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Chapter 1. A Historical View of Sleep
1. Swanns Way, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff (New York: Random House
1934), 5.
2. F.J.Kuhlen,Zur Geschichte der Schmerz-,Schlaf-und Betaubungsmittel
in Mittelatter und fruher Neuzeil (Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag,
1983),9.
3. Quoted in H. Tracol, Why Sleepest Thou, O Lord? Parabola 7. (1982):7.
4. Ibid
5. Plato, Apology, in Plato, vol. 1 (Leob Classical Library, (1953), 113.
6. Thomas Ken,Morning Hymn, The Works of Thomas Ken (London:J.
Wyat,1721)
7. The following passages are based on the exellent survey by Kuhlen, Zur.
Geschichte der Schmerz-, Schlaf-und Betaubungsmittel in Mittelalter
und fruher Neuzeit
8. Ibid., 25- 26.
9. Ibid.,63.
10. The remarks in this section are based in large part on two recent papers
by Prof. Peter R. Gleichmann of the Department of Social Sciences,
Univercity. of Hannover, West Germany.
11. Gleichmann, Schtafen und Schlaftraume, Journal fur Geschichte 2
(1980): 14-19.
12. Oblumov, trans. Ann Dunnigan (New York: New American Library,
1963),22.
Chapter 3. Sleep: A Theme with Variations
1. T. Stockmann and Georg Alfred Tienes, Schlaf vor Mitternacht (Stuttgart:
241
244
.. .
The following list has been compiled for readers who wish to study specific-topics of sleep research in
more detail. The liste includes research articles, reviews, and books.
245
Springer-Verlag, 1984), 193- 203.
For a discussion of the phallogram in sleep, see 1. Karacan et al., The Ontogency of Nocturnal Penile
Tumescence,Waking and Sleeping I (1976): 27-44.
Chapter 4. Dreams
Some general books on dreams include: R. L. Woods and W. B. Greenhouse The New World of Dreams
246
(New York: Macmillan, 1974); W. C. Dement, Some Must-The New World of Dreams (San Fransisco:
W. H. Freeman, 1974); R. D. Cartwright, Night Life Explorations in Dreaming (Englewood. N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1977); A. M. Arkin, J. S. Antrobus, and S. J. Ellman, The Mind in Sleep: Psychology
and, Psychophysiology (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978); B. B. Wolman, ed Handbook of Dreams:
Research Theories and Applications (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, (1979).
The following contains a survey of older scientific literature on the generation of dreams: The
interpretation of dreams, vol. 4 of The Standard Edition of The complete
Psychological Works of Sigmand Freud, ed. and trans. J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953).
For an analysis of dream content, see C. Hall and R. L. Van de Castle, The Content Analysis of Dreams
(E. Norwalk, CT.: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1966).
Dreams in children are discussed in: D. Foulkes, Childrens Dreams, in Hand book of Dreams, ed. B.
B. Wolman (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979), 131- 67; D. Foulkes,Dreams Ontogeny and
Dream Psychophysiology, in Sleep Disorders: Basic and Clinical Research (Lancaster, Eng.: MTP
Press, 1983), 347- 62.
For a study of dream duration, see W. Dement and E. Wolpert, The Relationof Eye Movements,
Body Motility, and External Stimuli to Dream Content Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (1958):
543-53.
For a structural analysis of dreams, see D. Foulkes, A Grammar of Dreams (New York: Basic Books,
1978).
Neurobiological theories of dream generatior are discussed in: J. A. Hobson-and R. W. McCarley,
The Brain as a Dream State Generator: An Activation Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process,
American Journal of Psuchiatry, 134 (1977): 1335-48; M. Jouvet, Le sommeil paradoxal est-il
responsable dune programmation genetique de cerveau? Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe
de Biologie 172 (1978):9- 30; M. Koukkou and D. Lehmann, Psychophysiologie des Traumens und
der Neurosentherapie: Das Zustands-Wechsel-Model, eine Synopsis, Fortschrille der Neurologie,
Psychiatzie und ihrer Grenzgebieter 48 (1980): 324- 50; and F. Crick and G. Mitchison, The Function
of Dream Sleep, Nature 304 (1983): 111- 14.
The first study of selective REM steep deprivation is W. C. Dement, The Effect of Dream
DeprivationScience 131 (1960): 1705- 7.
Lucid dreams are the subject of C. T. Tart, From Spontaneous Event to Lucidity: A Review of Attempts
to Consciously Control Nocturnal Dreaming, in Handbook of Dreams, ed. B. B. Wolman (New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979), 226- 68.
247
Recommendations of the Consensus Conference are outlined in Consensus Conference, Drugs and
Insomnia, Journal of the American Medical Association 251 (1984): 2410- 14.
Pharmacological properties of benzodiazepine hypnotics are discussed in D. D. Breimer and R.
Jochemsen, Pharmacokinetics of Hypnotic Drugs, in Pschopharmacology of Sleep, ed. D. Wheatley
(New York: Raven Press, 1981): 135- 52.
The effects and aftereffects of hypnotics are examined in: P. Mattmann et al Day-time Residual Effects
and Motor Activity After three Benzodiazepine Hypnotics, Arzneimittel Forschung 32 (1982):46165; A. A. Borbely et al Midazolam and Triazolam: Hypnotic Action and Residual Effects After a
Single Bedtime Dose,Arzneimittel-Forsschung 33 (1983):1500-1502; and A. A Borbely et al., Effect
of Midazolam and Sleep Deprivation on Day-time Sleep Propensity, Arzneimittel-Forschung 35 (1985):
1696- 99.
