CONCRETE

Reading activity Mindess & Young, Concreto, cap 1, 2, 3.1 a 3.3, 3.5,

Some Types of Concrete

Normal 21 42 MPa (3000 6000 psi) High Strength 42 140 MPa (6000 a 20000 psi) Ultra High Strength > 140 MPa (20000 psi) Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) High Performance and Ultra High Performance Law Shrinkage or Compensated Shrinkage With fibers Shotcrete

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Concrete Characteristics
Advantages
Any shape and configuration High compressive strength Easy to make (unskilled and semiskilled workers)* Low energy consumption (3.5 GJ/m3)

Disadvantages
Low tensile strength Fragile low ductility Volumtric changes Susceptible to chemical atacks, cids, sulfates, chlorides, carbonation Easy to make *

Concrete Materials
Aggregates
Coarse Fine

Aggregates

Cement Water Paste Chemical admixtures Suplementary cementing materials

Mortar

Concrete

CONCRETE
Chemical admixtures
Plasticizers Acelerants/retardants Rheology modifiers

Suplementary cementing materials

Fly ash Silica fume Metakaolin Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

Cement
Types Gypsum nonhydraulics 2CaSO4.2H2O 2CaSO4.H2O + 3H20 Lime nonhydraulics CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Portland cement hydraulics Calcium Silicates

Portland Cement
Raw materials
Clay Limestone silicates and aluminates calcium

Read
History , inventor, year (Cap 2 de Mindess & Young)

Cemento Portland

Components - Portland Cement

Silicato triclcico Silicato diclcico Aluminato triclcico Ferro aluminato tetraclcico Yeso 3CaO.SiO4 2CaO.SiO4 3CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.SiO4.Fe2O3 CaSO4.2H20 C3 S C2 S C3 A C4AF CSH2

Components - Portland Cement

Tricalcium silicate Dicalcium silicate Tricalcium aluminate Tetracalcium aluminoferrite Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) 3CaO.SiO4 2CaO.SiO4 3CaO.Al2O3 3CaO.SiO4.Fe2O3 CaSO4.2H20 C3 S C2 S C3 A C4AF CSH2

Components - Portland Cement

Lime Silica Alumina Ferric Oxide Magnesia Alkalis Sulfur trixide Carbon dixide Water CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO K2 O Na2O SO3 CO2 H2 O C S A F M K N S C H 63 22 6 2.5 2.6 0.6 0.3 2.0

Hydration Characteristics
Reaction Contribution to cement rate Strength Heat liberation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C3 S Mod. High High C2 S C3A + CSH2 C4AF + CSH2 Low High Mod. Low initially high later Low Low Low Very high Very High Moderate

Heat of Hydration
Ventana de manejabilidad

Portland Cement
Some Types of Cement - ASTM
Tipo I Tipo II Tipo III p Tipo IV Tipo V Adicionados Low shrinkage normal moderate heat of hydration High initial strength g g low heat of hydration + sulfate resistant sulfate resistant clinker + fly ash or slag

Types of Cement (ASTM)

I 55 18 10 8 365 15 350 II 55 19 6 11 375 14 265 III 55 17 10 8 550 24 370 IV 42 32 4 15 340 4 235 V 55 22 4 12 380 12 310

C3S C2S C3A C4AF Finura Blaine (m/kg) fc - 1 da (MPa) Calor de Hidratacin (J/g)

The performance of same type cements may vary significantly with source

Strenght Development
Higher fineness Higher fineness Durability

Cement
higher water demand higher initial strength higher heat of hydration g y
sulfate attack

High C3A cement

ASTM C 1157 Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement

General use (GU) Early Strength (ES) Moderate sulfate resistance (MS) High sulfate resistance (HS) Moderate heat of hydration (MH) Low heat of hydration (LH) Low reactivity with alkali-reactive aggregates (R)

Some Special Cements

White cement (type I or III no Iron) Masonry cement (type I + Ca + air entraining agent With additions Expansive cements

Especifications and Tests

ASTM Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials) NTC ( (normas t i tcnicas colombianas) l bi ) ASSHTO Standards

