HVDC TRANSMISSION

BY
V.Krishna IVth EEE
Email:bolty0@gmail.com

K.Jagadeesh kumar IVth EEE

Email:cooljagadeesh@yahoo.co.in

FROM

SRI PRAKASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TUNI-533401.

ABSTRACT The ever increasing progress of high-voltage high-power fully-controlled

semiconductor technology continues to have a significant impact on the development of advanced power electronic apparatus used to support optimized operations and efficient management of electrical grids, which in many cases, are fully or partially deregulated networks. Developments advance both the high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission technologies. In this paper, an overview of the recent advances in the area of voltage-source converter (VSC) HVDC technology is provided. Selected key multilevel converter topologies are presented. Control and modeling methods are discussed. A list of VSC-based HVDC installations worldwide is provided. It is confirmed that the continuous development of power electronics presents cost-effective opportunities for the utilities to exploit and HVDC remains a key technology. In particular, VSC-HVDC can address not only conventional network issues such as bulk power transmission, asynchronous network interconnections, back-to-back AC system linking and voltage/stability support to mention a few, but also niche markets such as the integration of large scale renewable energy sources with the grid. This paper also provides the modeling and simulation of VSC-HVDC inMATLAB.

INTRODUCTION:
High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission systems continue to advance as they make their way to commercial applications. These HVDC systems underwent research and development for many years and they were based initially on thyristor technology and more recently on fully-controlled semiconductors and voltage-source converter (VSC) topologies.The ever increasing penetration of the power electronics technologies into the power systems is mainly due to the continuous progress of the high-voltage high-power fully-controlled semiconductors. The fully-controlled semiconductor devices available today for high-voltage high-power converters can be either thyristors or transistors. These devices can be used for a VSC with pulse-width modulation (PWM), operating at frequencies higher than the line frequency and are self-commuted via a gate pulse. Typically, it is desirable that a VSC application generates PWM waveforms of higher frequency when compared to the

thyristor-based systems. However, the operating frequency of these devices is also determined by the losses and the design of the heat sink, both of which are related to the power through the component. Switching losses, directly linked to high frequency PWM operation, are one of the most serious issues that need to be dealt with in VSC-based applications. HVDC systems are important technologies, supporting in their own way the modern power systems, which in many cases are fully partially deregulated in several countries .In the near future, even higher integration of electrical grids and market driven developments are expected as, for instance, countries in the MiddleEast, China, India and South America require infrastructure to power their growth. Today, there are more than 92 HVDC projects worldwide transmitting more than 75GW of power employing two distinct technologies as follows: 11. Line-commutated current-source converters (CSCs) using thyristors (Fig. 1, CSC-HVDC). This technology is well established for high power, typically

around 1000MW, with the largest project being the Itaipu system in Brazil at 6300MW power level. 22. Forced-commutated voltage-source converters (VSCs) using gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOs) or in most industrial cases insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) (Fig. 2, VSC-HVDC). It is well

It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss developments associated with the CSC-HVDC which are well-documented. On the other hand, VSC-HVDC systems (i.e., also referred to as HVDC Light) represent recent developments in the area of DC power transmission technology. Experience with VSC-HVDC at commercial level scatters over the last ten 10 years. The breakthrough was made when the worlds first VSC-based PWM controlled HVDC system using IGBTs was installed in March 1997 by ABB (Helljsn project, Sweden, 3MW, 10km distance, 10kV, the only project where overhead lines were used).Since then, more VSC-HVDC systems have been installed worldwide (Table 2).Other relevant and important HVDC SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS Depending upon the function and location of the converter stations, various configurations of HVDC systems can be identified. The ones drawn in this section involve CSC-HVDC configurations but similar types of configurations exist for

