Prof Ranjani Hi

Knowledge Representation
Dr. Ranjani Parthasarathi Professor Dept. of Information Science & Technology CEG, Anna University, Chennai
1/25/2012
Knowledge Human characteristic
Cogito Ergo Sum (I Think, Therefore I Am) - Rene Descartes(1637)
1/25/2012
A story
The following scenario illustrates a possible use of an opportunistic network deployed after an earthquake. One of its helpers, a surveillance system, looks at a public area scene with many objects. The image is passed to another helper that analyzes it, and recognizes one of the objects as an overturned car. Another helper decides that the license plate number of the car should be obtained, and (maybe another) image analysis helper provides this information. The plate number is used by another helper to check in a vehicle database whether the car is equipped with the OnStar communication system. If it is, the appropriate OnStar center facility is contacted, becomes a helper, and obtains a connection with the OnStar device in the car. The OnStar device in the car becomes a helper and is asked to contact BANs (body area networks) on and within bodies of car occupants. Each BAN available in the car becomes a helper and reports on the vital signs of its owner. The reports from BANs are analyzed by prioritizing helpers that schedule the responder teams to ensure that people in the most serious condition are rescued sooner than others. With the exception of the BAN link that is just a bit futuristic (its widespread availability could be measured in years not in decades), all other helper capabilities are already quite common.
A simple activity
Identify the knowledge embedded/ implicit for the above scenario to work !
1/25/2012
KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012
What is Knowledge
Numerous definitions
Working Knowledge: how organisations manage what they know Harvard Business School Press, 1998, 2000 Knowledge is information combined with experience, context, interpretation, and reflection. It is a high-value form of information that is ready to apply to decisions and actions." T. Davenport et al., 1998 Knowledge is information evaluated and organized by the human mind so that it can be used purposefully, e.g., conclusions or explanations." Rousa, 2002.
1/25/2012
What is Knowledge (2)

Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the minds of knowers.
In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents or repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practices and norms. - Thomas H. Davenport, Laurence Prusak (1998) "Knowledge is... a mental grasp of fact(s) of reality, reached either by perceptual observation or by a process of reason based on perceptual observation." Rand, 1967.
1/25/2012
Knowledge representation (KR)

Knowledge is a description of the world
Describes a systems competence by what it knows
Representation is the way it is encoded

Defines a systems performance in doing something
Different types of knowledge may require different types of representation

Logic, Rules, Frames, Semantic Nets
1/25/2012 KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012
How KR Works
Intelligence requires knowledge Computational models of intelligence require models of knowledge Use formalisms to write down knowledge
Expressive enough to capture human knowledge Precise enough to be understood by machines
Separate knowledge from computational mechanisms that process it
1/25/2012
What goes into KR ?

How do we decide what we want to represent?
Entities, categories, events, time, aspect Predicates, relationships among entities, arguments (constants, variables) Andquantifiers, operators (e.g. temporal) Concepts, relations, attributes
1/25/2012
Early KR Schemes
Model-based representations reflecting the structure of the domain, and then reason based on the model.
Semantic Nets Frames Scripts
Sometimes called associative networks

CSC 9010: Special Topics, Natural Language Processing. Spring, 2005. Matuszek & Papalaskari
Some slides adapted from Dorr, www.umiacs.umd.edu/~christof/courses/cmsc723-fall04 , Kurfess: www.csc.calpoly.edu/~fkurfess/Courses/CSC481/W03/Slides/3-Knowledge-Representation.ppt and Hirschberg: www1.cs.columbia.edu/~julia/cs4705/syllabus.html
10
Basics of Associative Networks

All include
Concepts Various kinds of links between concepts
has-part or aggregation is-a or specialization More specialized depending on domain
Typically also include

Inheritance Some kind of procedural attachment
11
Semantic Nets
labeled, directed graph nodes represent objects, concepts, or situations
labels indicate the name nodes can be instances (individual objects) or classes (generic nodes)
links represent relationships

the relationships contain the structural information of the knowledge to be represented the label indicates the type of the relationship
12
Semantic Net Examples

