13.

OPF1962 Carpentier OPF

OPF OPF

L = F ( Pi ) + ( PLD + PL Pi )

(13.1)

PLD + PL Pi = 0

(13.2)

3 OPF

OPF
OPF
OPF

3 Pi Pi Pi

Qi Qi Qi Ei

Ei Ei

OPF OPF
OPF

Ek

Ek Ek

S ij S ij S ij

( nm )

nm

(13.3)
(13.4)

nm OPF k

ij OPF SCOPF
3 MW
OPF

LTC

OPF
OPF

OPF

OPF

OPF

OPF OPF
2


OPF BICsBICs
OPF

13.2

OPF

OPF OPF

LPOPF

OPF

OPF
f

g( Z ) = 0

13.5

OPF

h1 h( Z ) h+

13.6

Z 1 Z Z +

13.7

OPF

13.2.1

F (P )
i

all gen

x = Ei

PQ

PV

13.8

Ek
P

k , net

y=
Qk ,net

Pk ,net
E

k sch

PQ

PV

13.9

y
P Q y
u p

u
y=
p

13.10)

u p

Pi ( E , ) Pi ,net

iPQ
g (x, y ) = Qi ( E , ) Qi ,net
Pk ( E , ) Pk ,net kPV

13.11

4.18

C = Fi ( Pi ) + Fref ( Pref )
gen

13.12

Pi Pref Pi

u Pref

Pref = Pref ( E , )

13.13

F (P ) + F
i

ref

[ Pref ( E , )] = f ( x , u)

gen

13.14

OPF

L ( x, u, p) = f ( x , u) + t g ( x, u, p)

x
p

g
f
13.15

13.15

 Pi ( E , ) Pi ,net

Qi ( E , ) Qi ,net )
L ( x, u, p) = Fi ( Pi ) + Fref [ Pref ( E , )] + [12 .....m ]
(13.16)
P
(
E
,

P
).
gen
k
k
,
net

(13.16)m
F

L = 0

13.17

x u
T

L f g
Lx =
=
+

x x x

13.18

L f g
Lu =
=
+

u u u
L =

L
= g ( x , u, p)

(13.19)

(13.20)

13.18 x

Pref

P Fref ( Pref )
1
ref

P
f

=
Fref ( Pref ) ref
x Pref
E1

13.21

13.18 g x , ,

 P1

1
Q1

1
g P2
x =
1
Q
2
1

P1 P1 P1

E1 2 E2

Q1 Q1 Q1

E1 2 E2

P2

E1

Q2

E1

13.22

13.18
13.19 f u

P F1 ( P1 )
1

=
F2 ( P2 )
u
P
2

13.23

13.19, g u -1 0

g ( x , u, p) (13.20)

OPF
1

p u
(13.20

(13.19
3

4
5

g
=
x

T 1

f
x

(13.24)

(13.18) L
u


2
24
13-1 13.1

13.1 P2 P3 4 = 0

x12 , x14 , x 24 , x 23 x34 F1 ( P1 ) F4 ( P4 ) E

1.0 P1

u = P1

(13.25)

1
x = 2
3

(13.26)

L = F1 ( P1 ) + F4 [ P4 (1 4 )] + [ 1 2

P1 (1 4 ) P1
3 ] P2 (1 4 ) P2
P3 (1 4 ) P3

13.27

f ( x , u) = F1 ( P1 ) + F4 [ P4 (1 4 )]
P1 (1 4 ) P1
g ( x, u) = P2 (1 4 ) P2
P3 (1 4 ) P3

(13.28)

(13.29)

, P1 P2 P3
g (x, u )

1
P1 (1 4 ) P1 1

(1 2 ) +
(1 24 ) P1

x14
g ( x , u) = P2 (1 4 ) P2 = x12

P3 (1 4 ) P3

13.30

1 P1
g ( x , u) = B 2 P2
3 P3

(13.31)

13.30(13.27)

1 P1

F1 ( P1 ) + F4 [ P4 (1 4 )] + [1 , 2 , 3 ] B 2 P2
P
3 3

(13.32)