established technology for medium power levels thus far, with the largest size project being the latest one named Estlink at 350MW level. CSC-HVDC systems represent mature technology today (i.e., also referred to as classic HVDC) and recently, there have been a number of significant advances. developments that assisted the success of VSC-HVDC (i.e., HVDC Light), which are worth mentioning involve advanced extruded DC cable technology. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the HVDC technologies associated with VSC-based systems including converter topologies. Modeling and control is another area of importance and recent contributions presented in the technical literature are analysed briefly. Finally, emerging applications of VSCHVDC systems and multi terminal DC configurations that can be used to interconnect large scale wind energy sources with the grid are discussed. The paper is organised in the following way. It provides a summary of the CSCHVDC system configurations, which also apply, with some modifications, to the VSCHVDC ones as well. We discuss in detail the fundamental concepts associated with the VSC-HVDC system. The various multilevel converter topologies suitable for VSCHVDC are briefly presented. Modelling and control issues are analysed. Emerging applications involving the integration of large scale wind energy systems are presented.The various worldwide VSCHVDC installations aresummarized. VSC-HVDC with or without transformers depending upon the project in question. A. Back-to-back HVDC system. In this case, the two converter stations are located at the same site and there is no transmission of power with a DC link over a long distance. A block diagram of a back-to-

back CSC-HVDC system with 12-pulse converters is shown in Fig. 3. The two AC systems interconnected may have the same or different frequency (asynchronous interconnection). B. Monopolar HVDC system. In this configuration, two converters are used which are separated by a single pole line and a positive or a negative DC voltage is used. Many of the cable transmissions with submarine connections use monopolar system. The ground is used to return current. Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a monopolar CSC-HVDC system with 12pulse converters. C. Bipolar HVDC system. This is the most commonly used configuration of a CSC-HVDC system in applications where overhead lines are used to transmit power. In fact, the bipolar system is two monopolar systems. The advantage of such system is that one pole can continue to transmit power in the case that the other one is out of service for whatever reason. In other words, each system can operate on its own as an independent system with the earth return. Since one is positive and one is negative, in case that both poles have equal currents, the ground current is zero theoretically, or in practise within a 1% difference. The 12pulse based bipolar CSC-HVDC system is depicted in Fig. 5.

1D. Multi-terminal HVDC system. In this configuration there are more than two sets of converters like the bipolar version. In this case, converters 1 and 3 can operate as rectifiers while converter 2 operates as an inverter. Working in the other order, converter 2 can operate as a rectifier and converters 1 and 3 as inverters. By mechanically switching the connections of a given converter other combinations can be achieved. A multi-terminal CSC-HVDC system with 12-pulse converters per pole is shown in Fig. 6. VSC-HVDC FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS A basic VSC-HVDC system comprises of two converter stations built with VSC topologies (Fig. 2). The simplest VSC topology is the conventional two-level threephase bridge shown in Fig. 7.

Typically, many series connected IGBTs are used for each semiconductor shown (Fig. 7) in order to deliver a higher blocking voltage capability for the converter and therefore increase the DC bus voltage level of the HVDC system. It should be noted that an antiparallel diode is also needed in order to ensure the four-quadrant operation of the converter. The DC bus capacitor provides the required storage of the energy so that the power flow can be controlled and offers filtering for the DC harmonics. The VSCHVDC system can be built with many VSC topologies and the key ones are presented in Section IV. The converter is typically controlled through sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and the harmonics are directly associated with the switching frequency of each converter leg. Fig. 8 presents the basic waveforms associated with SPWM and the line-to-neutral voltage waveform of the twolevel converter (Fig. 7). Each phase-leg of the converter is connected through a reactor to the AC system. Filters are also included on the AC side to further reduce the harmonic content flowing into the AC system. A generalised two AC voltage sources connected via a reactor is shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows the relative location of the vectors of the two AC quantities and their

relationship through the voltage drop across the line reactor (Fig. 9). One vector is generated by the VSC and the other one is the vector of the AC system. At the fundamental frequency the active and reactive powers are defined by the following relationships, assuming the reactor between the converter and the AC system is ideal (i.e. lossless):

