PRACTICE PAPER

1 of 17
Practice Exam Paper Electrical Power Systems Engineering

Please note that this paper is out of 88. The use of past exam questions which
have been judged to be too long has meant that some components of the
question have been removed.


PRACTICE PAPER
2 of 17
Two hours



Mathematical formulae tables supplied by the Examinations Office




UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering










Practice Examination




2
nd
December 2011
09:45 11:45








Answer All questions.

Electronic calculators may be used, provided that they cannot store text.

PRACTICE PAPER
3 of 17
Question 1
(a) Describe the formulation of the fast decoupled power load flow
algorithm stating its main features and key attributes.
The Jacobian matrix which is central to Newton Raphson algorithm has the
form shown below:
(
(
(
(
(

c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
=
V
Q Q
V
P P
J
u
u

Inversion of the full Jacobian is time consuming. The decoupled version
exploits the weak coupling between real power flow and voltage magnitude
and between reactive power flow and voltage angles in AC power systems
and thus setting all
V
P
c
A c
and
u c
A c Q
elements to zero. This leads to the form
of Jacobian shown below:
(
(
(
(
(

c
A c
c
A c
=
V
Q
P
J
0
0
u

This allows the two remaining smaller sub-matrices to be inverted
separately. This speeds up each iteration hence the problem converges
faster although the number of iterations increases. In the fast decoupled
load flow, further speed gains can be made by not recalculating the blocks
V
Q
and
P
c
A c
c
A c
u
.
For a flat start V=1 and 0 = u , and for fast decoupled load flow we ignore
line charging giving:
B
B
V
Q
P
' '
'
~
c
A c
~
c
A c
u

Solution is given by:
| |
| |
(
(
(

A
A
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

A
A

+
+
k
k
k
k
Q
P
B
B
V
1
' '
1
'
1
1
u


[5 marks]
PRACTICE PAPER
4 of 17
(b) The node specification for a load flow study, and branch data
of a three-bus power system are given in Table Q1.1 and Table
Q1.2 respectively.

Table Q1.1 Node specification
Node P
G
pu Q
G
pu P
L
pu Q
L
pu
1 (Slack) - - 0 0
2 (PV bus) 0.5 - 0.3 0
3 (PQ Bus) 0 0 1.0 0.5

Table Q1.2 Branch data
Branch
Sending
end node
Receiving
end node
X
pu
B
pu
1 1 2 0.20833 0.04
2 2 3 0.20833 0.04

(i) Establish the bus admittance matrix for this system
The network takes the following form:
Node
1
Node
2
Node
3
Load
P = 1.0 pu
Q = 0.5 pu
pu j X 20833 . 0
12
= pu j X 20833 . 0
23
=
pu P
pu V
5 . 0
0 . 1
2
=
=
rad
pu V
0
0 . 1
1
1
=
=
u
10
Y
Load
P = 0.3 pu
Q = 0.0 pu
1
20
Y
2
20
Y
30
Y


pu j
B
Y Y Y Y
Y
pu j
j j
Y Y
02 . 0
2
0 13
8 . 4
20833 . 0
1
20833 . 0
1
23 12
30
2
20
1
20 10
+ = = = = =
=
= = =

Hence by inspection the Y matrix is:
(
(
(

=
78 . 4 8 . 4 0
8 . 4 56 . 9 8 . 4
0 8 . 4 78 . 4
j Y


[4 marks]
PRACTICE PAPER
5 of 17
(ii) Derive the mismatch equations taking node 1 as the slack.
The mismatch equations are derived from the active and reactive power
balance equations at the where P and Q are specified; hence we have:
P
2
= +4.8V
2
V
1
sinu
21
10 V
2
V
2
sinu
22
+ 4.8V
2
V
3
sinu
23
P
3
= + 0V
3
V
1
sinu
31
+4.8V
3
V
2
sinu
32
5 V
3
V
3
sin u
33
Q
3
= 0V
3
V
1
cos u
31
4.8 V
3
V
2
cosu
32
+ 5V
3
V
3
cos u
33

Given the following and replacing for known variables rad pu V V 0 , 0 . 1
1 2 1
= = = u
sinu
11
= sinu
22
= sinu
33
=sin0 = 0
cosu
11
= cosu
22
= cosu
33
=cos0 = 1

The mismatch equations:
-0.2 = 4.8sin
u
2
+
4.8V
3
sin
u
2
1.0
=
4.8V
3
sin
0.5 = 4.8V
3
cos
+ 5V
3
u
3
-
(
)
2
u
2
u
3
-
)
(
u
2
u
3
-
( )
P
2
P
3
Q
3
A
A
A +
+

[4 marks]
(iii) Establish elements of the Jacobian matrix for flat start
conditions of a load flow calculation.
The general Jacobian matrix structure is as follows:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
c
A c
=
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
V
Q Q Q
V
P P P
V
P P P
J
u u
u u
u u

By taking partial derivatives of the mismatch equations, we obtain:
(
(
(

+
=
) ( 4.78 9.56 ) ( 4.78 ) ( 4.78
) (
4.78
4.78 ) ( 4.78
) ( 4.78 ) ( 78 . 4 78 . 4
2 3 3 3 3 2 3
2 3 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 2 3 2
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u u
Cos V Sin V Sin V
Sin Cos V Cos V
Sin Cos V Cos V Cos
J
4.78

Therefore, to find elements of the Jacobian for with flat start we set
0 0 . 1
3 2 3
= = = u u and pu V in the above matrix, to give:
(
(
(

=
78 . 4 0 0
0 78 . 4 78 . 4
0 78 . 4 56 . 9
J

[5 marks]
PRACTICE PAPER
6 of 17
(iv) Apply the fast decoupled Newton-Raphson technique to
determine the voltage magnitude and angle at the load
bus and voltage angle at the generator bus after 1
iteration.
The above Jacobian matrix for the decoupled load flow is as follows:
| |
| |
=
(
(
(
(

=
' '
'
B
B
J
(
(
(

78 . 4 0 0
0 78 . 4 78 . 4
0 78 . 4 56 . 9

The matrix above can be inverted easily by partitioning into two sub
matrices one 2 by 2 and one 1 by 1, which can then be inverted to give:
| |
| |
(
(
(

A
A
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

A
A

+
+
k
k
k
k
Q
P
B
B
V
1
' '
1
'
1
1
u

The voltage at node 3 is found by the following formula Newton Raphson
technique:
The mismatches for flat start are: 5 . 0 ; 0 . 1 ; 2 . 0
0
3
0
3
0
2
= A = A = A Q P P

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

A
A
A
=
(
(
(

A
A
A

5 . 0
0 . 1
2 . 0
2092 . 0 0 0
0 4184 . 0 2092 . 0
0 2092 . 0 2092 . 0
*
3
0
3
0
2
1
3
3
2
Q
P
P
J
V
u
u


(
(
(

=
(
(
(

A
A
A
1046 . 0
3766 . 0
1674 . 0
3
3
2
V
u
u

There
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

8954 . 0
3766 . 0
1674 . 0
1046 . 0
3766 . 0
1674 . 0
0 . 1
0
0
3
3
2
V
u
u


Therefore the voltage at node 3 after iteration 1 = 0.8954 pu angle
negative 0.1674 radians and the voltage angle at node 2 is negative
0.3766 radians


[7 marks]
Total [25 marks]
PRACTICE PAPER
7 of 17
Question 2

(a) Two switches are in parallel. As long as both of them can be
opened simultaneously, the rest of the network can operate
successfully. For example if one or both is stuck in the open
position, the system can still be operational, but if one is fused
closed the system fails. The switches are identical. Each has
the probability of correct operation of 97%. The probability of
each failing open circuit is 1% and failing closed circuit is 2%.
(i) List the potential states of the system identifying those
which work and those which do not
By state enumeration: Let us call the situations W-working, O-stuck open,
Sstuck Shut.

We can have WW, WO, OW, WS, SW, OS, SO, SS, OO.

These give G G G B B B B B G where G is works, B is fails

Successful operation if WW or WO or OW or OO
Fails if WS or SW or SS or SO or OS
[4 marks]
(ii) What is the likelihood of the system being operational?

Successful operation if WW or WO or OW or OO =
.97*.97+.97*.01+.01*.97+.01*.01 = 0.9604
[4 marks]

(iii) What is the main assumption in your calculation?
Independence of failure likelihood
[2 marks]
(b) A set of 40 switches is tested to failure in the laboratory.
After only 30 have failed the test was terminated. Had the
test run until all the samples failed they would have fit a
Weibull distribution with a shape parameter of 4.
(i) Why is it not appropriate to determine the Weibull
parameters treating the 30 failures as a complete data
set?
You systematically have missed the longest surviving data. If you consider
the prob density function, you have missed the right-hand end (right
censored data). Your data set is not a representative sample.
[3 marks]

PRACTICE PAPER
8 of 17
(ii) If Weibull parameters are determined from the 30 samples
what is the implication for the shape parameter obtained
(explaining why)?
Since you have missed the longer life samples, the pdf is shifted to
the right. The consequence is a peakier distribution than should be
derived and so the shape parameter determined is larger than 4.
[3 marks]
(c) A manufacturer wishes to design a new single core HV power
cable to be used as part of a three-phase circuit. The cable will
use an insulation thickness of 15 mm. Using equations 2.1 or
otherwise and given a working electric field of 10 MV/m and a
relative permittivity of 2.5 for the cable insulation:
) 2 . 2 (
) / ln(
2
) 1 . 2 (
) / ln(
1
r R
C
r R x
V
E
r o
x
c tc
= =

(i) Calculate the maximum voltage at which this cable should
operate. State this voltage as the RMS line voltage.

The working voltage will depend on the cable size. Take a typical size of
185mm
2
and a packing factor of 0.9.

r=sqrt(185mm
2
/0.9/)=8.1mm

V=Exrxln(R/r) = 10 x 10
6
x 8.1mm x ln(23.1/8.1) x 10
-3
= 85.9kV.

This would be the peak phase to earth voltage.
(4 marks)


(ii) Calculate what the capacitance of this cable will be and
the expected dielectric losses for a frequency of 50Hz and
taking the tano of the insulation to be 0.0004.

Using capacitance equation:

C=2 x 3.14159 x 8.854 x 10
-12
x 2.5 x 1/ln(23.1/8.1)=146pF/m

Losses=V
2
wCtandelta=(48.3kV/2)
2
x2xpix50x146pFx0.0005=85mW/m

(3 marks)

iii. Qualitatively state the effect of an increase in insulation
thickness on the current carrying capability of the cable.

An increased insulation thickness would increase T
1
the thermal
resistance between the conductor and the sheath. This would mean that
PRACTICE PAPER
9 of 17
the conductor temperature would be increased for a given value of
current, i.e. the current carrying capacity would be reduced.

[2 marks]
Total [25 marks]
PRACTICE PAPER
10 of 17
Question 3
(a) State the main objectives of reactive compensation devices in:
(i) Electric power transmission systems and
(ii) Electric power distribution systems.

Transmission networks
- Maintain a uniform voltage profile in the network
- Compensation of reactive losses
- Enhancement of stability
- Reactive power reserve
[2 marks]
Distribution networks
- Power-factor correction
- The reduction of active and reactive power losses
- Feeder voltage control
- Balancing of non-symmetric loads
[2 marks]

(b) Name two reactive compensation devices applied in
transmission systems stating the advantages and
disadvantages of each device.
Marks given for any 2 devices complete with an advantage and
disadvantage.

Series capacitors
Advantages:
Used for improving transient stability and increasing active power flows of long
transmission lines
Series capacitor is self-regulating
Disadvantage: Can cause sub-synchronous resonance
Shunt capacitors
Advantages:
Supply reactive power and boost local voltages
Their principal advantages are low cost and flexibility of installation and
operation
Disadvantage:
Reactive power output is proportional to the square of the voltage.
Consequently, the reactive power output is reduced at low voltages when it is
likely to be needed most
Static Var Systems (SVS)
SVS are shunt-connected static generators and/or absorbers whose output are
varied so as to control specific parameters of the electric power system
Advantage:
PRACTICE PAPER
11 of 17
SVSs application include enhancement of stability, prevention of voltage
collapse, control of overvoltages.
dynamic voltage control, where shunt reactors or capacitors are steady state
voltage control facilities
Disadvantage:
possibility of instability when the SVS is pushed to its limit
Synchronous condenser
Advantages:
during power swings there is an exchange of kinetic energy between a
synchronous condenser and the power system and a synchronous condenser
can supply a large amount of reactive power
it has about 10% to 20% overload capability for up to 30 minutes
copes much better with low system voltages
their reactive power production is not affected by the system voltage
can generate and absorb MVars
Disadvantage
is that they are high capital and operating costs
[4 marks]