HasA Hull Ship HasA Propulsion InstanceOf Instance Steamboat Bob agent give recipient object Candy Mary Person Instance
13
Generic/Individual
Generic describes the idea--the notion
static
Individual or instance describes a real entity

must conform to notion of generic dynamic individuate or instantiate
A lot of NLP using semantic nets involves instantiating generic nets based on a given piece of text.
14
Individuation example
Person agent give recipient Person
object
Thing Process the sentence Bob gave Mary some candy. Generic Representation
Bob agent
give recipient object
Mary
Candy
Instantiation
15
Frames
Represent related knowledge about a subject Frame has a title and a set of slots
Title is what the frame is the concept Slots capture relationships of the concept to other things
Typically can be organized hierarchically

Most frame systems have an is-a slot allows the use of inheritance
Slots can contain all kinds of items

Rules, facts, images, video, questions, hypotheses, other frames In NLP, typically capture relationships to other frames or entities
Slots can also have procedural attachments

on creation, modification, removal of the slot value
16
Simple Frame Example

Slot Name Restaurant Cuisine Price Service Atmosphere Location Web page Filler Lemon Grass Thai, Vegetarian Expensive Excellent Good KoP Ask Google.
17
Usage of Frames
Most operations with frames do one of two things: Fill slots
Process a piece of text to identify an entity for which we have a frame Fill as many slots as possible
Use contents of slots

Look up answers to questions Generate new text

[Rogers 1999] 18
Scripts
Describe typical events or sequences Components are
script variables (players, props) entry conditions transactions exit conditions
Create instance by filling in variables

19
Restaurant Script Example

Generic template for restaurants
different types default values
Script for a typical sequence of activities at a restaurant Often has a frame behind it; script is essentially instantiating the frame
20
EAT-AT-RESTAURANT Script Props: (Restaurant, Money, Food, Menu, Tables, Chairs) Roles: (Hungry-Persons, Wait-Persons, Chef-Persons) Point-of-View: Hungry-Persons Time-of-Occurrence: (Times-of-Operation of Restaurant) Place-of-Occurrence: (Location of Restaurant) Event-Sequence: first: Enter-Restaurant Script then: if (Wait-To-Be-Seated-Sign or Reservations) then Get-Maitre-d's-Attention Script then: Please-Be-Seated Script then: Order-Food-Script then: Eat-Food-Script unless (Long-Wait) when Exit-Restaurant-Angry Script CSC 9010: Special then: if (Food-Quality was better than Palatable) Topics, Natural then Language Processing. Compliments-To-The-Chef Script Spring, then: 2005. Pay-For-It-Script Matuszek & finally: Papalaskari Leave-Restaurant Script
Restaurant Script
21
[Rogers 1999]
Comments on Scripts
Obviously takes a lot of time to develop them initially.
The script itself has much of the knowledge May be serious overkill for most NLP tasks
We need this level of detail if we want to include answers based on reasoning like Most restaurants do serve dinner.
22
First Order Predicate Calculus (FOPC)

Terms
Constants: Lemon Grass Functions: LocationOf(Lemon Grass) Variables: x in LocationOf(x)
Predicates: Relations that hold among objects

Serves(Lemon Grass,VegetarianFood)
Logical Connectives: Permit compositionality of meaning

I only have $5 and I dont have a lot of time Have(I,$5) Have(I,LotofTime)
23
Enter - WWW
Web 1.0
Personal Websites Content Management Systems Altavista, Google CiteSeer, Project Gutenberg Message Boards Buddy Lists, Address Books -
Web 2.0
Blogs Wikis
Semantic Web
Google Personalised, DumbFind Google Scholar, Book Search Community Portals

Online Social Networks -
1/25/2012
Semantic Web / Web 3.0
1/25/2012
Productivity of Search
Beyond the Limits of Keyword Search

The 3.0 Web 2010 - 2020 The Social Semantic Natural language search Web 2.0 Web2000 - 2010 Web Tagging The World Wide Web Web 1.0
1990 - 2000 Keyword search
The 4.0 Web 2020 - 2030 Intelligent Reasoning Web Semantic Search
PC Era
1980 - 1990
Directories The Desktop Files & Folders Databases
Amount of data
Content attributed to Nova Spivack, http://www.mindingtheplanet.net
The Intelligence is in the Connections