Fig. 11 shows the entire active-reactive power area where the VSC can be operated with the 1.0 p.u. value being the MVA rating of each converter. The use of VSC as opposed to a line commutated CSC offers the following advantages: 1 Avoidance of commutation failures due to disturbances in the AC network. 2 Independent control of the reactive and active power consumed or generated by the converter. 3 Possibility to connect the VSC-HVDC system to a weak AC network or even to one where no generation source is available and naturally the short-circuit level is very low. 4 Faster dynamic response due to higher (PWM) than the fundamental switching frequency (phase-controlled) operation, which further results in reduced need for filtering and hence smaller filter size. 5 No need of transformers for the conversion process.
SIMULATION CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

VSC converters using close IGBT/Diodes. The Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) switching uses a single-phase triangular carrier wave with a frequency of 27 times fundamental frequency (1350 Hz). Along with the converters, the station includes on the AC side: the step down YgD transformer, the AC filters, the converter reactor; and on the DC side: the capacitors, the DC filters. The transformer tap changers and saturation characteristics are not simulated. The 40 Mvar shunt AC filters are 27th and 54th high-pass tuned around the two dominating harmonics. The 0.15 p.u. converter reactor with the 0.15 p.u. transformer leakage reactance permits the VSC output voltage to shift in phase and amplitude with respect to the AC system Point of Common Coupling (PCC) (bus B1 for station 1 and B2 for station 2) and allows control of converter active and reactive power output. The reservoir DC capacitors are connected to the VSC terminals. They have an influence on the system dynamics and the voltage ripple on the DC side. The high-frequency blocking filters are tuned to the 3rd harmonic, i.e. the main harmonic present in the positive and negative pole voltages. The rectifier and the inverter are interconnected through a 75 km cable (i.e. 2 pi sections) and two 8 mH smoothing reactors. A circuit breaker is used to apply a three-phase to ground fault on the inverter AC side. A Three-Phase Programmable Voltage Source block is used in station 1 system to apply voltage sags. The discrete control system generates the three sinusoidal modulating signals that are the reference value of the bridge phase voltages. The amplitude and phase of the modulating signals can be calculated to control either: the reactive and real AC power flow at the PCC, or the reactive power flow at the PCC and the pole to pole DC voltage. It would also be possible to

A 200 MVA (+/- 100 kV DC) forced-commutated Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) interconnection is used to transmit power from a 230 kV, 2000 MVA, 50 Hz system to another identical AC system. The rectifier and the inverter are three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC)

control the AC voltage amplitude at the PCC, but this option is not included in our model. A description of the control system is provided in the VSC-Based HVDC Link case study of the User's Manual. The power system and the control system are both discretized for a sample time Ts_Power=7.406e-6s and Ts_control=74.06e-6 s respectively. They are multiples of the carrier period. Notice that the "Model initialization" function of the model automatically sets these two sample times in your Matlab workspace.

DC voltage (reference and measured values) on trace 2 (1 p.u. = 200 kV). At t = 1.5 s, a -0.1 p.u. step is first applied to the reference active power (decrease from 1 p.u. to 0.9 pu). The power stabilizes in approximately 0.3 seconds. Steps are also applied to the reference reactive power of the rectifier (from 0 to -0.1 p.u.) at t = 2.0 s and on the reference DC voltage of the inverter (decrease from 1 p.u. to 0.95 p.u.) at t = 2.5 s. Note the regulators dynamics and how they are more or less mutually affected. The control design attempts to decouple the active and reactive power responses. AC side perturbations Deactivate the steps applied on the three references by changing the multiplication factors to 100 in the Step times. In the Three-Phase Programmable Voltage Source inside AC system 1 subsystem, change the Time variation setting to Amplitude. Check that the source is now programmed for a step of -0.1 p.u on voltage magnitude at t = 1.5 s, for a duration of 7 cycles. In the Three-Phase Fault block change to 1 the multiplication factor in the Transition times. A 6 cycles three-phase fault will be applied at t = 2.1 s in station 2 PCC (Bus B2). Restart the simulation. After the AC voltage sag in station 1, the active and reactive power deviation from the pre-disturbance is less than 0.09 p.u. and 0.2 p.u. respectively. The recovery time is less than 0.3 s and steady state is reached again. A second perturbation follows. During the severe three-phase fault at station 2, the transmitted DC power is almost halted and the DC voltage tends to increase (1.2 p.u.) since the DC side capacitance is being excessively charged. A special function (DC Voltage Control Override) in the Active

