Summary Notes - Making Summary with PARAPHRASING techniques: 1.

Replacing word with another words Example a: Feeling frustrated and stressed out, he vented his anger in his wife and children. Answer a: replace word vented with : released/ expressed/ exonerate/ took out 2. Rearrange or reconstruct the sentences Example a: The increase in the price of food resulted in violent disturbances among poor among people Answer a: The poor rioted because of a hike in food price Example b: One of the skills required of a public relations officer is the ability to interact well with other people Answer b: Good social skills are necessary for public relations officer *remember! Do not reconstruct if the sentences change the original meaning. 3. Use one word instead of many Example a: The people in the country will support the returns because these reforms will buy a lot of good to the poor. Answer a: the people in the country citizens Buy a lot of good - benefit Example b: The majority of school children in this modern day and age feel that studying history is old-fashioned and no longer useful. Answer b: The majority most Modern day and age nowdays Old-fashioned and no longer useful out-dated Example c: The welfare officers found it difficult to believe that a mother could be so cruel and violent to her children. Answer c: difficult to believe unbelievable/ astonishing Cruel and violent merciless/ heartless/ atrocious Example d: When the businessman studied the differences and similarities between the two proposed projects, he concluded that the first one was more likely to achieve success. Answer d: studied the differences and similarities between compare/ evaluate Likely to achieve success feasible/ viable

4. Reducing phrases or clauses Example a: To end my argument above, I would like to reiterate the most important and essential point Answer a: To end my argument above to conclude/ in conclusion The most important and essential the most vital/ crucial Example b: During the economic downtown, both his father and mother did not have jobs, so he had to stop schooling Answer b: Economic downtown depression/ recession/ crisis Father and mother did not have jobs parent were unemployed/ jobless Example c: Feeling as if the whole world had come crashing down on her, she just slumped on the chair as tears flushed down her cheeks Answer c: Feeling as if the whole world had come crashing down on her frustrated/ disappointed/ upset as tears flushed down her cheeks crying/ sobbing/ weeping 5. Changing the forms of words (ex: from noun to verb and vice versa) Example a: The best way to solve the problems is a reduction in the number of people in the hall Answer a: way to solve solution + of A reduction in to reduce Summary Exercise: Based on the information given, describe why a child needs discipline in about 100 words. **points have been bolded
A child needs discipline for several reasons. In addition to being necessary for his parents peace of mind and convenience, discipline is also essential for childs development. Through discipline, he learns of the fences or boundaries of socially acceptable behaviour. He learns how to get along well with other children and adults, and this is important because his happiness will depend partly on such an ability. An undisciplined child who is king of his castle will grow up to be rudely disappointed because not everyone outside his home is willing to kowtow his wishes. If he tries to impose his demands by throwing tantrums, bullying and disregarding any reprimands, he will soon realise that people dislike and shun his company. Coupled with the discovery that other children may not be granted the same freedom by their parents, he can become confused, insecure, perhaps even ashamed and guilty.

Discipline can also help the child develop a healthy self-esteem. A child who is disciplined will tend to receive more social approval (i.e., being liked, praised and accepted), which facilitates a positive regard of himself. On the other hand, an undisciplined child who is avoided or scolded and generally disliked by others will also learn to dislike himself. Furthermore, discipline fosters in the child self-control and a conscience. When a child is young, he will require a lot of external control methods to teach him a sense of right and wrong. With age and the experience of being disciplined, he can develop an inner voice which will guide him in decision making and direct his behaviour. A child who is allowed to behave as he pleases at home is deprived of opportunities to learn self-control, e.g., being able to accept not doing something he would like to do. Indeed, the ultimate purpose of discipline must be to encourage good behaviour in child, from within himself. While few will dispute the claim that a child needs discipline, the understanding of what discipline involve may differ. Many accustomed to regarding discipline in negative light or equivalent to punishment or restriction, with unquestioned obedience as the goal. However, question can be positive experience for both the child and his parent, if it is tempered with understanding of and regard for the child. To be effective, discipline should not only focus on decreasing misbehaviours but must also emphasize the encouragement of good behaviours. The latter is often a form of preventive medicine for discipline problems. Unfortunately, many parents tend to think of discipline as putting out the fires instead of trying to prevent the fires in the first place. Effective discipline does not aim at correction only but starts by including steps to prevent, as far as possible, discipline problems from arising. Tips - Some points can be merged together : 1. An undisciplined child who is king of his castle will grow up to be rudely disappointed + people dislike and shun his company 2. Discipline can also help the child develop a healthy self-esteem + tend to receive more social approval 3. Discipline fosters in the child self-control and a conscience + to teach him a sense of right and wrong + develop an inner voice which will guide him in decision making and direct his behaviour 4. emphasize the encouragement of good behaviours + form of preventive medicine for discipline problems

Example of answers : Discipline is important for childs development. It is said that an undisciplined child will grow up being disappointed and disgrace mind and soon folks will evade him out of the population. Furthermore, an undisciplined child may develop in dignity and thus, they tend to receive social approval. It is undeniable that discipline will promote good self-control and conscience in childs

mind that purposely help in stipulating right and wrong while guiding him through his behaviour. Positive experiences in a nutshell, highlight the inspiration to behave with discipline. These will soon promote serenity in parents mind. By : Sofi Discipline is important for childs personal development. Usually people will tend to dislike and avoid a rudely disappointed child who grown up with lack of discipline. Besides, discipline can help the child develop his dignity which will increase his social approval. Furthermore, discipline nurtures self-control and a conscience in the child to differ between right and wrong, thus developing an inner voice that will guide him to make decision and direct his behaviour. Plus, discipline emphasizes the encouragement of virtuous behaviours which is a prevention methods for discipline problems. Therefore, discipline is indeed vital for parents serenity. By : Syeraho