Science

Chapter 1 World Through Our Sense

Name : Shammimi binti Shamsuddin College Number : 11241 Class :

Contents

Appreciation

The Sensory of The Organ .

The Sensory Organs !

The sensory organs > enable an organism to detect changes that occur in its environment . Five main sensory organs in humans and stimuli they respond to are shown in table below >

Function Sense
Touch

Sensory organ

Stimuli
Heat , pressure , pain , cold , touch

Enable us to feel and identify the size , texture and shape of the object Detect various temperature Remove waste substances in the form of sweat Detect various smell

Smell

Chemical subtances

Taste different flavoured products Taste Chemical subtances

To see objects Sight Light

Hearing

Sound

Detects sound and help to balance the body

The pathway from stimulus to response >

Stimulus Sensory nerves Effectors

Receptors in sensory organs Motor nerves Response

Sense of Touch

Sense Of Touch !( skin)

*the largest sensory organ in human body . *Very sensitive to touch . *The structure of the skin . *The skin consists of two main layers > epidermis & dermis . *Our body have different types of receptors >pain receptors > touch receptors > heat receptors > cold receptors > pressure receptors *The receptors are connected to nerves . *When a receptor is stimulated , an impulse is produced and sent through the nervous system to the brain to be evualated . *The sensitivity of skin > different parts of body have different degrees of sensitivity . a) Thickness of the epidermis > The thicker the epidermis , the lower the sensitivity of skin >The thinner the epidermis , the more the sensitivity of skin . b)The number of receptors >The larger the number of receptors , the higher the sensitivity of skin . > The smaller the number of receptors , the lower the sensitivity of skin . c) Example : more sensitive >

Lips : less sensitive >

toungue

Neck

Fingertips

Back of the hand

Back of the body

Legs

Soles of the feet

Elbow

* Advantages >

Reading Braille > the blind use their fingertips to identify letters and read Braille . > this book used raised dots to represent numbers and words .

>

The injection spot on the body > doctors usually give injection at the forearm or the hip . > this area have few receptors and thicker epidermis . > hence , less pain is felt by the patient .

Sense of Smell

Sense of Smell ! ( nose)

# Smell > chemical present in the air > chemical substances that give out air : food : perfume : flower # Smell receptors > located at the roof of nasal cavity to allow the smell receptors have the maximum exposure to the air current . # Nervous pathway for detecting smell > Chemical in the air enter the nasal cavity

Chemical dissolve in the mucus

Smell receptors are simulated

The smell receptors produce nervous impulses

Nervous impulses are sent to the brain

The brain interprets the impulses and the smell is identified

# The Sensitivity of Smell > higher in animal :

Rat

cat

dog

Sense of Taste

Sense of Taste ( toungue )

Sensory receptors . taste buds on the surface of tongue. Main types of taste . sour , salt , sweet and bitter Taste buds for detecting different types of taste are concentrated at different parts of toungue Good taste of food > can only detected if the food is in the form of liquids or can be dissolved by the saliva Nervous pathway for detecting taste > food

Chemical dissolve in saliva .

Chemicals stimulate the sensory cells in taste buds .

Sensory cells produce nervous impulses .

Nervous impulses are sent to the brain .

The brain interprets the impulses and the taste is identified .

Sense of Hearing

Sense of Hearing ( ear)

Sense of hearing > ability of the ear to detect the stimulus of sound . Sense of balancing > ability to detect changes of the position of the body . Mechanism of hearing > Pinna

Auditory canal

Eardrum

Ossicles

Oval window

Cochlea

Auditory nerve

Brain

Sense of Sight

Sense of sight ( eyes)

The human eyeball > spherical in shapenand lies in the eye socket . The movements of the eyeball > controlled by three pairs of extrinsic muscles . The mechanism of sight >

Light

Cornea

Aqueous humour

pupil

Lens

Vitreous humour

Retina

Optic nerve

Brain

Christina Perri A Thousand Years

Heartbeats fast Colors and promises How to be brave How can I love when Im afraid to fall But watching you stand alone All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow One step closer I have died everyday waiting for you Darling dont be afraid I have loved you For a thousand years Ill love you for a thousand more Time stands still Beauty in all she is I will be brave I will not let anything take away Whats standing in front of me Every breath Every hour has come to this One step closer I have died everyday waiting for you Darling dont be afraid I have loved you For a thousand years Ill love you for a thousand more And all along I believed that I would find you Time has brought your heart to me I have loved you for a thousand years Ill love you for a thousand more One step closer One step closer I have died everyday waiting for you Darling dont be afraid I have loved you For a thousand years Ill love you for a thousand more And all along I believed I would find you Time has brought your heart to me I have loved you for a thousand years Ill love you for a thousand more

Plug In stereo Oh Darling

you seem quite nice for a girl with good looks And Im the kinda fellow thatll make you feel better when your life gets shook So give it a chance according to your plans I bet I'm not number one on your list to kiss, but please understand You seem quite shy, but youre oh so cute And Im the kind of girl that would love to be yours if you'd asked me to So just take a chance, try to hold my hand I swear Id never let go Just let me know if youd be my man I really want to come out and tell you Oh darling, I love you so If youd ask me for my heart, theres no way that Ill say no Oh darling, just take a chance please So we can stay together till hell starts to freeze You seem quite right for a boy like me And I wanna know would you treat me well Would you treat me like a queen Cause Id like to show you and make you see That although were different types We were meant to be I really want to come out and tell you Oh darling, I love you so If youd ask me for my heart, theres no way that Ill say no Oh darling, just take a chance please So we can stay together till hell starts to freeze So I gotta ask you, I cant be afraid I gotta take a chance at love So what do you say Oh darling, I love you so If youd ask me for my heart, theres no way that Ill say no Oh darling, just take a chance please So we can stay together till hell starts to freeze Oh darling, I love you so If youd ask me for my heart, theres no way that Ill say no Oh darling, just take a chance please So we can stay together till hell starts to freeze

Light And Sight

Light travels in straight lines. When light falls on dull surface, part of the light is absorbed and part of it reflected. Rate of reflection depends on > the colour of the surface >the condition of the surface Reflection of light can be used in the following a) Periscope > a device that can be used to see over or around opaque object . It can be also used in submarines. b) Kaleidoscope > a device that is able to produce beautiful and colourful images when small objects are put into it .