Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a) air pollution
b) water pollution
c) thermal pollution
d) noise pollution
1. Air Pollution
-Smoke, dirt, dust and poisonous gases that are released into the air endangering
many living organisms. Most of the air pollutants come from the burning of fossil
fuels from motor vehicles.
-Let us see, some of the air pollutants that harm our atmosphere.
Pollutants Sources Effects
Carbon monoxide -combustion of fossil fuels -combing with haemoglobin to
form carboxyhaemoglobin
-combustion sources such which reduces the capability
as motor vehicle exhaust, pf transportation of oxygen by
smoke from fires and red blood cells.
engine fumes
-nausea, headaches, fatigue,
brain damage and can be fatal
Carbon dioxide Combustion of fossil fuels -causing emphysema
-affects respiration
b) Oil spills
-grease Effects of Water Pollution
-oil
1. HUMAN HEALTH
c) Sewage effluent -untreated water contains
-detergent pathogens like vibrio which
-faeces causes cholera.
-nitrates -pesticides and herbicides
passed to humans via food chain
d) Non-biodegradable are harmful.
rubbish -heavy metals such as mercury
-suspended solids cause nervous disorders,
-rubbish blindness, and death.
-oil
2. ANIMALS & PLANTS
e) Effluent from factories -excess nitrates and phosphates
-heavy metals lead to eutrophication
-oil -rubbish and oil deduce the light
-grease penetration and diffusion of
-chemicals oxygen into water, killing
aquatic organisms.
-oil covers the gills of fishes
causing delicacy of respiration
among fishes.
-decomposition of decayed
materials by saprophytic
bacteria reduces the oxygen
content in the water.
What is eutrophication??
2. The increases nutrients promote rapid growth of algae when they are deposited
into the water sources.
3. Excessive growth of algae is defined as Algal Bloom.
4. Algal Bloom threats the ecosystem in two main ways.
ALGAL BLOOM
THREATS THE
ECOSYSTEM BY:
1st WAY
1. Densely populated algae cover the
water surface and block penetration 2ND WAY
of sunlight. Thus, no photosynthesis
occurs, aquatic plants die. 1. When algae die, decomposing
Aquatic animals lose their food organisms especially saprophytic
sources and habitats. Hence, food bacteria use up oxygen for its
chains and ecosystem change. activities. As a result, oxygen content
The level of dissolved oxygen in the in the water is reduced.
water also reduced.
5. Depletion of oxygen results in an increase in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
6. Eutrophication increases the BOD value in the water.
7. What is BOD by the way? BOD refers to the amount of oxygen utilized by
microorganisms to oxidise all organic matter in one litre of water.
8. The higher the BOD value, the more polluted the water as the dissolved oxygen
level decreases.
Aerobic bacteria
BOD Level increases. use up oxygen
3. Thermal Pollution
- Thermal pollution happens when there is an increase in the temperature of a water
source or excessive heat in the environment.
- Hot water is discharged into nearby water sources from the effluent of industrial
processes, cooling towers of power stations and reactor plants.
- The discharge of hot water increases the water temperature by 10 degree Celsius.
- Reflection of heat from glass buildings also make the world succumbs to a high rises in
temperature of the surroundings.
- Noise pollution occurs when there are disruptions by high decibels of noises.
- Undeniable, urban developments cause most of the noise pollution we are confronted
with now. Examples are:
a) vehicles
b) construction sites
c) machines in industrial fields
d) entertainment outlets
- The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a noise level of not exceeding than
55 decibels (Db).
-Long exposure to a noise level of 80 Db may cause headache, emotional and mental
disturbances and may also lead to deafness.
1. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- Sun’s rays reach the Earth through radiation. Some of these radiations are
absorbed by the Earth to warm the surfaces of sea and lands.
- So, the infrared radiation is radiated back to the Earth’s surfaces and
warming the Earth further.
- Ozone layer protects the Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV)
radiation.
-High concentrations of ozone, which is mainly, the (O3), in the ozone layer,
have the ability to absorb large amounts of UV radiation.
- We must beware, that, ozone, although is in the form of oxygen, will not be
replenished naturally once it is depleted.
- CFCs are unreactive and can remain unchanged for over 100 years.
- Thus, the thinner the ozone layer, the more UV radiation would be able to
reach the Earth’s surface. Prolonged exposure to UV radiation leads to the
following cases.
As human population increases, the need to fulfill humans’ demands also increase. The
demands are like the need for homes, roads and factories. Thus, there are more
deforestation, more wastes are dumped and more burning of fossil fuels.
Honestly, these effects threaten our lives and the ecosystem. Emphasize on the
development must be reduced. A balance between development projects and environment
management must be created as fast as possible.
