Chapter 6 Section A Chemistry Rates of Reaction Investigation of the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid

Marble chips = calcium carbonate 2HCL + CaCO (3) CaCl (2) + H (2) O + CO (2) The line becomes horizontal signaling that there is no more carbon dioxide being made, the reaction has stopped.

Mass of CO (2) produced (g)

The line is less steep here meaning that the reaction is slowing down; less carbon dioxide is being made than the start

Time (minutes) The line is steep at the beginning of the experiment meaning that the reaction is producing loads of carbon dioxide per minute. The relationship between time and the mass of CO (2) produced the steeper the line, the faster the reaction and with time the reaction slows and produces less CO (2) Rate of reaction how fast the reaction is going Explaining whats happening? Collision theory the particles of the products present and how they interact The collision theory of calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid The acid particles from the hydrochloric acid will need to collide with the surface of the marble chips As the acid particles get used up, the collision rate decreases and so does the reaction Although the acid particles have been used up the calcium carbonate (in the form of marble chips) is in large excess that the shape didnt change much during the reaction Early in the reaction Later in the Reaction

A different form of graph Normally plotted graphs are ones that show mass or volume Not normally plotted graphs are ones that show the change in concentration of a reactant (hydrochloric acid) Concentration of acid is falling quickly showing a fast reaction Concentration of Acid Reaction is getting less steep because the acid is getting used up less All acid has been used up and the reaction has stopped

Time (minutes) Changing the conditions in the experiment 1) Using smaller marble chips - Repeat the entire experiment with the same quantities of all factors but this time use smaller marble chips - You will find that using smaller marble chips increases the rate of reaction - You will make the same amount of CO (2) but just the rate of reaction increases Rate of reaction using smaller marble chips vs. rate of reaction using normal marble chips Mass of CO (2) produced (g)

Time (minutes) Reactions are noticeably much faster when the solid is finely divided into smaller pieces because by doing this the solid has a bigger surface area to volume ratio that is now in contact with the acid particles.

Catalytic converter high surface areas to speed up reactions that occur outside the lab This is a very rapid reaction because efficiently harmful gases such as carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxide become harmless because they turn into carbon dioxide and nitrogen Important in exhaust systems

2) Changing the concentration of the acid - Repeat the entire experiment with the same quantities of all factors but this time use a hydrochloric acid that is half the normal concentration - Everything else needs to remain the same including the mass of marble and volume of acid - You will find the reaction is half as slow as before and only half the gas is given off - Increasing the concentration = increasing the reaction rate because you are increasing the chances of particles colliding Original concentration VS

Mass of CO (2) produced (g)

Half the concentration

Time (minutes)

3) Changing the temperature of the reaction - Repeat the entire experiment with the same quantities of all factors but this time use a higher temperature

Mass of CO (2) produced (g) Time (minutes)

Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of reaction but there are two factors at work here 1) With increased temperature there is increased kinetic energy so the particles move around faster giving them more chances to collide but they might just bounce off each other. (these are one of the factors) 2) Particles need activation energy (energy received via a small change in temperature which allows the particle to move around to enable it to collide) a small change in temperature means a large increase in number of useful collisions

4) Changing the pressure of the reaction Increasing the pressure on a reaction with solids and liquids makes no difference whatsoever in the graph. However, increasing the pressure on a reaction with gases does speed up the reaction To increase rate of reaction in gases = squeeze them into a smaller volume to increase pressure This forces particles to come closer together so they hit each other more frequently

Tip: the gas has to be in a fixed amount Catalysts What are they? Substances that speed up chemical reactions but are not involved/do not get used up in them Different reactions need different catalysts but a tiny amount of catalyst can be used to process lots of reactant particles whether they are molecules, ions or atoms

The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Enzymes = biological catalysts The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is when the enzyme: catalase, splits hydrogen peroxide into water (h2o) and oxygen (o2) Also we use manganese (4) dioxide to catalyze this reaction

Hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen Note: you dont write catalysts in equations because they are chemically unchanged, however if you want to you can write them over the arrow The rate of reaction changes in catalysts more specifically if: there is a change in the mass of the catalyst you use a different catalyst you change the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution you change the temperature of the solution the catalyst is lumpy or not

Exploring the very beginning of this reaction Comparing rates can be made easy if you measure how long it takes to make a small but constant volume of gas in varying conditions. You should take the initial rate Initial rate the rate at the beginning of the reaction

Concentration (mol/dm3) Time to collect 5cm3 (s)

2 10

1 20

0.5 40

0.25 80

Tip: The catalytic decomposition experiment uses an upturned cylinder, initially filled with water to measure the volume. We see from this table of results that if you have the concentration you double the time to collect 5cm3 To work out the reaction: Volume of oxygen produced/time taken to produce Concentration (mol/dm3) Initial rate 2 0.5 1 0.25 0.5 0.125 0.25 0.0625

Showing that a substance is a catalyst 1) weigh it before the experiment, then weigh it again afterwards 2) to be able to weigh it again after the experiment you can filter it through weighed filter paper and when the residue has dried out you can measure it How does a catalyst work? REMEMBER! Not all collisions are involved in the result of reactions; there is at least a minimum amount of energy involved as the activation energy in order for a reaction, reactants have to gain enough energy to overcome their activation energy barrier slow reaction = few collision that have enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier a catalyst gives them an easier alternative to gaining enough energy needed for collisions = lowering the activation energy needed so there are more successful collisions

CATALYSTS PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE WITH A LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY