5 A cid b ase u ilb ria A n sw ers eq

Answers to Topic 5 Test yourself questions

1 Heating sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid produces hydrogen chloride which dissolves in water to make hydrochloric acid. Concentrated nitric acid can be distilled from a mixture of potassium nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid. 2 Many common acids are oxoacids which form when the acidic oxides of nonmetals dissolve in water. Examples include H2SO3, H2SO4, HNO2, HNO3 and H3PO4. 3 Examples include HF, HBr, HI and H2S. 4 a) The formula of any acid contains hydrogen. See answers to questions 2 and 3 for examples. b) There are many examples in organic chemistry including hydrocarbons and alcohols. 5 Neutralisation is summed up by the equation: H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) 6 Two suggestions: dip an identical pair of electrodes into the two solutions, apply the same voltage across the electrodes and measure the current which flows the current is much larger with the strong acid add identical strips of magnesium to the two solutions and observe the rate of reaction, which is faster with the solution of the strong acid. 7 a) Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) b) CO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) c) CaO(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) d) OH(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l) 8 a) Dative covalent bond b) 9

10 a) Hydrogen chloride and sodium hydrogensulfate; NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g) b) Protons transfer from H2SO4 molecules to chloride ions. c) HCl is a gas, so it escapes from the reaction mixture as it forms. This means that the backward reaction does not start so the forward reaction continues essentially to completion. 11 a) The oxide ion is a base accepting protons from dilute hydrochloric acid forming water molecules. b) Hydrogen ions in dilute sulfuric acid combine with ammonia molecules, forming ammonium ions. c) Ammonium ions are proton donors giving protons to hydroxide ions, forming ammonia molecules and water molecules. d) Hydrogen ions in dilute hydrochloric acid combine with the carbonate ions. The carbonic acid formed decomposes to carbon dioxide and water. 12 a) Dative covalent bond. b)

c)

trigonal pyramidal

c) Tetrahedral; the HNH bond angle is 109.5 13 Nitrate ion, ethanoate ion, hydrogensulfate ion, carbonate ion. 14 Hydroxide ion, water molecule, ammonium ion, hydrogencarbonate ion, carbonic acid, hydrogensulfate ion. 15 a) If an acid is strong it means that it tends to ionise in water to form hydrated hydrogen ions and the
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conjugate base. In other words, the conjugate base has a weak hold on protons in competition with water molecules. b) If a base is strong it tends to accept protons and turn into its conjugate acid. The conjugate acid has a correspondingly limited tendency to give up the protons and ionise. 16 a) pH = 1 b) pH = 2 c) pH = 3 17 pH = 1.1

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18 a) b) c) d) 19 a) b) 5.0 104moldm3 4.0 106moldm3 2.0 107moldm3 3.2 1011moldm3 Ionisation is endothermic. Extent of ionisation increases as the temperature rises and the hydrogen ion concentration rises as the temperature rises. The number value of the pH falls. No, because [H+(aq)] always equals [OH(aq)]. pH = 14 pH = 12.3 [OH] in 0.001moldm3 Ba(OH2) = 2 0.001moldm3 14 2 1 10 mol dm 6 So [H+(aq)] = 2 0.001 dm 3 mol = 5 1012moldm3 pH = 11.3 A solution with pH = 3 could, for example, be a dilute solution of a strong acid or a concentrated solution of a weak acid. To determine the strength of an acid it is necessary to know the concentration of the acid as well as the pH. Ethanoic acid in solution is only partially ionised into hydrogen ions and ethanoate ions. However, on adding alkali the hydrogen ions are neutralised and turned to water. As a result the equilibrium shifts to the right to form more hydrogen ions which in turn are neutralised. This continues until all the ethanoic acid has turned into sodium ethanoate. 1 mol ethanoic acid reacts with 1mol NaOH, just as 1mol HCl reacts with 1mol NaOH. a) F b) HCO2 c) C6H5O [H+ ][CN ] Ka = ; but [H+] = [CN] [HCN] [H+ ]2 [HCN] + 2 [H ] = Ka [HCN] = 4.9 1010moldm3 0.01 moldm3 = 4.9 1012mol2dm6 [H+] = 2.21 106moldm3 pH = 5.7 So, Ka =

c) 20 a) b) c)

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25 [H+]2 = Ka [CH3COOH] = 1.7 105moldm3 0.05mol dm3 = 8.5 107mol2dm6 [H+] = 9.2 104moldm3 so pH = 3.0 [H+ ][HCO ] 2 26 Ka = and [H+] = [HCO2] [HCOOH] pH = 2.55 so [H+] = 2.82 103 3 moldm (2.82 10 3moldm 3 )2 Ka = 3 0.050 dm mol = 1.59 104moldm3 27 Using the same method, Ka = 1.4 105moldm3 28 pKa = 3.8 29 Ka = 6.3 105moldm3 30 First example: pH = (4.9 + 2) = 3.45 Second example: pKa = (4.86 1) = 3.86; Ka = 1.38 104moldm3 31 pH = 2.9 [CH3COOH] 32 [H+] = Ka [CH3CO2 ] = 1.7 105moldm3
3 15cm 3 10cm

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= 2.55 105moldm3 pH = 4.6 The ethanoate ion is the conjugate base of a weak acid so it is a relatively strong base. Ethanoate ions in solution take protons from water to form ethanoic acid molecules and hydroxide ions. In a titration the equivalence point is determined by the concentrations of the acid and the alkali and not by their strengths. The ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of a weak base so it is a relatively strong acid. Ammonium ions in solution dissociate to form hydrogen ions and ammonia molecules. CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq) H3CO2NH4+ (aq) In a more acid solution the hydrogen ion concentration is higher. This tends to shift the equilibrium in Figure 5.23 to

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the right giving more of the protonated red form. In a less acid solution the hydrogen ion concentration is lower. This tends to shift the equilibrium in Figure 5.23 to the left giving more of the unprotonated yellow form. a) The indicator would change colour before the titration reached the equivalence point. b) The indicator would not change colour until the titration has passed the equivalence point. c) Strong acid/strong base titration: methyl orange, methyl red or bromothymol blue Weak acid/strong base titration: phenolphthalein Strong acid/weak base titration: methyl orange or methyl red d) There is only a slight, and rather gradual change of pH at the endpoint of the titration. There needs to be a steeply rising part of the graph spanning at least two pH units to give a sharp colour change with an indicator The theory showing that an indicator typically changes colour over two pH units assumes that the two colours are equally intense so that the eye is equally sensitive to both of them. This is not always the case. a) pH = 7 b) pH above 7 c) pH below 7 d) pH above 7 Ethanoic acid molecules turn into ethanoate ions when they lose a proton. So the ethanoate ion is the conjugate base of ethanoic acid. In a solution of a weak acid there are plenty of acid molecules, but very few of the ions that are the conjugate base. So, the solution can neutralise added alkali, but it can do nothing to respond to added acid. A salt of the acid must be

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added to provide the conjugate base so that the equilibrium can move in both directions. [acid] 43 a) [H+] = Ka = Ka = 6.3 103 [salt] moldm3 So pH = 6.2 b) 12.2g of C6H5COOH is 0.1mol 7.2 g of C6H5COONa is 0.05mol [acid] [H+] = Ka [salt] 0.1 0.05

= 6.3 105moldm3

= 1.26 104moldm3. So pH = 3.9 c) pH = 3.9 because the ratio is the same. 44 [H+] = 4.0 106moldm3 [acid] [H+ ] 4.0 10 6 moldm 3 = = [salt] Ka 1.7 10 5 moldm 3 = 0.24

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