Connections between Information
Web OS Semantic Web
Intelligent Web
Web 4.0
2020 - 2030 Intelligent personal agents
The Internet
FTP PCs USENET
Distributed Search SWRL OWL 2010 - 2020 SPARQL Semantic Databases OpenID AJAX Semantic Search ATOM Widgets Social Web RSS Mashups P2P RDF Office 2.0 Javascript Flash SOAP XML Social Media Sharing 2000 - 2010 Weblogs Java The Web HTML SaaS Social Networking HTTP Directory Portals Wikis VR Keyword Search Lightweight Collaboration The PC BBS Websites Gopher 1990 - 2000 MacOS SQL MMOs Groupware Databases SGML Windows File Servers
Web 3.0
Web 2.0
Web 1.0
IRC Email
PC Era
1980 - 1990
File Systems
Connections between people
The Bigsocial graph just connects people Opportunity The

The semantic graph connects everything
People Companies Emails
Better search
Products
Places
More targeted ads Smarter collaboration
Interests
Services
Deeper integration
Activities Web Pages
Richer content
Documents
Projects Events Groups
Better personalization
Multimedia
A Higher Resolution Web

Joe Person Lives in Palo Alto City Fan of IBM Company IBM.com Web Site Publisher of
Subscriber to
Lives in Employee of Sue Person
Dave.com RSS Feed
Fan of Coldplay Band
Jane Person
Friend of
Member of Depiction of Married to
Source of
Design Team Group Dave.com Weblog Member of
Member of Bob Person 123.JPG Photo Depiction of
Member of Author of Dave Person Member of Stanford Alumnae Group
Five Approaches to Semantics

Tagging Statistics Linguistics Semantic Web Artificial Intelligence
The Approaches Compared

Make the Data Smarter
A.I.
Semantic Web Linguistics
Tagging
Statistics
Make the software smarter
Two Paths to Adding Semantics

Bottom-Up (Classic)
Add semantic metadata to pages and databases all over the Web Every Website becomes semantic Everyone has to learn RDF/OWL
Top-Down (Contemporary)
Automatically generate semantic metadata for vertical domains Create services that provide this as an overlay to nonsemantic Web Nobody has to learn RDF/OWL
In Practice: Hybrid Approach Works Best
Tagging
Semantic Web
Top-down
Statistics Linguistics Bottom-up
Artificial intelligence
The Semantic Web is a Key Enabler

Moves the intelligence out of applications, into the data
Data becomes self-describing; Meaning of data becomes part of the data Apps can become smarter with less work, because the data carries knowledge about what it is and how to use it Data can be shared and linked more easily
Semantic Web: which resources to annotate ?

Industrial and business processes
Web resources / services / DBs / etc. External world resources
Web users
(profiles, preferences)
Shared ontology
Multimedia resources
Web access devices
Web agents / applications Smart machines and devices
35
The Semantic Web = Open database layer for the Web

User Profiles Web Content Ads & Listings Data Records Apps & Services
Open Query Interfaces Open Data Mappings
Open Data Records

Open Rules Open Ontologies
Semantic Web Open Standards

RDF (Resource Description Framework) Store data as triples OWL (Web Ontology Language) Define systems of concepts called ontologies Sparql Query data in RDF SWRL Define rules
Ontology
An ontology formally defines a common set of terms that are used to describe and represent a domain (e.g., librarianship, medicine, etc.) Ontologies include computer-usable definitions of basic concepts in the domain and the relationships among them Ontologies are usually expressed in a logicbased language
Dr.T.V.Geetha, Anna University 38
RDF Triples
Subject
Predicate
Object
the subject, which is an RDF URI reference or a blank node the predicate, which is an RDF URI reference the object, which is an RDF URI reference, a literal or a blank node
Source: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/#section-triples
Ontologies
Semantic Web Data is Self-Describing Linked Data

