like noun. N + that/ subordinate clause. Mc o c sa khng hn l s. 7. As well be hung for a sheep as for a lamb. Function like Adj. As + adj + as + N. m lao th phi theo lao / trt th trt. 8. To let no grass grow under ones feet. Function like verb. V + N. ng nc n chan mi nhy. 9. To give somebody a piece of ones mind. Function like verb. V + N. Mng cho mt trn / Thng thn ph bnh. 10. A stitch in times saves nine. Sentence. Dit c dit tn gc / Nh c nh c gc. 11. The game is not worth the candle. Sentence. Li bt cp hi / Thu khng chi. 12. To look for a needle in a bottle of hay. Function like verb. V + postpositive. M kim y b. 13. A skeleton in the cupboard. Funtcion like noun. N + preposition + N. p tt ph ra, xu xa y li. 14. To have a finger in the pie. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Dy mu n phn. 15. To skate on thin ice. Function like verb. V + postpositve. Liu lnh / D gy st m. 16. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet. Sentence. Mun n th ln vo bp. 17. To bring water to someones mouth. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. M ming mo.
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18. Like fish out of water. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Nh c mc cn / Chim chch vo rng. 19. To take the bull by the horns. Function like verb. V + N + preposition. ng mi chu so. 20. To let the cat out of the bag. Funtion like verb. V + N + preposition. l b mt / Ci kim trong bc lu ngy cng li ra / Giu u h ui. 21. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Sentence. Ch th mi bt bng. 22. Like a cat on hot bricks. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Bn chn / Lo lng / Nh ngi trn ng la. 23. Once bitten twice shy. Funtion like verb. V + N. Phi mt ci th vi n gi. 24. On the horns of dilemma. Function like adj. Preposition + N. Tin thoi lng nan. 25. Beauty is only the skin deep. Sentence. Tt g hn tt nc sn / Ci nt nh cht ci p. 26. Better luck next time. Function like adj. Adj + N. Thua keo ny by keo khc. 27. A big fish in little pond. (In the kingdom of the blind, one-eyed man is the king) Sentence. Cht lm vua s m 28. A game that two can play, two can play at that game. Sentence. Gy ng p lng ng. 29. Give the game away. Function like verb. V + N. Tit l b mt. 30. The devil looks after his own. Sentence. Mo m v c rn. 31. Where there is a will, there is a way. Sentence. C ch th nn / C cng mi st c ngy nn kim. 32. To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth. Sentence. Sng t trong trng nc. 33. Necessity is the mother of invention. Sentence. Ci kh l ci khn. 34. One good turn deserves another. Sentence. hin gp lnh. 35. The worm will turn.
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Sentence. Con giun xo mi cng qun. 36. Play it by ear. Function like verb. V + N. Tu c ng bin 37. Fish in trouble water. Function like noun. N + preposition + N. c nc bo c / Tha nc c th cu. 38. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Sentence. Lm thy nhiu ma / Lm si khng ai ng ca cha. 39. Two heads are better than one. Sentence. Mt cy lm chng nn non, Ba cy chm li nn hn ni cao . 40. Heap coals of fire on somebodys head. Function like verb. V + N. Ly on tr n / Gp la b tay ngi. 41. The devil makes work for idle hands. Sentence. Nhn c vi bt thin. 42. To talk of the devil and he will appear. Function like verb. V + postpositive. Nhc ti To Tho th To Tho n. E 2. Explain whether the semantic change in the following phraseological units are complete or partial. 1. Cast pearls before swine. Complete change. n gy tai tru. 2. Go on a fools errand. Complete change. C ting m khng c ming. 3. To eat humber pie. Partial change. Ngm b hn lm ngt / Nm mt nm gai. 4. To be in the same boat. Partial change. Cng hi cng thuyn. 5. Tell it to the marine. Complete change. Ni cho ma nghe. 6. To stick to ones gun. Partial change. Gi vng lp trng. 7. To beat about the bush. Partial change. Vng vo tam quc. 8. To throw cold water on smb. Partial change. Di go nc lnh. 9. To pour oil on fire. Partial change. thm du vo la.
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10. Like father, like son. Partial change. Cha no con ny. E 3. Complete the following phrases so that they make English proverbs and phraseological units. 1. a bird in hand A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Ch th mi bt bng. 2. the devil makes work The devil makes work for idle hands. Nhn c vi bt thin. 3. kill two birds Kill two birds with one stones. Mt mi tn trng hai ch. 4. theres no fool Theres no fool like an old fool. Chng c ci di no nh ci di no. 5. to eat ones cake To eat ones cake and have it. Vn c i ng. 6. the die The die is cast. Bt sa g cht. 7. the early bird The early bird catches the worm. Tru chm ung nc c. 8. between the cup and the lip There is a many slips between the cup and the lip. Ming n n ming cn ri mt. 9. the cap If the cap fits, wear it. C tt git mnh. 10. spilt milk Its no use crying over spilt milk. Thi ng tic r con g qu tha. E 4. Complete the following similes, using words from the list below. a ditch-water, a post, a bear, day, nails, thieves, fiddles, bee, egg, bat, brass, fish, needle, gun, grave. 1. as dull as 2. as fit as 3. as sharp as 4. as surly as 5. as silent as 6. as deaf as 7. as mute as 8. as clear as
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As dull as a ditch-water. (Nht nh nc c) As fit as a fiddle. (Kho nh vm) As sharp as a needle. (Sc nh dao) As surly as a bear. (Gt nh mm tm) As silent as grave. (Kn nh bng / Lng nh t) As deaf as a post. (ic c ic li) As mute as a fish. (Cm nh hn) As clear as day. (R nh ban ngy) 31