L = g ( x , u) = 0

(13.33)

1
= B '
2
3

(13.34)

[ ]

P1
P
2
P3

 L F4 P4

1 P4 1
1
L F4 P4

' T
Lx =
=
+ [ B ] 2 = 0
2 P4 2
3
L F4 P4

3 P4 3

(13.35)

P4

1
= (1)[( B ' )T ]1 P4 F4

2
2 P4

3
P
4
3

(13.36)

P4

1
P4
=
2
P4

3

1
x14
1
x 24
1
x34

P4

1 1
P
1
( B ' )T = 4 = 1
2 1
P4

(13.37)

(13.38)

1 1
= 1 F4
2 P4
3 1

10

(13.39)

 1
g
= 0
u
0
1

1
F4 F1 F4
F1 g T F1
Lu =
+
2 =
+ [ 1 0 0] 1

=
P1 u P1
P4 P1 P4

3
1

(13.40)

(13.41)

0
()

13-2 13.2 (MW) 13.2

P3 + jQ3 = 2.0 + j1.0 P2 = 1.7

2 1 2

E1
u=
E2

13.42

2 3 3

2

x = 3
E
3

11

13.43

1
P
2
p=
P3

Q3

13.44

PL
E
1
L u =
PL

E2

13.45

E1
1.1

=
0.9
E 2
1

13.47

13.46

E1 E1
= + (1)(Lu )
E2 E2

13.47

0.03

P2 ( E , ) P2

g ( x , u) = P3 ( E , ) P3

Q3 ( E , ) Q3

13.48

P2

2
g P3
=
x 2

Q3
2

P2
3
P3
3
Q3
3

P2
E3
P3
E3
Q3
E3

13.49

4.22

P2

E1
g P3
=
u E1

Q3
E1

12

P2
E2
P3
E2
Q3
E2

13.50

 PL

PL = Re I 2 R

13.51

P2 P3 V1 V2

P1 PL = P1

PL P1
=
x
x

13.52

f = P1

13.53

P1

2
f P1
=
x 3

P1
E3

13.54

E1
1.1

=
0.9
E 2

13.55

0.3906 100MVA
39.06MW P1 0.3906

8.14 8.14 1.54

g
= 6.96 12.0 3.85
x
4.5 7.85 10.0

13.56

0
f
= 4.36
x
4.14

13.57

13

1
0.743
T 1
= (1) g f = 0.98

2

x x 0.154
3

P1
f V1 5.533
=
=
u P1 0
V
2
T
3.354 5.0
0
g
u = 4.94 4.5
6.96

13.58

13.59

13.60

T 1
f g 2.25
Lu =
+
2 =
u u 1.78
3

13.61

= 0.03
1

E1 1.1 2.25
0.95
0.03 =
=

1.03
E2 0.9 1.787

13.62

PL = 0.238

P1 = 0.5380 PL = 0.268
V1 0.86
V = 0.86

13.63

V1 V2
1 2
V3

14

13.2.2

x u

x Lx
x

u = L
u

x

L
x

Lx
u

Lu
u

L
u

Lx

L
x

Lu Lu

L
L

13.64

13.22 3.5

Ei

min

Ei Ei

13.65

max

K E i E i
min

h( E i ) =
0
K E
i max E i

E i < E i min
E i
Ei > Ei

13.66

max

13.3

OPF f
OPF

15

13.3

OPF

S ij
Pk

ij k

11 a d

13.3.1

16


Pi ( E , ) = Re Ei ( Ei tij E j ) yij
j

Qi ( E , ) = Im Ei ( Ei tij E j ) yij
j

*
+ Ei Ei yii

]
]