Definition Definition Definition
Definition Data Record Definition

Field 1 Value Field 2 Value
ID
Definition
Field 3 Value Field 4 Value
Definition
More on Ontology
Aristotle - Ontology
Before: study of the nature of being Since Aristotle: study of knowledge representation and reasoning Terminology: Genus: (Classes) Species: (Subclasses) Differentiae: (Characteristics which allow to group or distinguish objects from each other)
Syllogisms (Inference Rules) [Aristotle] Science of Being, Methapysics, IV, 1

42
What is ontology?
Philosophy (400BC):
Systematic explanation of Existence
Neches (91):
Ontology defines basic terms and relations comprising the vocabulary of a topic area as well as the rules for combining terms and relations to define extensions to the vocabulary
Gruber (93): Explicit
specification of a conceptualization
Borst (97):
Formal specification of a shared conceptualization
Dr.T.V.Geetha, Anna University
43
What is ontology (2) ?

Studer(98): Formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization
Machine readable
Consensual knowledge
Concepts, properties, functions, axioms are explicitly defined
Abstract model of some phenomena in the world
44
What is Ontology (3) ?

Concepts: Units of thought: Classes and individuals;
Protein, Gene, DNA, Hexokinase, glycolysis,
Terms: Labels for concepts Protein, Gene, Relationships: Semantic links between concepts
Is-a-kind, is-a, part-of, name-of,
Taxonomy backbone of ontology
45
Concept - Instance
Concept / Class / Universal (Metaphysics)
an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
Instance / Individual / Particular (Metaphysics)

object in reality, a copy of an abstract concept with actual values for properties
Name: Studied: LivesIn: WorksAt: Thomas Wchter Computer Science Dresden Biotec, TU-Dresden
46
Developing an ontology
Defining classes in the ontology
Concepts in a domain of discourse (classes -sometimes called concepts)
Arranging the classes

in a taxonomic (subclass-superclass) hierarchy
Defining slots and describing allowed values for these slots

Properties of each concept describing various features and attributes of the concept (slots - sometimes called roles or properties)
Restrictions on slots
(facets - sometimes called role restrictions)
Filling in the values for slots for instances

Ontology + set of individual instances of classes => knowledge
Ontological Engineering and Related Disciplines

Mathematics Formal Methods Formal Semantics Sociology Ontology Logic Philosophy Enterprise Engineering Industrial Engineering Linguistics Computer Science Business Management Database Theory
Artificial Intelligence Formal Ontology Informal Ontology

Knowledge Representation Conceptual Modeling
Knowledge Management
Ontological Engineering
Knowledge Engineering Software/Data Engineering
Object Modeling
48
Benefits
Communication between people Interoperability between software agents
Reuse of domain knowledge
Make domain knowledge explicit

Analyze domain knowledge
Building an ontology is not a goal in itself.
49
Types of ontologies
[Guarino et al. 1999] - N. Guarino, C. Masolo, G. Vetere. OntoSeek: Content-Based Access to the Web. In: IEEE Intelligent Systems, 14(3), 70--80, 1999.
50
Ontology -Examples
Ontology - Simple examples Taxonomy

fruit fruit apple lemon orange pomme citron orange
fruit
fruit apple citrus pear
tropical temperate
lime
lemon orange
Dr.T.V.Geetha, Anna
52 University
52
Ontology- Example II
subClassOf
domain
Person
subClassOf
range
Student type Frank
hasSuperVisor
Researcher type Jeen
hasSuperVisor
University Related Ontology

Ontology Example III

Body Part
has part
Living Thing
eats
Arm Animal Leg Person Carnivore

eats eats
Plant
Grass Herbivore
Tree Cow
54
Ontologies Example IV
Geographical Entity (GE)
is-a flow_through
Natural GE
Inhabited GE
capital_of
mountain
instance_of
river
country
located_in
city
Zugspitze
height (m)
Neckar
F-Logic Ontology capital_of Germany