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9. as thick as 10. as busy as 11. as sure as 12. as bold as 14. as hard as 15. as blind as

As thick as thieves. (n / Ho hp) As busy as a bee. (Bn rn) As sure as a gun. (Chc nh inh ng ct) As bold as brass. (Tr tro nh go mc du / Mt dy my dn) As hard as nails. (Cng nhc) As blind as bat. (M tt)

13. as full asAs full as an egg. (Cht nh nm)

E 5. Compare the meaning of the expressions given in the two columns below. State which of them are phraseological. # 1. to have fling at smb/sth: speak in a ironical voice. 2. to lose heart: to be cowardice. 3. to take care: careful. 4. to have a word with: to talk to smb. 5. in a family way: natural. 6. in and out: to go in and out. 7. a matter of fact: an obvious thing. 8. before long: not long. 9. behind time: late. 10. nothing in common: different. Phraseological units To have ones fling: to be a playboy. To lose ones heart to smb: to fall in love with smb. To take care of : to look after, mind. To have words with smb: quarrel with smb. In the family way: to be pregnant. Ins and outs: specific. As a matter of fact: obvious. Long before: very long. Behind the times: backward. Nothing out of common: exactly the same.

E 6. Translate the following proverbs and idioms into English: 1. Trng li i khn hn vt. To teach ones grandmother to suck eggs. 2. Khu pht tm x. A woft in a sheeps clothing. 3. Trnh v da gp v da. Out of the frying pan into the fire. 4. Vng ch nh g vc niu tm. When the cats away, the mice will play. 5. Liu cm gp mm. To cut ones coat according to ones cloths. 6. V qut dy c mng tay nhn. Diamond cuts diamond / To set a thief to catch a thief.
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7. ng ni ny trng ni n. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence/hill. 8. Ch ma ru qua mt th. Never offer to teach fish to swim. 9. Nc u vt. Like water off a ducks back. 10. D trng xe ct. To build castle in the air. 11. Yu cho n cho vt, ght cho n cho chi. To spare the rat spoil the child. 12. Ch th mi bt bng. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 13. Ngu tm ngu m tm m. Birds of a feather flock together. 14. Mt git mu o hn ao nc l. Blood is thicker than water. 15. Cm n chy trc t. To put the cart before the horse. E 7. Give as many phraseological units as possible, using the followingwords: a. to beat, to catch, to draw, to keep. To beat: - to beat about: khuy. - to beat ones brain: vt c suy ngh. - to beat about the bush: vng vo tam quc. - to beat up: nh cho nh t. - to beat it: go way. To catch: - to catch ones meaning: hiu . - to catch out: tm thy im yu. - to catch up: bt kp. To draw: - to draw back: rt lui. - to draw in ones horns: mt t tin. - to draw out: gng hi. - to draw ones last breath: trt hi th cui cng. To keep:
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- to keep way: xa, trnh xa. - to keep smb add some words: bt ai lm g. - to keep up: duy tr, tip tc. - to keep an eye on: mt n, . b. bone, mind Bone: - to be on ones bone: tng qun. - to be bred in the bone: ngm su vo mu. Mind: - to cause smb to mind: nh li. - to keep ones mind on doing sth: ch lm g. - to change ones mind: thay i kin. ------------------The End-----------------

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