+ Ei Ei yii

13.67

Ei = Ei i t ij ij y ij ij y ii
i i *

Pi ( E , ) = Pi ,G Pi , L

Qi ( E , ) = Qi ,G Qi , L

13.68

Pi

Ej +

Pi
P
j + i tij = Pi ,G
j
tij

Q
Q
Q
E i E j + i j + t i tij = Qi ,G
j
ij
j

13.69

P1
E
1
Q1
E1

P1

1
E1 t ( Pi ) 1 0 tij
Q1
ij

P
1 =

i ,G
1
( Qi ) 0 1 Qi,G

tij

13.70

x u x
u

13.70

J px x = J pu u

13.71

17

 Qnm ( E , )
h=

Ek

13.72

E k

h1
h1

h1 h1

E
E
1
1
1 u1 u 2
h = h2 h2 1 + h2 h2
E1 1
u1 u 2

u
1
u2

13.73

h1 nm h2 k
x u

h = J hx x + J hu u

13.74

[ ]

x = J px

J pu u

13.75

13.7513.74

[ ]

h = J hx J px

J pu u + J hu u

13.76

(13.76) h u

13.4

OPF

13.4 OPF

18

 7.9

Fi ( Pi ) 13.5 13.6
13.6 Pi1 Pi 2 Pi 3 si1 si 2 si 3

Fi ( Pi ) = Fi ( Pi ,min ) + si1 Pi1 + si 2 Pi 2 + si 3 Pi 3

13.77

0 Pik Pik+ ( k = 1, 2, 3)
+

Pik i

Pi = Pi ,min + Pi1 + Pi 2 + Pi 3

13.79

19

13.78

13.4

Pik OPF

20


u
OPF

PG PLD PL = 0

13.80

PL
13.80 u

PG

PLD
P
u L u = 0
u
u u

u u
u

13.81

u = u u ( 0 )

13.82

PLD
P
u L u = K p
u
u u

13.83

PG

u u
u

Kp =

PG 0
P
P
u LD u 0 L u 0
u
u
u
u u

13.84

QG
u

Q
Q
u LD u L u = 0

u u
u u

13.85

Q L u u = u u ( 0 )

nm Qnm , max

Qnm Qnm,max

21

13.86

(0)
Qnm = Qnm
+ Qnm u Qnm,max

u u

13.87

u = u u ( 0 )

u Q
u

(0)
+
K f = Qnm

nm

u Qnm ,max K f

Qnm u ( 0 )
u

13.88

13.89

PL Qnm

13.4.1
OPF
a d
13.4

P1 + P2 + + Pref = P LD + PL =

13.90

P1
P
2
u=


Pref

22

13.91

h( u ) h +

h( u ) = h u ( 0 ) +

13.92

h
u u (0) h +
u

13.93

h u a
rs

Prs = Prs( 0 ) + ars u u u ( 0) Prs,max

u

( 0)

(0)
arsu u Prs ,max Prs ars u u
u
u

13.94

13.95

13-3 11-2
13.1 4-5 OPF

13.1

MW

( MW )

1-2

30

28.69

1-4

50

43.58

1-5

40

35.60

2-3

20

2.93

2-4

40

33.09

2-5

20

15.51

2-6

30

26.25

3-5

20

19.12

3-6

60

43.77

4-5

20

4.08

5-6

20

1.61

4.8 0
4.8 11-2

23

 P1 = 107.87 MW P2 = 50 MW P3 = 69 MW
3189.4 R
/ /h

1 F1 ( P1 ) = 213.1 + 11.669 P1 + 0.00533 P12 R

/ /h
50 P1 200 MW
2 F2 ( P2 ) = 200 + 10.333 P2 + 0.00889 P22 R
/ /h
37.5 P2 150 MW
3 F3 ( P3 ) = 240.0 + 10.833 P3 + 0.00741P3

R/ / h

45 P3 180 MW
13.2

sif =

Fi ( Pij+ ) Fi ( Pij )
Pij+ Pij

13.96

Pij Pij j Pi 13.3

13.4

1
2
3

13.2
1
2
3
()
50
100
160
37.5
70
130
45
90
140
13.3

4
()
200
150
180

si1

si 2

si 3

1
2
3

12.4685
11.2887
11.8333

13.0548
12.1110
12.5373

13.5875
12.8222
13.2042

24

 13.4

P11
P12
P13

( MW )
0

( MW )
50

60

40

P21
P22
P23

32.5

60

20

P31

45

P32

50

P33

40

[ F (P
1

1, min

) + 12.4685 P11 + 13.0548 P12 + 13.5878 P13 ]