(c) A distribution system planner is considering installing a shunt
capacitor C at the end of the 33kV feeder shown in Figure Q4. Node 1
is the bulk supply point while a three-phase load S
L
equal to 25 MVA
at 0.85 power factor lagging is connected at node 2. The system
parameters are given in Table Q4.

.
Figure Q4 Radial distribution system


Table Q4 System parameters
Voltage at node 2
(line voltage)
Feeder
Length
R
(per phase)
X
(per phase)
33kV 20km 0.2 per km 0.3 per km
After installation of a three-phase 10MVar shunt capacitor at node 2
in the system in Figure Q4 compute:


PRACTICE PAPER
12 of 17
(i) The voltage magnitude and angle at node 1
(ii) Active power, P
BSP
and reactive power Q
PSP
node 1


Base values
MVA base 100 MVA
V base 33 kV
Current base = 1.7495 kA =
Z base 10.89 ohms
Load at node 2
25 MVA at PF = 0.85
P 21.25 MW
Q 13.17 Mvar
P per unit 0.2125
Q per unit 0.1317
V2 (kV) 33 kV
V2 per unit 1.00 per unit
Impedance
R
ohms per km
X
ohms per km
line length
(km)
0.2 0.3 20
R X
actual values ==> 4 6
per unit ==> 0.36731 0.55096
LLbase
base
V
MVA
* 3
PRACTICE PAPER
13 of 17


Total [13 marks]



With shunt capacitor
Load
Equivalent SL
25 MVA at PF 0.85 21.49 0.989
P 21.250 MW
New Q with shunt capacitor 3.170 Mvar Shunt capacitor = 10 Mvar
P per unit = 0.213 Q per unit = 0.032
Current, I = (P - jQ) / V
Ireal Iim Magnitude Angle (degrees)
per unit ==> 0.213 j -0.032 0.21485 -8.5
actual ==> 0.372 j -0.055 0.37589 -8.5
Voltage drop = I*(R+jX)
delta V (per unit) = 0.09552 j 0.10544 0.14227 47.8
delta V (actual) = 1.81983 j 2.00886 2.71059 47.8
V1 per unit = 1.09552 j 0.10544 1.10058 5.5
V1 actual = 20.872 j 2.009 20.969 5.5 [3 marks]
Losses
Real power loss 0.0170 1.6955
Reactive power loss 0.0254 2.5433
per unit actual
P Sending end = 0.2295 22.946 23.65 14.56698
Q sending end = 0.0571 5.713 [2 marks]
Sending end power = P & Q load + P & Q power loss
New PF at node 2
Sending end voltage V1 = V2 + voltage drop
R I
2
X I
2
PRACTICE PAPER
14 of 17
Question 4

The power system shown in Figure Q4.1 has the following rated
parameters for the generator, transmission lines and transformers:

Generator G
1
: X
G1

= 0.03 pu V
G1
= 12.1 kV S
G1
= 150 MVA H=4.5 s
Transformer T
1
: X
T1
= 0.08 pu 11 kV/110 kV S
T1
= 160 MVA
Transformer T
2
: X
T2
= 11% 115 kV/400 kV S
T3
= 150 MVA
Line L
1
: Rated voltage 110kV X
L1
= 48.40 O
Line L
2
: Rated voltage 110kV X
L2
= 72.6 O

All per-unit (pu) and % values above are based on the individual ratings of
equipment. The system power base is S
B
= 100MVA.

The generator delivers power P=120 MW at 0.8 lagging power factor to the
grid during the pre-fault condition. The grid voltage is V
inf
= 400 kV.