MEASURES TO ENSURE A BALANCE OF
NATURE IS MAINTAINED
1. IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS
Apart from national laws, meetings and forums were held internationally to discuss
ways to protect our environment. For instance, Earth Summit was held in Rio De
Janeiro in1992, Langkawi Declaration in Langkawi 1989 and Protocol Montreal
1987.
2. USES OF TECHNOLOGIES
- Rubbish is sorted into recyclable materials and non-recyclable materials. The non-
recyclable materials can be burnt in incinerators where heat formed can be
reclaimed and being used in heating or to generate electricity.
- Catalytic converters are used to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted and
convert harmful gases released during combustion of fossil fuels into less harmful
matters.
- Solar energy can generate cars and can reduce the combustion of fossil fuels.
- Chimneys of factories are fixed with filters as to impair the amount of air
pollutants.
-Bacteria can aid in the breakdown of oil which is spilled in the sea water.
3. EDUCATION
a) to increase awareness of individuals and society towards the environment and its
problems.
b) To impart knowledge to individuals and society on the environment, problems on
the environment as well as their duties and responsibilities.
c) to care and protect the environment for the sake of a balance living.
d) To acquire skills that can solve environmental problems.
- Formal education is carried out in schools, colleges and institutions. Mobile education
units visit schools to give talks and film shows which concern about the environment.
Meanwhile, informal education is carried out through mass media, campaigns, seminars,
brochures, magazines and films.
- Lesser demand in obtaining natural sources when recycle method is being implemented
by all. Newspapers, glass, bottles and aluminium cans can be recycled. Meanwhile,
empty cans, bottles or plastic bags can be reuse.
- Education on the effects and causes of pollution, the usage of metal food containers to
replace polystyrene boxed and the usage of shopping baskets rather than using plastic
bags can be highlighted in schools.
4. PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
- Biodiversity can be maintained if we preserve and conserve the forests and mangrove
swamps.
- Conservation involves steps and efforts taken to return an imbalanced ecosystem to its
natural equilibrium.
- In order to sustain a continuous supply of clean water, our water sources must be
preserved. Among the methods taken to preserve and conserve our water sources and
water catchments areas are by educating public to take care and love the rivers, lakes,
seas and enforcing laws to prevent pollution.
- How about our mangrove swamps? Mangrove swamps play a vital role in controlling
flood, coastal erosion prevention, sediment control and also as barriers against strong sea
waves such as the tsunami strikes.
-The mangrove trees are used for pilling in construction, building materials and as a
source of fuel. Clearing of mangrove swamps for its timber robs the flora and fauna
found in the swamps, so efforts must be toyed up to preserve and conserve our mangrove
swamps.
-Laws prohibiting random tree felling, hunting and farming must be enforced strictly.
5. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
-This method is an alternative method rather than using pesticides to get rid of pests
-Pesticides are not only expensive and toxic to non-pest; they actually make pests more
resistance to pesticides used.
-Biological control involves the use of the pest’s natural predator to keep the population
of the pest at the minimum level.
(a) Female hoverfly is used to control aphids which suck the nutrient of wheat plants.
(b) A bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis can kill caterpillars on cabbages.
(c) Owl is used to control the population of rates in oil palm plantation.
6. RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Renewable energy is the energy that occurs naturally and is inexhaustible. It does not
give rise to pollution.
- We are using non-renewable energy from fossil fuels at an alarming rate. We must take
notice that those non-renewable energies we use will be exhausted and cannot be renewed
if its usage is not controlled.
- Improve fuel efficiency in motorized vehicles and also in factories by modifying the
engines and machines. Right now, several scientists are working on the hydrogen fuel
that can be used in motor vehicles in the future, which does not cause pollution.
- Use natural gas and reduce combustion of fossil fuels, and not to mention stop open
burning. Natural gas like ethanol or methanol obtained from the waste of crops and
animals can be used alternatives sources of fuel since they give off less emission of toxic
gases and giving great mileage and performance to vehicles either.
- We should not be too eager. Awareness on the threatening activities of human beings
toward the ecosystem must be imparted in all mankind. For example, dumping rubbish
and toxic wastes into rivers and drains can lead to water pollution. The rivers and drains
will then be breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The decaying rubbish also attracts rats,
flies and animals vectors. After that, human beings have to suffer from various illnesses
like dengue fever and so on.
- Many activities can be working on to encourage students to care for the ecosystem. In
schools, there must be activities on building up fish pond, setting up a garden and also on
recycling materials.
- “:Gotong-royong” is another initiative that can be carried out to keep the school and the
environment at home clean.
- Campaigns such as the “Environment Day” and “Recycling Day” can also be carried
out at school.