similar
length (km)
flow_through located_in flow_through
2962
367
Stuttgart
Berlin
Design: Philipp Cimiano
55
Ontology Example V
Object
is_a-1 is_a-1
Person
is_a-1 is_a-1
knows
Topic
described_in related_to
Document
is_a-1 is_a-1
writes
Student
is_a-1
Researcher
is_a-1
Letter
Email
is_similar_to Affiliation instance_of-1
RULES:
T described_in is_about D T T P is_about knows D
Doctoral Student PhD Student
Tel
Affiliation
Ram
+49 721 608 . AIFB
writes
Representation Languages: RDF(S); OWL; Predicate Logic; FDr.T.V.Geetha, Anna Logic University 56
Ontology Example VI
Chemical
Molecule
Compound
Element
Ion
Atom
Molecular Compound
Ionic Compound
Molecular Element
Ionic Molecule
Non-Metal
Metal
Ionic Molecular Compound

Metaloid
EcoCyc
58
59
Ontologies and their relatives
60
Structured Ontology Spectrum

The term ontology has been used to describe models with different degrees of structure (Ontology Spectrum) Less structure: Taxonomies (Semio taxonomies, Yahoo hierarchy, biological taxonomy), Database Schemas (many) and metadata schemes (ICML, ebXML, WSDL) More Structure: Thesauri (WordNet, CALL, DTIC), Conceptual Models (OO models, UML) Most Structure: Logical Theories (Ontolingua, TOVE, CYC, Semantic Web) 61
Ontology Spectrum: One View

Modal Logic First Order Logic Logical Theory Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL property UML
strong semantics
Conceptual Model
RDF/S XTM Extended ER
Is Subclass of
Semantic Interoperability
Thesaurus
ER DB Schemas, XML Schema
Has Narrower Meaning Than

Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy
Relational Model, XML
Is Sub-Classification of Syntactic Interoperability

62
weak semantics
Ontology Spectrum: One View

Modal Logic First Order Logic Logical Theory Problem: Disjoint Subclass of Is Very General Semantic Expressivity: Very High with transitivity Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL property UML
strong semantics
Conceptual Model Local Problem:
Is Subclass of Semantic Interoperability Semantic RDF/S Expressivity: High XTM Extended ER
Thesaurus
DB Schemas, XML Schema
Problem: General ER Semantic Expressivity: Medium
Has Narrower Meaning Than

Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy
Model, XML
Problem: Local Relational Expressivity: Low Semantic
Is Sub-Classification of Syntactic Interoperability

63
weak semantics
Ontology Applications
Information Retrieval
Query Expansion
Information Extraction
Template Definition, Semantic Integration
Question Answering
Question Analysis, Answer Selection
Knowledge Portal Construction

Knowledge Structure
Document Clustering/Classification
Extend Bag-of-words
Knowledge Management
Check Consistency, Infer New Knowledge
64
Big Ontologies
There are several large, general ontologies that are freely available. Some examples are:
Cyc - Original general purpose ontology OntoSem a lexical KR system and ontology WordNet - a large, on-line lexical reference system World Fact Book -- 5Meg of KIF sentences! UMLS - NLMs Unified Medical Language System SUMO Standard Upper Merged Ontology
65
Building an Ontology
Ontology Elements
Concepts(classes) + their hierarchy Concept properties (slots/attributes) Property restrictions (type, cardinality, domain) Relations between concepts (disjoint, equality) Instances
67
How to build an ontology?
Steps: determine domain and scope enumerate important terms
define classes and class hierarchies

define slots define slot restrictions (cardinality, value-type)
68
Consider Reuse
With the spreading deployment of the Semantic Web, ontologies will become more widely available We rarely have to start from scratch when defining an ontology
There is almost always an ontology available from a third party that provides at least a useful starting point for our own ontology
Determine Scope (2)

Basic questions to be answered at this stage are: What is the domain that the ontology will cover? For what are we going to use the ontology? For what types of questions should the ontology provide answers ? Who will use and maintain the ontology?
Step 1: Determine Domain and Scope Domain: geography

