Database Environment

Introduction- A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system which permits data
to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to the user as if the data is wellintegrated Store, retrieve and manipulate data.
Wide Information system. Characteristics of the information

Dynamic and time dependent, Various sources Enlarged Range of database application Personal data. Workgroup database. Departmental database. Enterprise database. There are many different types of Database systems; which are
Oracle DB2 MS Access Sybase My SQL

DefinitionsData: Known facts that could be stored on the computer media like; text graphics, videos, sounds etc. Database: It is the organized collection of logically related data. Met data: Data that describes the characteristic of other data.

Information: Data processed to be in useful decision making.

File System vs. DBMSTraditional File System: File system was developed to store data. It is also used today. And the other thing is it helps to understand database system. It is specially used to backup some of the database system. But there are many disadvantages in the file system. Below is the list of some of the disadvantages of this file system. Long development time: File system takes very long to develop the application. And there is very less opportunity to use the previous development efforts. Limited data sharing facility: There is very little opportunity to share data with other application. Duplication of data: Wasteful, loss of metdata integrity. Excessive data maintenance: The factors above show that the file system takes too heavy program maintenance load. Database Approach: A Database management System is a data storage and recovery system which permits data to be stored non-redundantly. DBMS is a large, integrated collection of data describing activities of any company or organizations. Below are the some properties of the DBMS; DATA is integrated, shared, self-described and constant. Different users need different kind of information and DBMS allows different type of data views to different users. DATA is self-determination in DBMS

Some of the Advantages of the Database management system; Negligible data Redundancy. Improved data sharing. Improved data quality. Improved data quality. Data accessibility and responsiveness. Increased security. Enforcement standards. Less data maintenance. Increased productivity of data application. Backup/Recovery and data concurrency are accessible in DBMS.

Components of Database Environment-

1. CASE tools: These are the Computer Aided Software Engineering tools; they are used to design database and applications. 2. Met data: Data that describes the properties or Characteristics of the other data. It includes data definition, data structures and rules or constrains. And the other thing is met data describes data it does not include data. 3. Repository: It is an extended set of metadata for managing databases and other components of the information system. In other words we can say it is the centralized storehouse of metadata. 4. Database: An organized collection of logically related data. Or we can say it is an illustration of a collection of related data.

5. Software: Data definition and data manipulation (DBMS) are the Software that is used to define, create, maintain and provide authorized access to the database and the store-house of it. 6. User Interface: languages, menus etc by which users interact with the other system applications.

Different types of database users1. Database administrator (DBAs) Database Administrators are intended to Installing and upgrading the application tools and database server. Manage resources for data. Allocating system storage and planning future storage requirements for the database system Creating primary database storage structures. Creating primary objects like tables, views, indexes etc. Controlling and monitoring user access to the database. Backing up and restoring the database 2. Database Designer Database designers are deliberated to Prepare database formation for application. Design and develop database application. Estimating storage requirements for an application. Tuning the application during development. Establishing security measures for an application during development. 3. Application Programmer Application Programmers are intended to Develop and Implement requirements of end users. Interact with system through Data manipulation language.

4. End user End users are anticipated to Use the application and database. Entering, modifying, and deleting data, where they are allowed to. Generating reports from database.

Different types of Components and users of

Functionality provided by DBMS

Views Security Concurrency Integrity Back up/Recovery Design

Easy update.

1. Views: Database management system has a facility of custom representation of data that correspond to the need of the class of the user. It provides representation of data for the different users to protect data quality. There are three kinds of views available in DBMS. 1) Logical: User views (queries) 2) Conceptual: Database administrators model for data( E-R diagrams) 3) Physical: Actual Data structure(SQL statements) 2. Security DBMS has some components that Limits data access to properly authorized users or programs and Protect data against accidental or intentional damage. 3. Concurrency: There are some functions that prevent two users from interfering with each other when they use the same information. 4. Integrity: This function protects the relationship among different related records in the database. 5. Back up and recovery: This function processes to confirm and repeat the transaction so that we can recover the database after a problem.

Backup

Transa c-

Recovered Database

But this recovered database may be slow and it may provide us different result from the original at some times.

6. Easy update: Updating the database is very easy in the database management system.

DBMS in Commercial and Non Commercial ways

DBMS is currently used by different users in commercial and non commercial environment. They use DBM system to maintain their data records in proper way. Different type of database management system can be structured according to there environment of using database.

Database in non-commercial environment:

They use databases to in non-commercial ways means they are not related to commercial. Following are the examples of non-commercial environment. 1. Universities: They use DBMS to maintain information of the students, results, working staff, lectures, etc. 2. Hospitals: In both government and private hospitals they use DBM system to keep the data of their patients, doctors, other staffs, surgery times etc. By using this system in hospitals they can serve their patients very easily like they can easily access the previous medical treatment of the patient and decide how to treat them.