G
1
11 kV T
1




A
B 110kV

L
1
L
2



C 110kV
T
2


V
inf
(400kV)
S=P+jQ
Grid

Figure Q4.1


PRACTICE PAPER
15 of 17
(a) Draw phasor diagrams of the whole system clearly indicating,
voltage and current phasors and all relevant angles. Comment
on the flows of real and reactive power and the sign of rotor
angle. Is the generator over-excited or under-excited?















[4 marks]

(b) Write the formula for the quasi steady state approximation of
fault current and define each of the variables (parameters)
involved.
' ' '
) ' ' ' ( ) ' (
d d
T
t
T
t
ss ss
e I I e I I I I

+ + ~

[2 marks]
I
ss
rms value of steady state current
I

rms value of transient state current
I rms value of sub-transient state current
t - time
T
d
transient short circuit time constant
T
d
sub-transient short circuit time constant
[1 marks]


cos -lagging
Q>0, production of Q
P>0
Generator overexcited
o>0
PRACTICE PAPER
16 of 17
(c) Write a classical (constant flux linkage) model of a
synchronous generator used for power system dynamic
studies and define all parameters involved.




[2 marks]
e
rotor speed
o
rotor angle
0
e
synchronous speed
H - inertia constant
T
m
mechanical torque
T
e
electrical torque
K
D
damping constant
[2 marks]

(d) State the difference between rotor angle stability and voltage
stability of a power system.
Rotor angle stability: The ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power
system to remain in synchronism. (Study of electromechanical oscillations inherent to
power system is required.)
Voltage stability: The ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable
voltages at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after being
subjected to a disturbance. (The main factor is inability of power system to meet the
demand for reactive power.)
[4 marks]

(e) Following a three-phase fault on line L2 close to bus C (see Fig
Q4.1), the faulted line is disconnected and the system
continues to operate with only one line (L1) in service. Using
the equal area criterion determine the critical fault clearing
time to ensure that the system retains stability following the
fault.

X
G

= 0.03 (100/150)(12.1/11)
2
= 0.0242 pu
X
T1
= 0.08(100/160) = 0.05 pu
X
T2
= 0.11(100/150)(115/110)
2
= 0.08 pu
Z
B
= (110*10
3
)
2
/(100*10
6
) = 121 ohm
X
L1
= 48.4/121 = 0.4 pu
X
L2
= 72.6/121 = 0.6 pu
V
B1
= 11kV
V
B2
= 110kV
V
B3
= 110(400/115) = 382.6kV
) 1 (
)) 1 ( (
2
1
0
=
=
e e o
e e
p
K T T
H
p
D e m
PRACTICE PAPER
17 of 17
V
inf
= 400/382.6 = 1.045 pu
S = P+j*P*tg = (1.2 + j*0.9)pu
P
m
= 1.2 pu
[3 marks]
Pre fault:
X
e
= (0.0242+0.05)+0.4||0.6+0.08=0.3942 pu
E
g
= V+j* X
e
*(S
*
/ V
inf
*
) = 1.4566Z18.1
o
o
0
= 18.1
o
= 0.316 rad
P
e0
= [(1.4566*1.045)/0.3942]sino = 3.86 sino
[2 marks]
During fault:
P
e1
= 0

Post fault:
X
e2
= (0.0242+0.05)+0.4+0.08=0.5542 pu
P
e2
= [(1.4566*1.045)/0.5542]sino = P
e2m
sino = 2.7466 sino
P
e2m
= 2.7466
o
20
= arcsin(1.2/2.7466)=25.9
o

o
2
= 180
o
25.9
o
= 154.1
o
= 2.689 rad
[2 marks]

From equal area criterion:
P
m
(o
2
- o
0
)= P
e2m
(coso
cr
- coso
2
)
coso
cr
=

[1.2(2.689 - 0.316) + 2.7466*(-0.9)]/2.7466 = 0.1368
o
cr
= 82.14
o
Ao=o
cr
-o
o
= 82.14
o
-18.1
o
= 64.04
o
At
2
=(Ao*4*H)/[18000*(1.2-0)]= (64.04
o
*4*4.5)/(18000*1.2)
At=231ms [3 marks]
[10 Marks]

Total [25 Marks]


END OF EXAMINATION PAPER