+ [ F2 ( P2,min ) + 11.2887 P21 + 12.1110 P22 + 12.8222 P23 ]

+ [ F3 ( P3,min ) + 11.8333 P31 + 12.5373 P32 + 13.2042 P33 ]

13.97

Fi ( Pi , min )

12.4685 P11 + 13.0548 P12 + 13.5878 P13 + 11.2887 P21

+ 12.1110 P22 + 12.8222 P23 + 11.8333 P31 + 12.5373 P32 + 13.2042 P33

13.98

P1 + P2 + P3 = PLD + PL

13.99

210 MW 7.87 MW

P1,min + P11 + P12 + P13 + P2,min + P21 + P22 + P23 + P3,min

+ P31 + P32 + P33 = PLD + PL

(13.100)

Pi ,min PLD PL

P11 + P12 + P13 + P21 + P23 + P33 + P31 + P32 + P33

= 210 + 7.87 50 37.5 45 = 85.37

13.101

6
13.5
25

 13.5

0.0

50

0.0

60

0.0

40

P21
P22

32.5

32.5

7.87

60

P23

0.0

20

P31

45.0

45

P32

0.0

50

P33

0.0

40

P11
P12
P13

Pi = Pi ,min + Pi1 + Pi 2 + Pi 3

13.102

P1 = 50 MW P2 = 77.87 MW P3 = 90 MW
1

P1 = 48.83 MW P2 = 77.87 MW P3 = 90 MW
3129.1 R
/ / h
6.70

MW OPF
50 MW

P1 = 50 MW P2 = 76.7 MW P3 = 90 MW

P1 = 49.99 MW P2 = 76.7 MW P3 = 90 MW
3129.6 R
/ / h 6.7 MW

26

 13.6

1-2
1-4
1-5
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
3-5
3-6
4-5
5-6

13.6 1.1

30
50
40
20
40
20
30
20
60
20
20

4.28
25.60
20.11
-6.42
48.75 a
17.75
20.88
28.91 a
54.63
1.84
3.87

2
n-0 n-0 n 0
n-1 n 1 n-2
n-3n-1
n-0
2-4

f 24 = f 2(04) + a24,1 ( P1 P1( 0 ) ) + a2 4, 2 ( P2 P2( 0 ) ) + a24,3 ( P3 P3( 0 ) ) 40

13.103

(0)
48.75 f 2( 04) 76.7 P2( 0 ) 90 P3 a 2 4,1 = 0 2-4

48.75 + 0.31(37.5 + P21 + P22 + P23 76.7)