A method for monitoring ambulatory motor activity in man is presented in A. A. Borbely et al.,
Langzeitregistrirung der Bewegungsaktivitat: Anwendungen in Forschung und Klinik, Schweizerischre
Medizinische Wochenschrift 111 (1981): 730- 35.
The first study on the effect of hypnotics on sleep is I. Oswald and R. G Priest, Five Weeks to Escape
the Sleeping-pill Habit, British Medical Journal 2 (1965): 1093- 99.
For discussions of the effect of hypnotics on sleep EEG, see: A. A. Borbely et al., A Single Dose of
Benzodiazepine Hypnotics Alters the Sleep EEG in the Subsequent Drug-free Night, European Journal
of Pharmacology 89 (1983): 157-61; and A. A. Borbely et al., Effect of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics on
All-night Sleep EEG Spectra, Human Neurobiology 4 (1985): 189- 94.
The mechanism of action of benzodiazepines is described in W. Haefely, Tranquilizers, in Preclinical
Psychopharmacology, ed. D. G. Grahame-Smith and P. J. Cowen (Amsterdam: Excepta medica, 1983),
107- 51.
The effects of valerian are discussed in: P. D. Leathwood et al., Aquueous Extract of Valerian Root
(Valerian officinalis L.) Improves Sleep Quality in Man, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Bchaviour
17 (1982):65-71; and G. Balderer 87 and A. A. Borbely, Effect of Valerian on Human Sleep,
Psychopharmacology 87 (1985): 406- 9.
248
Non-drug treatments of sleep disorders are discussed in W. B. Mendelson Nonpharmacologic Treatment
of Insomnia. In The Use and Misuse of Sleeping Pills (1980, New York: Plenum, 1980), 163-75.
For surveys of sleep disorders see: J. M. Gaillard, Physiologie du sommeil et physiopathologie de
linsomnie, Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 109 (1979): 97-103; and P. Hauri, The Sleep
Disorders: Current Concepts (Kalamazoo, Mich.: The Upjohn Company, 1982).
Somnambulism is the topic of A. Jacobson et al., Somnambulism: All-night Electroencephalographic
Studies, Science 148 (1965): 975- 77.
Snoring and sleep apnea are examined in E. Garfield, Sleep Disorders, Current Contents 22 (1983):
5- 10; 23 (1983): 5-11.
249
Circadian rhythms in plants are described in E. Bunning, The Physiological Clock (Heidelberg, W.
Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1973)
For a discussion of sleep regulation in animals, see A. A. Borbely, Sleep Regulation: Circadian Rhythm
and Homeostasis. In Sleep. Clinical and Experimen tal Aspects. Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology,
vol. 1, ed. D. Ganten and D. Pfaff (Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1982), 83- 103.
Hibernation and tropor are topics of J. M. Walker and R. J. Berger, Sleep as an Adaptation for Energy
Conservation Functionally Related to Hibernation and Shallow Torpor, Progress in Brain Research 53
(1980): 255- 78; T. S. Kilduff et al, [14c] 2- Deeoxyglucose Uptake in Ground-Squirrel Brain during
Hibernation, The Journal of Neuroscience 2 (1982): 143-57.
250
Substance, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1 (1980): 356- 58; Inouue, K. Uchizono, and H.
Nagasaki,Endogenous Sleep-promoting Factors, Trends in Neurosciences 8 (1982);218- 20; R. Ursin
and A. A. Borbely, eds Endogenous Sleep Pactors, in Sleep 1982, edd. W. P. Koella (Basel, Switz
Karger, 1983), 106- 25; M. Jouvet, Indoleamines and Sleep-induring Factor in Sleep Mechanisme:
Experimental Brain Research. vol. 8, suppl., ed. A. A. Borbely and J. L. Valatx (Heidelberg, W. Germany:
Springer-Verlag, 1984), 118- 32; J. M. Krueger, Somnogenic Activity of Muramyl Peptides Trends
in Pharmacological Sciences 6 (1985):218- 221; and S. Inoue and A. A. Borbely, edds., Endogenous
Sleep Substances and Sleep Regulation (Utaecht, Neth.: VNU Science Press, 1985).
Recent research papers on endogenous substances include: R. Ueno et al Prostaglandin D2, A Cerebral
Sleep-induciny; Substance in Rats, Procrelings of the National Acatony of Science, USA. 80 (1983):
1735-37; and J. M. Kruueger et al Sleep-promoting Effects of Endogenous Pyrogen (Interleukin-1).
American Journal of Physiology 246 (1984): R994- 99.
251
Verlag, 1984), 297- 309; and J. C. Gillin and A. A. Borbely, Sleep: A Neurobiogical Window on
Affective Disorders, Trends in Neurosciences 8 (1985): 537-42.
252
Sleep Are lmproved by Applying circadian Principles, Science 217 (1982): 101- 13.
Shifting rhythms as a therapeutic measures is discussed in T. A. Wehr et al., Phase Advance of the
Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle as an Antidepressant Science 206 (1979): 710- 13; and C. A. Czeisler et
al.,Chrono-therapy: Reslting 4 the Circadian Clocks of Patients with Delayed Sleep-Phase Insomnia,
Sleep 4 (1981):1-21.
253
254
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