DESCRIPTION Two simulations will permit to examine the system response to: Steps on the regulators references, and minor and severe perturbations on the AC sides. Steady-state - Step response of power (P & Q) and DC voltage regulators The system is programmed to start and reach a steady state. Steps are then applied sequentially on: the reference active and reactive power of the rectifier; the reference DC voltage of the inverter. The dynamic response of the regulators is observed. Start the simulation. Open the BUS B1 STATION_1 and DC_SIDE_STATION_2 scopes (in the respective Data Acquisition subsystems). Examine in station 1: the active power on trace 2 (1 p.u. = 200 MW) and the reactive power (reference and measured values) on trace 3 (1 p.u. =200 Mvar); in station 2: the

Power Control (in station 1) attempts to limit the DC voltage within a fixed range (see the controller mask). The system recovers well after the fault within 0.5 s. You can observe overshoot in the active power (1.33 p.u. in station 1) and damped oscillations (around 10 Hz) in the reactive power. Impact of the DC voltage balance control Open the voltage_balance_control_scope. Finally, open the control dialog box in Station 2 and verify that the DC Voltage Balance box is activated. The DC voltage balance control objective is to minimize the voltage unbalance (Udc_0_mean signal = sum of the positive and negative pole voltages). A way of producing an unbalance is to use unequal capacitance values in the positive and negative poles (for example, Cp divided by 2). Observe the Udc_0_mean signal first with the DC balance control activated and then deactivated. Note that this function response is relatively slow. 1CONCLUSIONS In this paper, recent advances of the VSCHVDC technology are presented. The development of high-voltage high-power semiconductors has assisted utilities to exploit the benefits of the four-quadrant static converter interlinking two AC systems through HVDC. The key benefits include independent control of active and reactive power through the PWM control of the converter, fast dynamic response and possibility to connect AC islands with the grid where no synchronous generation exists. It is confirmed that developments associated with VSC-HVDC technology have delivered systems at voltage levels up to 150kV and power levels up to 350MW. VSC-HVDC undoubtedly will continue to provide solutions for many challenging issues associated with the modern deregulated power systems where

installations and associated business decisions necessitate proven technology. 1 2Bibiliography 3[1] K.R. Padiyar, HVDC power transmission systems: technology and system interactions, J. Wiley & Sons Inc., ISBN: 0470217065, September 1991. 4[2] J. Arrillaga, High voltage direct current transmission, Institution of Electrical Engineers, ISBN: 0852969414, October 1998. 5[3] Y.H. Song and A.T Johns, Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), Institution of Electrical Engineers, ISBN: 0852967713, November 1999. 6[4] N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems, J. Wiley & Sons Inc., ISBN: 0780334558, February 2000. 7[5] E. Acha, V.G. Agelidis, O. Anaya-Lara and T.J.E. Miller, Power electronic control in electrical systems, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0750651261, January 2002. 8[6] R.M. Mathur and R.K. Varma, Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems, J. Wiley & Sons Inc., ISBN: 0471206431, February 2002. 9[7] V.K. Sood, HVDC and FACTS controllers: applications of static converters in power systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 1402078900, 2004. 10[8] L. Gyugyi, Reactive power generation and control by thyristor circuits, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, v IA-15, n 5, Sep.-Oct. 1979, p 521-532.