Application: route planning agent
Possible questions: Distance between two cities? What sort of connections exist between two cities? In which country is a city? How many borders are crossed?
71
Enumerate Terms
Write down in an unstructured list all the relevant terms that are expected to appear in the ontology Nouns form the basis for class names Verbs (or verb phrases) form the basis for property names Traditional knowledge engineering tools can be used to obtain the set of terms an initial structure for these terms
72
Step 2: Enumerate Important Terms
city
capital country
Connection_on_land
border
road
Connection_on_water
railway
currency
connection
Connection_in_air
Identify properties
What properties do the terms have? What would you like to say about the terms? Initially get comprehensive list of terms do not worry about overlap between concepts they represent Relations among terms Properties concepts have Whether concepts classes or slots Closely integrated steps Developing Class hierarchy Defining properties of concepts (slots)
Define Taxonomy
Relevant terms must be organized in a taxonomic hierarchy
Opinions differ on whether it is more efficient/reliable to do this in a top-down or a bottom-up fashion
Ensure that hierarchy is indeed a taxonomy:

If A is a subclass of B, then every instance of A must also be an instance of B (compatible with semantics of rdfs:subClassOf)
Step 3: Define Classes and Class Hierarchy
76
Define facets
Define facets of Slots Value type --- string, number, boolean, enumerated, instance type Allowed values Number of values (cardinality) Single and multiple Minimum and maximum cardinality Other features slot can take
77
Define Properties
Often interleaved with the previous step The semantics of subClassOf demands that whenever A is a subclass of B, every property statement that holds for instances of B must also apply to instances of A It makes sense to attach properties to the highest class in the hierarchy to which they apply
Define Properties (2)

While attaching properties to classes, it makes sense to immediately provide statements about the domain and range of these properties There is a methodological tension here between generality and specificity:
Flexibility (inheritance to subclasses) Detection of inconsistencies and misconceptions
79
Step 4: Define Slots of Classes

Geographic_entity
End_point
Country
Has_capital
City
Start_point
Connection
Borders_with
Capital_of
Capital_city
Step 5: Define slot constraints

Slot-cardinality
Ex: Borders_with multiple, Start_point single

Slot-value type
Ex: Borders_with- Country

Issues on class hierarchy

- all is-a relations hold? Inst(B) Inst(A) - check transitivity C Subclass_of(A) D Subclass_of(C)
A B C D
D Subclass_of(A)
- avoid unexpected cycles B Subclass_of(A) A Subclass_of(B)
A=B
81
Issues on Slots
- inverse slots (redundant, but explicit)
Has_capital
Country
Capital_of
Capital_city
-symmetric slots Ex. A borders_with B -transitive slots A.connection(B) B.connection(C)
B borders_with A
A.connection(C)
82
Define Instances
Filling the ontologies with instances is a separate step Number of instances >> number of classes Thus populating an ontology with instances is not done manually
Retrieved from legacy data sources (DBs) Extracted automatically from a text corpus
Languages for Ontology
Languages for Ontology

Wide variety of languages for Explicit Specification Graphical notations Semantic networks Topic Maps (see http://www.topicmaps.org/) UML RDF Logic based Description Logics (e.g., OIL, DAML+OIL, OWL) Rules (e.g., RuleML, LP/Prolog) First Order Logic (e.g., KIF) Conceptual graphs (Syntactically) higher order logics (e.g., LBase) Non-classical logics (e.g., Flogic, Non-Mon, modalities) Probabilistic/fuzzy Degree of formality varies widely Increased formality makes languages more amenable to machine processing (e.g., automated reasoning)
Web Schema Languages

Existing Web languages extended to facilitate content description XML XML Schema (XMLS) RDF RDF Schema (RDFS) XMLS not an ontology language Changes format of DTDs (document schemas) to be XML Adds an extensible type hierarchy Integers, Strings, etc. Can define sub-types, e.g., positive integers RDFS is recognisable as an ontology language Classes and properties Sub/super-classes (and properties) Range and domain (of properties) Dr.T.V.Geetha, Anna
University 86
A traditional Indian logic & ontology
1/25/2012
Nyaaya (Tarka)
Ontology
Structure of knowledge A systematic account of Existence Defines the terms used to describe and represent knowledge Allows detailed, accurate, precise, consistent, sound, and meaningful distinctions among the classes, properties, and relations.
Inference
1/25/2012 KM Workshop AU, Dec2007
Nyaaya Ontology - Classification