+ 0.22(45 + P31 + P32 + P33 90) 40

13.104

0.31P21 + 0.31P22 + 0.31P23 + 0.22 P31 + 0.22 P32 + 0.22 P33 13.302 13.105
3-5

0.06 P21 + 0.06 P22 + 0.06 P23 + 0.29 P31 + 0.29 P32 + 0.29 P33 6.492

27

13.106

P1 = 87.02 MW P2 = 70.0 MW P3 = 59.66 MW

P1 = 87.54 MW P2 = 70.0 MW P3 = 59.66 MW

f 24 = 39.40 MW f 35 = 20.36 MW
3155.0 R
/ /h

P1 = 86.16 MW P2 = 73.3 MW P3 = 57.73 MW

P1 = 86.16 MW P2 = 73.3 MW P3 = 57.73 MW

f 24 = 39.99 MW f 35 = 20.06 MW
3153.3 R
/ / h n-0
3 n-0

n-1 n-1
OPF SCOPF 13.5
2.1
2-3 13.7
13.7 2.1 2-3

1-2
30
18.1
1-4
50
36.37
1-5
40
31.74
2-3
20

2-4
40
40.73 a
2-5
20
19.19
2-6
30
31.11 a

28

3-5
3-6
4-5
5-6

20
60
20
20

18.26
39.47
4.59
1.17

3
n-0 n-1 2-4
2-6 2-3 2- 4 11A

f l ( k ) = (ali + d l ,k aki )Pi

13.107

f l ( k ) = (ali + d l ,k aki )( Pi Pi ( 0 ) ) + f l ( 0 ) f i ,max

13.108

13.107

P1 = 91.39 MW P2 = 66.96 MW P3 = 58.84 MW

3-5 n-0 2-6 n-1

P1 = 91.52 MW P2 = 66.96 MW P3 = 58.8 MW

n-0

f 2 4 = 38.23 MW f 35 = 19.94 MW
2-3 n-1
f 2 4,con = 38.86 MW f 2 6,con = 30.00 MW con contingency

3160.5 R
/ / h

P1 = 90.53 MW P2 = 67.92 MW P3 = 58.84 MW

n-0

f 24 = 38.54 MW f 35 = 20.00 MW
2-3 n-1
29

f 24,con = 39.18 MW f 26,con = 30.09 MW

3159.1 R
/ /h

13.4.2
OPF OPF

13.5

SCOPF
OPF OPF
OPF

13.7
13.7 n-0
13.7

30

m OPF
n-1

OPF
13.7
OPF

OPF OPF
N
SCOPF

OPF
No

Yes

OPF
M

13.7

1
2

OPF OPF

OPF

13.4

OPF 13-3

OPF

13.8 5
OPF
1.0

OPF
13.9
OPF

31


13.8

1-2
1-4
1-5
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
3-5
3-6
4-5
5-6

( MVAR )
40
60
40
40
60
30
90
70
80
20
40

( MVAR )
32.57
48
37.34
12.61
56.71
21.83
29.03
30.04
74.86
6.41
9.80

OPF

32

33

13.6

1984 Karmarkar

1986 Gill Karmarkar

OPF
x
f ( x )
g( x) = 0

h h( x ) h +

13.109

h h+
x
13.110

x x x+

min f ( x )
g( x) = 0
h( x ) + sh = h+

13.111

sh + ssh = h+ h
x + sx = x +
x x 0s x , sh , ssh 0

x x

f = f ( x ) ln( x x ) j ln( s x ) j ln( sh ) i ln( ssh ) i

j

13.112

34

L = f ( x ) T g ( x ) hT h+ sh h( x ) shT h + h sh ssh Tx x + x s x
ln( x x ) j ln( s x ) j ln( sh ) i ln( ssh ) i
j

13.113

x L = f ( x ) g ( x )T + h( x )T h + x ( x x ) 1 e = 0
sh L = h + sh h1e = 0
sh L = sh ssh1e = 0
sx L = x ss1e = 0
L = g ( x )

13.114

sh L = h( x ) + sh h+
x L = x + s x x +
h L = sh + ssh h+ + h

10
OPF BIC BIC 13.7

13.7

L ( x, u, p) = f ( x , u) + T g ( x , u, p)

13.115

Pi

Pi ,net Pi ( E , )

L ( x, u, p) = Fi ( Pi ) + Fref [ Pref ( E , ) ] + [ 1 , 2 , , m ] Qi ,net Qi ( E , ) 13.116

gen

35

L
= i
Pi

i = 1,2, m

13.117

i i

BIC BIC BIC

BIC
BIC

OPF OPF
OPF

L = 0

13.118

x
T

L f g
Lx =
=
+
=0
x x x

13.119

f
g
x = x

13.120

g n m n m

x
n m

f
n m
x

QR 12
OPF BIC
13-5 13-3 13-4 6 13.10

13.10

36

R/ / MWh
R/ / MVARh
1
12.22
0
2
11.89
0
3
11.97
0.1
4
12.98
0.81
5
12.59
0.51
6
12.29
0.38
13.10

12 3
1 2
3
3
1 2

13.10 2-4 5
2-4 1.01 R
/ / MVARh
5
88.4 R
/

37