Database in commercial environment:

They use the DBM system to keep the commercial record of their company. Bellow is the examples of the commercial environment. 1. Manufacturing company: They use the suitable DBM system to store the information of the items that they produced information of the employ, the bills, income, etc.

2. Banking: Bank is the most important place when we talk about the commercial environment. They use different types of database in bank. They use database to store the information like accounts, transaction, withdrawal, loans, mortgages etc. 3. Airlines: They uses the system to store all the information about the tickets, passengers, luggage, food, employs etc. 4. Telephone exchange: They use the DBM system to store all the detail of calls, numbers, billings, call charges etc. DBMS haS MaDe thiS all organizationS work so easy and fast. So DBM system is very important in all the commercial and non commercial environments.

Fast-track train Organization

Below are the snapshots of the database of the fast track train organization. I have taken Trn for Train no, Cti for Customer Id and RSN for Reservation no. I have considered three trains for example in for this organization and five reservations in one train. We need to normalize our database. If we dont normalize the database there can be data redundancy or data duplication.
Train no Train orig Train dest Dept time Arr time Train model Train cap Empl ID Emp role Emp name Cust no Cust name Cont no Cust add Cost Pay meth Resr no

1st Normal Form

Step-1: eliminate all the repeating groups Step-2: find a composite primary key. Primary key: Train no, Employee no, Customer ID Step-3: Identify all the dependencies Train no -> train origin city, Train Destination, Train departure time, Arrival time Train ID -> Model No, Train capacity Employee ID -> Emp name, Emp role, Emp contact no Customer ID -> Reservation no, cust name, cust contact, travelling date, payment method First of all this is the example of data that is without normalization progress. If we create data without normalization process that will create the duplication of data. 2nd Normal Form Step-1: Identify all the key component. Train number, Employee ID, Customer ID Step-2: Identify all the dependent attributes. Train table: Train Number Train origin Train destination Train departure time Train arrival time

Primary key: Train number Functional dependency: All the attributes are functionally dependent on the primary key Employee table: Emp no Primary key: Emp no Functional dependencies: Emp no -> emp role, emp name, contact no Transitive dependencies: Emp name -> Emp role, Contact no Train info table: Emp role Emp name Contact no

Train ID Primary key: Train ID

Model no

Train capacity

Functional dependencies: all the attributes are functional dependent on primary key. Cust- reservation table: Cust ID Resr no Train ID Cust name Journey date Cost Pay method

Primary key: customer ID Functional dependencies: Cust ID -> Cust name, Cust contact, Travel date, cost, pay method Transitive Dependencies: Name -> Cust contact, Pay method, travel date.

3rd Normal form

Train table: Train no Train origin city Train dept city Train depr time Train arr time Primary key: Train number Functional dependency: All the attributes are functionally dependent on the primary key Employee table: Emp ID Emp Info table: Emp name Emp role Contact no Primary key: Emp name Functional dependencies: all the attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. Train info table: Train no Primary key: Train no Functional dependencies: all the attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. Train model Train capacity Emp name Primary key: Emp ID

Cust Journey table: Cust Id Primary key: Cust ID Cust Info table: Cust name Travel date Cost Pay method Contact no Primary key: Cust name Functional dependencies: all the attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. Cust Train Table: Cust ID Primary key: Customer ID Functional dependencies: all the attributes are functionally dependent on primary key. The database shown above has no repeating groups. And as the database is normalized till 3rd normal form there is no chance of data duplication or data redundancy. So we can put this database in action. After making this database I found it working properly and there is no data duplication. All the screen-shots are shown below:
Un-normalized data (1)

Cust name

Train No

Reservation No

If we try to publish the data in this format MS-Access will not allow us to go ahead it will again and again give us the notification as above:

Un-Normalized data (2)

So we need to normalize the data up-to minimum of third normal form. Steps to normalize the data are described in the presentation slides below.
Table 1: Train

Table 2: Customer Id

Table 3: Customer Info

Table 4: Customer journey info

Table 5: Reservation Train

Table 6: Emp info

Table 7: Emp Idtrain origin city da

Table 8: Train info

Table 9: Customer Reservation Table

Below are the some outputs of Queries I have taken questions, SQL output screens and their Design views as well. Question 1: Find out the customers travelling in the train Trn1 with their reservation no and contact no Ans; output screen

Design view:

Question 2: Find out the full detail of customer whose reservation no is RSN1 Ans: Output screen

Design view: we have given the criteria of RSN1 in the customer reservation table so we have received the information of the customer whose reservation no is RSN1

How to design a database? Below are the snapshots of the how to design a database?

References:
2. Relational database design clearly explained, (Jan L. Harrington), 2002 3. Database design, (Toby J Teorey, Stephen Buxton, Lowell Fryman, Terry Halpin), 2009 4. Logical Database design Principles, (John Garmany, Jeff Walker, Terry Clark), 2005