Seven categories

1/25/2012
Substance (dravya) - 9 Quality (guna) - 24 Action (karma) -5 Universal/Commonality (saamaanya) Particularity (visesha) Inherence (samavaaya) Non-existence (abhaava) - 4
KM Workshop AU, Dec2007
Definitive Qualities of substances

Earth smell as its inherent quality
Also has color, taste, touch, sound etc.
Water cold touch as its inherent quality

Also has color (according to nyaaya white), taste, sound
Fire hot to touch

Also has color, sound
Air colorless but has touch

Necessity to use both terms for the definition
Space (ether) sound as its Dec2007 1/25/2012 KM Workshop AU, inherent quality
Definitive Qualities of substances (2)

Time & direction All pervading, substrate for everything Mind Emotions (pleasure, pain etc)
That which has action, but cannot be touched
Soul Knowledge (gnaanam) is the definitive quality
1/25/2012
Gnaanam cognition/knowledge
The quality which is the cause of all kinds of transactions (communication) Two types
Remembrance (smrti)
Born of mental impressions
Apprehension (anubhava)
True & Untrue ( conforming to the object or not) ( valid / invalid )
Gnaanam cognition/knowledge(2)
Valid apprehension (4 types)
Perception (pratyaksha) Inference (anumaana) Analogy based (upamaana) Verbal testimony (shabda)
2 more types (in other schools of thought)

Implication (arthaapatti) Non-apprehension (anupalabdhi)
Perception
Laukika (ordinary) vs Alaukika (extraordinary)

External Visual Tactual Gustatory Olfactory Auditory Internal Mind
Intuitive
1/25/2012
Cause for Perception

Six operative causes
Conjunction in perceiving the jar Inherence with the conjoint in perceiving the color of the jar Inherent union with the inherent which is conjoint in perceiving the genus colorness Inherence in perceiving sound Inherence with the inherently united - in perceiving soundness Relation of attribute with the subject in perceiving absence of jar on the surface
Inference
Extract the hidden essence from observable facts Identify the implied Cause and effect Deduction and Induction
Universal to Particular Vs Particular to General
1/25/2012
Inference Nyaaya View

There is smoke in the mountain. Smoke is always pervaded by fire. We've seen this in case of hearth, kerosene stove etc. So, if there is smoke somewhere, there should also be fire there. Hence, there is fire in the mountain.
Inference the parts

Fire" is that which is to be proved. The reason for our conclusion of the presence of fire is "smoke". There is an indisputable association between smoke and fire i.e, wherever there is smoke, there is fire. Mountain is the current place where the above association exists.
Inference the parts (2)

Paksha - The subject or the receptacle on which we formulate our deductions. Hetu - Reason existing in the paksha Saadhya - The thing we are trying to prove. Vyaapti - Vyaapti is the quality of Saadhya being certainly co-existent with hetu in the same subject. This forms the central part of inference
1/25/2012
Inference - Formalism
Five part syllogism
Prathigna (Statement) the mountain has fire Hetu (reason) - because there is smoke Vyaapti (invariable concomitance)
Smoke is always pervaded by fire
Udaharana (example/illustration)
As in a hearth / kerosene stove
Nigamana
(conclusion)
Hence there is fire in the mountain
1/25/2012
Vyaapti Invariable concomitance

3 types
Anvaya vyaapti
A implies B
Vyatireka vyaapti
Not B implies Not A
Anvaya-vyatireka vyapti
Both
1/25/2012
Verbal Testimony
Shabda (words) Vakya (sentences) Valid sentences
Akaanksha (mutual expectation) Sannidhi (proximity) Yogyata (fitness / aptness/ no-nonsense)
1/25/2012
KRIL
Knowledge representation based on Indian Logic
1/25/2012
Another Conceptual Representation Framework
1/25/2012
Tamil
105
106
107
108
109
110
Tamil examples for UNL graph and expression
111
UNL Expression
[d]
[s] [w] ;tirunelveli;icl>place;1 ;nellaiappar temple;iof>temple;2 ;gandimathi amman temple;iof>temple;3 ;krishnapuram temple;iof>temple;4 ;sree vaikundam temple;iof>temple;5 ;necessity;icl>attribute;6 ;go;icl>do;7 ;pure;aoj>thing;8 ;place;icl>thing;9 [/w] [r] 0 plc 1 c1 0 man 6 c2 0 pur 7 c3 9 mod 8 c4 [/r] [/s]
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
agt/obj
frm/tmt/aoj
agt/cag/to
plc
pos
plc/and
int
127
plf/plt/via/agt
nam
iof
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
UNL based apps