Chemical Requirements
Limits on components f(type of cement) Loss on ignition Insoluble residue Content and type of alkalies

Physical Requirements
Fineness Soundness Compressive Strength Time of setting Mortar air content

Fineness Blaine Apparatus

cubes, cubes Otawa sand

Compressive Strength

Time of Setting
Vicat apparatus
1 mm needle Special needle p

Gillmore needles

Optional Physical Requirements

Heat of hydration False setting Sulfate expansion Density Consistency

Other Tests

Density

Paste Consistency
Vicat apparatus with a 10 mm needle

Mortar Tests
Flow Slump Compressive Strength (cubes) Flexural Strength (beams) Sulfate Expansion

Mortar Flow Test

Mortar Slump Test

Cement Hydration

Cement Hydration
Cements reacts chemically with water Cement + water hydration

Cement Hydration
Cements reacts chemically with water Cement + water C3S + H C2S + H C3A + CSH2 + H hydration

cement paste

cement paste S-C-H + CH S-C-H + CH Ettringite

S-C-H = calcium silicate hydrate CH = calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)

Disolucin de iones

Cement Hydration
Hydration
Calor de hidr ratacin

Inicio de Hidratacin

Estado Slido

Is exothermic Takes years

releases energy (heat)

Hidratacin lenta Induccin Disolucin de iones

HCP is compossed mainly by

Calcium silicate hydrate Calcium Hydroxide Monosulfoaluminates

Contina hidratacin

15 min

2-4 h fraguado Inicial

8-12 h fraguado final

Tiempo

Hydration
Ventana de manejabilidad

Concrete Micro-Structure
S-C-H (calcium silicate hydrate) CH (calcium hydroxide) Monosulfoaluminates (ettringite) Unhydrated cement Voids
Pores Entrapped air Entrained air
Time

Heat of hydration

Initial set

Final set

Pore solution ionic solution Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

S-C-H

Calcium Hydroxide (CH)

Ettringite

Concrete Micro-Structure

Concrete Micro-Structure

Concrete Micro-Structure
Calcium silicate sheets + Ca y H2O ions between them

Voids in Cement Paste

Air 1 3 mm 0.05 1 mm Entrapped Entrained

Voids in Cement Paste

Capillary pores 50 10000 nm Macropores 50nm-0.010 mm 10 50 nm Large mesopores Gel pores 2.5 10 nm 0.5 2.5 nm 0.5 nm Small mesopores Micropores Space between layers

Voids Effects
Strength/ Permeability Entrapped air Entrained air Macropores Large mesopores Samll Mesopores Micropores Space between layers Shrinkage Creep

Pores

Yes Yes/No* Yes No No No No

No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No No Yes Yes

* Disminuye permeabilidad

Porosity Calculations
V hydration products V gel pores V capillary pores
Water

Water in Cement Paste

Capillary water: > 50 nm < 50 nm Adsorbed t Ad b d water: Evaporable water Hydration products (gel) free water agua sujeta a fuerzas de superficie (dbilmente)

= = =

Vph = 2 Vcement Vpg = 0.54 Vcement Vac = V - Vph

Capillary pores Gel pores

Held on the surface of S-C-H H ld th f f SCH 6 molecules. Lost when HR < 30% shrinkage Lost for HR < 11 % contraccin Lost for T > 1000C (S-C-H decomposes)

Water between S-C-H layers: Chemically combined water:

Cement

Water Loss in Cement Paste

(a/c) vs Permeability

Lost water

Shrinkage or creep

Pore solution
El agua en los poros es realmente una solucin en equilibrio inico con la pasta hidratada. Bsicamente es una solucin saturada de hidrxido de calcio (pH > 12)

Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ

Alrededor de los agregados hay una zona de transicin en que la pasta tiene propiedades diferentes a la del resto:
Menos densa Ms porosa Efecto pared (los granos de cemento no se acomodan bien) Cristales se reacomodan

Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ

Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ

University of Hong Kong. Dr. Balendran

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Wall Effect

American Concrete Institute ACI

www.aci-int.org

www.aci-int.org

www.aci-int.org

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