Machine translation Conceptual Cross-Lingual IR
1/25/2012
Summary
State of art on KR Details on Ontology Construction Conceptual Inter-lingua framework
1/25/2012
!! Thank you !!
rp@annauniv.edu
Substance (dravya)
Substratum of qualities Nine substances

Back
Earth (smell) Water (cold touch) Fire (warm touch) Air (felt but not seen) Ether/Space (sound)
-Time
-Direction
-Soul (Knowledge) -Mind (emotions)
Quality (guna)
rupa (color) rasa (taste) gandha(smell) sparsha (touch) sankhya (no.) parimaNa(magnitude) Prthaktva(separateness) samyoga (conjunction) Vibhaga (disjunction) paratva (remoteness) Aparatva (proximity) gurutva (heaviness) Dravatva (fluidity) sneha (stickiness) shabda (sound) Budhi (cognition) sukha (pleasure) dukha (sorrow) Iccha (desire) dvesa (dislike) praytna (effort) dharma (merit) Adharma (demerit) samskara (tendency)
Back
Action (karma)
Upward Downward Contraction Expansion Motion (lateral)
Back
Non-existence / Negation
Pragabhaava (prior / antecedent negation)
Before creation
Pradhvamsaabhaava (post / destructive negation)

After destruction
Anyonyaabhaava (mutual negation) Atyantaabhaava (absolute negation)

Back
1/25/2012

Prof Ranjani Hi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prof Ranjani Hi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Knowledge Representation

Knowledge Human characteristic

Cogito Ergo Sum (I Think, Therefore I Am) - Rene Descartes(1637)

KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012

What is Knowledge (2)

Knowledge representation (KR)

Representation is the way it is encoded

Different types of knowledge may require different types of representation

Separate knowledge from computational mechanisms that process it

KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012

What goes into KR ?

KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012

Sometimes called associative networks

Basics of Associative Networks

Typically also include

links represent relationships

Semantic Net Examples

Individual or instance describes a real entity

give recipient object

Typically can be organized hierarchically

Slots can contain all kinds of items

Slots can also have procedural attachments

Simple Frame Example

Use contents of slots

Look up answers to questions Generate new text

Create instance by filling in variables

Restaurant Script Example

First Order Predicate Calculus (FOPC)

Predicates: Relations that hold among objects

Logical Connectives: Permit compositionality of meaning

Google Personalised, DumbFind Google Scholar, Book Search Community Portals

KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012

Semantic Web / Web 3.0

KR Workshop @ SRM Jan 2012

Beyond the Limits of Keyword Search

Directories The Desktop Files & Folders Databases

Content attributed to Nova Spivack, http://www.mindingtheplanet.net

The Intelligence is in the Connections

Connections between people

The Bigsocial graph just connects people Opportunity The

More targeted ads Smarter collaboration

Projects Events Groups

A Higher Resolution Web

Lives in Employee of Sue Person

Dave.com RSS Feed

Fan of Coldplay Band

Member of Depiction of Married to

Design Team Group Dave.com Weblog Member of

Member of Bob Person 123.JPG Photo Depiction of

Member of Author of Dave Person Member of Stanford Alumnae Group

Five Approaches to Semantics

The Approaches Compared

Semantic Web Linguistics

Make the software smarter

Two Paths to Adding Semantics

In Practice: Hybrid Approach Works Best

The Semantic Web is a Key Enabler

Semantic Web: which resources to annotate ?

Web access devices

Web agents / applications Smart machines and devices

The Semantic Web = Open database layer for the Web

Open Query Interfaces Open Data Mappings